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1.
  • Soares, Joaquim, 1947-, et al. (author)
  • On the automatic nature of phobic fear: Conditioned electrodermal responses to masked fear-relevant stimuli
  • 1993
  • In: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. - 0021-843X .- 1939-1846. ; 102:1, s. 121-132
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Normal subjects (n = 64) were exposed either to pictures of snakes and spiders or to pictures of flowers and mushrooms in a differential conditioning paradigm in which one of the pictures signaled an electric shock. In a subsequent extinction series, these stimuli were presented backwardly masked by another stimulus for half of the subjects, whereas the other half received non-masked extinction. In support of a hypothesis that suggests that nonconscious information-processing mechanims are sufficient to activate responses to fear-relevant stimuli, differential skin conductance response to masked conditioning and control stimuli was obvious only for subjects conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli. These results were replicated in a second experiment (n = 32), which also demonstrated that the effect was unaffected by which visual half-field was used for stimulus presentation.
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2.
  • Abbasi, Seyed (author)
  • Determinants of social inequalities in cardiovascular disease among Iranian patients
  • 2018
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Background and objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single largest cause of mortality in the world. Similar to other health issues, CVD is generally affected either by individual risk factors, which may influence the risk for developing an illness or its complications, or by social indicators (social determinants of health). There is evidence from developed countries which shows that the so-called "upstream factors"—including social determinants such as political, social, spiritual, cultural, and economic factors—may affect the prevalence and incidence of CVD. Scarce evidence from studies in low- and middle-income countries also suggests that social factors may affect the distribution of CVD across population groups. However, there is a dearth of such data in Iran, where only a few small-sizedstudies have focused on the social determinants of health. Therefore, the present thesis sought to fill this gap by assessing the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on the distribution of CVD and the relevant inequalities within the Iranian context.Methods: This thesis is based on four studies, which used data from the Tehran Heart Center’s Databases. In Study I, a total of 44,820 patients who underwent coronary angiography at Tehran Heart Center between 2005 and 2010 were recruited. Then, their pre- and post-procedural data—including demographics, CVD risk factors, symptoms, and laboratory tests—were compared between men and women. In Study II, 6,246 patients with acutecoronary syndrome who were hospitalized between March 2004 and August 2011 were included and, based on their education and their employment status, were divided into high- and low-SES groups. Thereafter, the effect of SES on the in-hospital death of the patients was evaluated. In Study III, 20,165 patients with documented coronary artery disease who underwent coronary angiography at Tehran Heart Center were enrolled and CVD risk factors and severity (measured by the Gensini score) were assessed among the six major Iranian ethnic groups. In Study IV, 9,088 patients with acute coronary syndrome who were hospitalized at Tehran Heart Center between May 2007and June 2014 were recruited and the association between in-hospital death due to acute coronary syndrome and place of residence (rural/urban) was assessed using logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders.Results: In this thesis, the data analyses were based on the hypothesis that there is a potential association between the different socioeconomic indicators and the selected cardiovascular outcomes. In Study I, among the recruited participant, 25,363 men and 11,995 women had coronary artery disease and the women not only were significantly older, less educated, and more overweight but also had higher blood levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood sugar than the men. Moreover, hypertension and diabetes mellitus showed the strongest association in the women with coronary artery disease (OR=3.45, 95% CI: 3.28to 3.61 and OR=2.37, 95% CI: 2.26 to 2.48, respectively). In addition, the frequency of post-procedural recommendations for non-invasive procedures was higher in the women than in the men (20.1% vs 18.6%; P<0.001). In StudyII, of the 6,246 recruited patients with acute coronary syndrome, 3,290individuals were considered low-SES and 2,956 high-SES individuals. In-hospital death occurred in 79 (1.26%) patients: 1.9% in the low-SES and 0.6% in the high-SES groups. After adjustment for the possible cofounders, our multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant effect of the patients’ SES on their in-hospital death and a lower in-hospital mortality rate was shown in the high-SES patients (OR=0.30, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.98; P=0.046). In Study III, the Fars (8.7%) and Gilak (8.6%) ethnic groups had the highest frequency of having at least four simultaneous risk factors. Additionally, the mean Gensini score was lowest in the Lurs (67.5±52.8) and highest among the Gilaks (77.1±55.9). The multivariable regression analysis indicated that the Gilaks showed the worst CVD severity (β: 0.056, 95% CI: 0.009 to 0.102; P=0.018), followed by the Turks (β: 0.032, 95% CI: 0.005 to 0.059; P=0.020), and the lowest CVD severity, was detected in the Lurs (β: -0.087, 95% CI: -0.146 to -0.027;P=0.004). Study IV showed that while smoking (P=0.002), positive family history of coronary artery disease (P=0.003), higher body mass index (P=0.013),and hyperlipidemia (P=0.026) were more prevalent in the urban patients, the rural patients showed lower educational levels (P<0.001) and higher frequency of unemployment (P=0.009). Meanwhile, in-hospital death occurred in 135 (1.5%) patients: 125 (1.5%) urban and 10 (1.2%) rural. To adjust the effects of the possible confounders, we utilized the Firth regression model, which showed no significant difference regarding in-hospital death betweenthe rural and urban patients (OR=1.57, 95% CI: 0.376 to 7.450; P=0.585).Conclusions: The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of social determinants (particularly SES) on CVD and its modifiable risk factors among Iranian patients. Results showed that medical treatment for CVD was more recommended (by treating physicians) to the women than the men, and the low-SES patients with acute coronary syndrome were more likely to die in the hospital than their high-SES counterparts. In addition, the thesis found heterogeneity in the distribution of the traditional risk factors for CVD as well as CVD severity in the major Iranian ethnic groups. Further, there were no differences concerning the in-hospital death rates due to acute coronary syndrome between the urban and rural patients after adjustment for the potential confounders.
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3.
  • Abbasi, Seyed H, et al. (author)
  • Ethnic differences in the risk factors and severity of coronary artery disease : a patient-based study in Iran
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 2197-3792 .- 2196-8837. ; 5:3, s. 623-631
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background Diverse ethnic groups may differ regarding the risk factors and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study sought to assess the association between ethnicity and CAD risk and severity in six major Iranian ethnic groups.Methods In this study, 20,165 documented coronary artery disease patients who underwent coronary angiography at a tertiary referral heart center were recruited. The demographic, laboratory, clinical, and risk factor data of all the patients were retrieved. The Gensini score (an indicator of CAD severity) was calculated for all, and the risk factors and severity of CAD were compared between the ethnical groups, using adjusted standardized residuals, Kruskal–Wallis test, and multivariable regression analysis.Results The mean age of the participants (14,131 [70.1%] men and 6034 [29.9%] women) was 60.7 ± 10.8 years. The Fars (8.7%) and Gilak (8.6%) ethnic groups had the highest prevalence of ≥4 simultaneous risk factors. The mean Gensini score was the highest for the Gilaks (77.1 ± 55.9) and the lowest among the Lors (67.5 ± 52.8). The multivariable regression analysis showed that the Gilaks had the worst severity (β 0.056, 95% CI 0.009 to 0.102; P = 0.018), followed by the Torks (β 0.032, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.059; P = 0.020). Meanwhile, the Lors showed the lowest severity (β −0.087, 95% CI −0.146 to −0.027; P = 0.004).Conclusions This study found that there was heterogeneity in CAD severity and a diverse distribution in its well-known traditional risk factors among major Iranian ethnic groups.
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4.
  • Abbasi, Seyed Hesameddin, et al. (author)
  • Mortality from Acute Coronary Syndrome: Does Place of Residence Matter?
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Teheran University Heart Center. - : Tehran University of Medical Sciences. - 1735-8620 .- 2008-2371. ; 17:2, s. 56-61
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Current evidence shows inequality in the outcomes of rural and urban patients treated at their place of residence. This study compared in-hospital mortality between rural and urban patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to find whether there were differences in the outcome and received treatment.Methods: Between May 2007 and January 2018, patients admitted with ACS were included. The patients’ demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, as well as their in-hospital medical courses, were recorded. The association between place of residence (rural/urban) and in-hospital mortality due to ACS was evaluated using logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders.Results: Of 9088 recruited patients (mean age =61.30±12.25 y; 5557 men [61.1%]), 838 were rural residents. A positive family history of coronary artery disease (P=0.003), smoking (P=0.002), and hyperlipidemia (P=0.026), as well as a higher body mass index (P=0.013), was seen more frequently in the urban patients, while the rural patients had lower education levels (P<0.001) and higher unemployment rates (P=0.009). In-hospital mortality occurred in 135 patients (1.5%): 10 rural (1.2%) and 125 urban (1.5%) patients (P=0.465). The Firth regression model, used to adjust the effects of possible confounders, showed no significant difference concerning in-hospital mortality between the rural and urban patients (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.376 to 7.450; P=0.585).Conclusion: This study found no significant differences in receiving proper treatment and in-hospital mortality between rural and urban patients with ACS.
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6.
  • Arab-Zozani, Morteza, et al. (author)
  • The prevalence of elder abuse and neglect in Iran : A systematic review and meta-analysis
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0894-6566 .- 1540-4129. ; 30:5, s. 408-423
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of elder abuse and neglect in Iran.Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and PsycINFO by the end of 2017. The prevalence was calculated based on the percentage or the amount reported in the studies. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 statistic, and the data were combined using random effects model. The results were reported as the pooled estimates and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42017070744).Results: A total of 16 studies involving 6,461 participants aged 60 years and over were included. The pooled prevalence for overall elder abuse was 45.7% (95% CI: 27.3–64.1, p < .001).Discussion: The prevalence of elder abuse and neglect is substantial in the Iranian population aged 60 years and over. More research is needed to investigate the actual prevalence of elder abuse at the national level.
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7.
  • Begum, Afroza, et al. (author)
  • Parental socio-economic position and suicidal ideation among adolescents in Rural Bangladesh
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. - : MedDocs Publishers LLC. - 2637-8027. ; :4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background:  Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide and becoming a public health concern among adolescents. However, adolescent suicidal behaviour is a neglected public health issue, especially in low-income countries such as Bangladesh. Of great importance is the understanding of which factors might be related to this growing public problem.  Objective: To examine the relationship between parental socio-economic position and suicide ideation among adolescents in rural Bangladesh Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2013 among 2,476 adolescents, aged 14-19 years, selected randomly from a rural community of Bangladesh. An adapted version of the WHO/SUPRE-MISS questionnaire was used to collect data in the Raiganj sub-district, which is a surveillance area of the Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB).Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Comparisons of proportions between groups were carried out using the χ2 test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between parental co-variants and suicidal thoughts among adolescents. The significance level was set atp <0.05. All analyses were performed using SPSS 20. Results: The majority of parents had education only up to primary school (mothers 58.7% and fathers 49.5%). Most of them were farmers (53.3% of fathers) and housewives (96.5% of mothers). Monthly income and expenditure of the adolescent’s parents were mainly upto 10,000 taka only. Suicidal ideation is more common among adolescents of low income group parents 104 (5.5%) and who were not living with their parents 18 (8.2%). Adolescent’s suicidal ideation was found to be significantly associated with education, marital status and house ownership of their parents. Not being able to live with their parents was also a significant factor. Parents who received education up to SSC had odds ratio of 2.10 (1.21,3.64) and 1.92 (1.15, 3.23) for mothers and fathers respectively. Parent’s income or expenditure was not associated with adolescent’s suicidal ideation. Adolescent’s suicidal ideation of single parents had higher odds (OR 3.00, CI 1.75-5.19) in comparison to adolescents who had both parents. Adolescents whose parents owned a house and who weren’t living withtheir parents had odds ratios of 0.14 (0.05,0.35), and 1.80 (1.07,3.03) respectively. After adjusting for other covariates parents’ marital status and house ownership significantly associated with the adolescent suicide ideation. Conclusion: Parental socio-economic position was associated with suicidal ideation. Adolescent with single parents were more likely to report suicidal ideation. Low parental education and socio-economic status, marital status, house ownership, not living with parents at home as well as adolescent loneliness were the important factors for suicidal ideation.
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8.
  • Begum, Afroza, et al. (author)
  • Prevalence of suicide ideation among adolescents and young adults in Bangladesh
  • 2017
  • In: International Journal of Mental Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7411 .- 1557-9328. ; 46:3, s. 177-187
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Suicide is a leading cause of death world-wide. However, adolescent suicidal behavior is a neglected public health issue, especially in low-income countries such as Bangladesh. The study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of suicidal ideation among adolescents in a rural community and to examine factors associated with suicidal ideation. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2013 among 2,476 adolescents aged 14–19 years, selected randomly from a rural community of Bangladesh. An adapted version of the WHO/SUPRE-MISS questionnaire was used to collect data in the Raiganj sub-district. A two stage screening was performed to identify the suicidal ideation cases. It was found that the life-time prevalence for suicidal ideation was 5 percent among adolescents. The majority of the adolescents with suicidal ideation were females 66 (52.8%), unmarried 103 (82.4%), and students 92 (73%). Suicidal ideation was statistically significantly associated with age, education, occupation, living with parents or others, and house ownership. Respondents who were aged 18–19 years, had secondary school certificate (SSC) and secondary school certificate (HSC) or higher education, were day laborers, had own house, and do not lived with parents had odds ratios of 2.31 (CI 1.46–3.65), 2.38 (CI 1.51–3.77), 4.15 (CI 2.41–7.14), 0.28 (CI 0.13–0.60), 0.14(CI 0.05–0.35), and 1.80 (CI 1.07–3.03), respectively. Among adolescents, the prevalence of life-time suicidal ideation was moderately high. Age, education, occupation, house ownership, and living with parents were statistically significantly associated with suicidal ideation. It is important to design and implement effective community based suicide prevention programs for adolescents in Bangladesh.
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9.
  • Begum, Afroza (author)
  • Social Determinants of Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents in Rural Bangladesh
  • 2021
  • Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Background and Objective: Suicide is a leading cause of death and a critical public health problem among adolescents worldwide. However, adolescent suicidal behaviour is a neglected public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries, such as Bangladesh. There is evidence from developed countries showing that suicidal ideation (SI) among adolescents is related to social indicators as well as individual risk factors. Scarce evidence from studies inlow- and middle-income countries suggests that social factors may influence adolescent SI. In Bangladesh, only a few studies have focused on the social determinants of suicide, and the present study is the first to examine the prevalence and social determinants of suicidal ideation among adolescents in rural Bangladesh. Therefore, the present thesis assessed the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on adolescent SI.Methods: The present thesis is based on two studies, which used data from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2013 among 2,476 adolescents aged 14-19 years selected randomly in arural community in Bangladesh. An adapted version of the WHO/SUPRE-MISS questionnaire was used to collect data in the Raiganj sub-district, an area surveyed within the Injury Prevention Program of the Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB). Study I estimated the prevalence of suicidal ideation among adolescents and investigated what factors were associated with suicidal ideation. Study II examined the relationship between parental socio-economic factors and suicidal thoughts among adolescents.Results: Study I showed that life time prevalence of suicidal ideation was 5% among adolescents. The majority of adolescents with suicidal ideation were female (67, 5.3%), unmarried (106, 5.5%) and students (86, 6.2%). Suicidal ideation was significantly associated with age, education, occupation and living with parents or others. Respondents aged 18-19 years, had a Secondary school certificate (SSC) and Higher Secondary school certificate (HSC) or higher, were day labourers, living without parent had odds ratios of 2.31 (CI 1.46-3.65), 2.38(CI 1.51-3.77), 4.15 (CI 2.41-7.14), .28 (CI 0.13-0.60) and 1.80 (CI 1.07-3.03), respectively.In study 2, results demonstrated that suicidal ideation was more common among adolescents with parents from the low-income group (5.5%). In addition, adolescent SI was found to be significantly associated with parental education, marital status and house ownership. Adolescents whose parents received an SSC or higher had an SI odds ratio of 2.10 (CI 1.21-3.64) and 1.92 (CI 1.15-3.23) for mothers and fathers respectively. Suicidal ideation among adolescents with single parents was higher with an odds ratio of 3.00 (CI 1.75-5.19) in comparison to adolescents who had both parents. Adolescents whose parents owned a house had an odds ratio of 0.14 (0.05, 0.35).Conclusion: The thesis found that the prevalence of lifetime suicidal ideation among adolescents is moderately high in a rural community of Bangladesh. Furthermore, it was observed that personal characteristics such as parental marital status, education and homeownership were statistically significantly associated with suicidal ideation among adolescentseven after adjusting for potential confounders.
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10.
  • Chaquisse, Eusébio, et al. (author)
  • Sexual and physical intimate partner violence among women using antenatal care in Nampula, Mozambique
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Public Health in Africa. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2038-9922 .- 2038-9930 .- 1464-360X .- 1101-1262. ; 9:1, s. 1-6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The aim was to estimate the prevalence of sexual and physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and its associated factors, in a sample of pregnant women using antenatal care (ANC) in Nampula province - Mozambique. This cross-sectional study was carried out in six health units in Nampula, from February 2013 to January 2014. Overall, 869 participants answered the Conflict Tactics Scale 2. The lifetime and past year prevalence of sexual abuse was 49% and 46%, and of physical abuse was 46% and 44%, respectively. Lifetime and past year sexual abuse was significantly associated with living as a couple, alcohol drinking and having a past diagnosis of gonorrhea. Lifetime and past year physical abuse increased significantly with age and was associated with living as a couple, alcohol drinking and history with syphilis. The prevalence of lifetime and previous year violence among women using ANC was high and similar showing that most women were constantly exposed to IPV. ANC provides a window of opportunity for identifying and acting on violence against women.
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11.
  • Costa, Diogo, et al. (author)
  • Intimate partner violence in Europe: design and methods of a multinational study. : La violencia de pareja en Europa: diseño y métodos de un estudio multinacional
  • 2013
  • In: Gaceta Sanitaria. - : Elsevier BV. - 0213-9111 .- 1578-1283. ; 27:6, s. 558-561
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objective To describe the design, methods, procedures and characteristics of the population involved in a study designed to compare Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in eight European countries.Methods Women and men aged 18–65, living in Ghent-Belgium (n = 245), Stuttgart-Germany (n = 546), Athens-Greece (n = 548), Budapest-Hungary (n = 604), Porto-Portugal (n = 635), Granada-Spain (n = 138), Östersund-Sweden (n = 592), London-United Kingdom (n = 571), were sampled and administered a common questionnaire. Chi-square goodness of fit and five-age strata population fractions ratios for sex and education were computed to evaluate samples' representativeness.Results Differences in the age distributions were found among women from Sweden and Portugal and among men from Belgium, Hungary, Portugal and Sweden. Over-recruitment of more educated respondents was noted in all sites.Conclusion The use of a common research protocol with the same structured questionnaire is likely to provide accurate estimates of the general population IPV frequency, despite limitations in probabilistic sampling and restrictions in methods of administration.
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12.
  • Costa, D., et al. (author)
  • Male and female physical intimate partner violence and socio-economic position : a cross-sectional international multicentre study in Europe
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Public Health. - UK : Elsevier. - 2198-1833 .- 1613-2238. ; 139, s. 44-52
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • ObjectivesThis work explores the association between socio-economic position (SEP) and intimate partner violence (IPV) considering the perspectives of men and women as victims, perpetrators and as both (bidirectional).Study designCross-sectional international multicentre study.MethodsA sample of 3496 men and women, (aged 18–64 years), randomly selected from the general population of residents from six European cities was assessed: Athens; Budapest; London; Östersund; Porto; and Stuttgart. Their education (primary, secondary and university), occupation (upper white collar, lower white collar and blue collar) and unemployment duration (never, ≤12 months and >12 months) were considered as SEP indicators and physical IPV was measured with the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales.ResultsPast year physical IPV was declared by 17.7% of women (3.5% victims, 4.2% perpetrators and 10.0% bidirectional) and 19.8% of men (4.1% victims, 3.8% perpetrators and 11.9% bidirectional). Low educational level (primary vs university) was associated with female victimisation (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 3.2; 1.3–8.0) and with female bidirectional IPV (4.1, 2.4–7.1). Blue collar occupation (vs upper white) was associated with female victimisation (2.1, 1.1–4.0), female perpetration (3.0, 1.3–6.8) and female bidirectional IPV (4.0, 2.3–7.0). Unemployment duration was associated with male perpetration (>12 months of unemployment vs never unemployed: 3.8; 1.7–8.7) and with bidirectional IPV in both sex (women: 1.8, 1.2–2.7; men: 1.7, 1.0–2.8).ConclusionsIn these European centres, physical IPV was associated with a disadvantaged SEP. A consistent socio-economic gradient was observed in female bidirectional involvement, but victims or perpetrators-only presented gender specificities according to levels of education, occupation differentiation and unemployment duration potentially useful for designing interventions.
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13.
  • Costa, Diogo, et al. (author)
  • The impact of intimate partner violence on forgone healthcare : a population-based, multicentre European study
  • 2019
  • In: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 29:2, s. 359-364
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • BACKGROUND:To examine the relationship between forgone healthcare and involvement in intimate partner violence (IPV) as victims, perpetrators or both.METHODS:This cross-sectional multicentre study assessed community non-institutionalized residents (n = 3496, aged 18-64) randomly selected from six European cities: Athens, Budapest, London, Östersund, Porto, Stuttgart. A common questionnaire was used, including self-reports of IPV and forgone healthcare ('Have you been in need of a certain care service in the past year, but did not seek any help?'). Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed fitting logistic regression models adjusted for city, chronic disease, self-assessed health status and financial strain.RESULTS:Participants experiencing past year IPV (vs. no violence) reported more often to forgone healthcare (n = 3279, 18.6% vs. 15.3%, P = 0.016). IPV experienced as both a victim and perpetrator was associated with forgone healthcare (adjusted OR, 95%CI: 1.32, 1.02-1.70).CONCLUSION:IPV was associated with forgone healthcare, particularly for those experiencing violence as both victims and perpetrators. Results suggest that preventing IPV among adults may improve timely healthcare uptake.
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14.
  • Dallender et al, J, et al. (author)
  • A comparative study of perceptions of British mental health nurses and psychiatrists of their work environment
  • 1999
  • In: Journal of Advanced Nursing. - : Wiley. - 0309-2402 .- 1365-2648. ; 29, s. 36-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This comparative study of the perceptions of mental health nurses and psychiatrists about aspects of their work environment was undertaken in the West Midlands in England. The aim of the study was to ascertain the extent to which the environment in which mental health professionals' work impacts on their own mental and physical well-being. Seventy-four psychiatrists and 301 mental health nurses responded to a postal questionnaire. Analysis of data indicated that significant differences exist between nurses and psychiatrists in their working conditions, their physical working environment, their sources of support with a work-related problem, and the effects of their work on their own mental and physical health. The main recommendation derived from this study was to improve communication between mental health professionals and their managers by giving more structured feedback and guidance about one's work performance. This may help to alleviate the mental strain many mental health professionals experience in their work.
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15.
  • Dias, N. G., et al. (author)
  • Contextual determinants of intimate partner violence : a multi-level analysis in six European cities
  • 2020
  • In: International Journal of Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1661-8556 .- 1661-8564. ; 65, s. 1669-1679
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objectives: To assess whether city-level characteristics influence the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization across six European cities. Methods: The DOVE study included 3496 participants from Athens–Greece, Budapest–Hungary, London–UK, Östersund–Sweden, Porto–Portugal and Stuttgart–Germany. IPV victimization was assessed using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and several contextual variables were included: GINI coefficient, gender equality index, an index of social support, unemployment rate and proportion of residents with tertiary education. Multilevel models were fitted to estimate the associations (odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals) between each type of victimization and contextual and individual-level variables. Results: 62.3% of the participants reported being a victim of IPV during the previous year, with large between-city differences (53.9%–72.4%). Contextual variables accounted for a substantial amount of this heterogeneity. Unemployment rates were associated with psychological (1.05, 1.01–1.08) and physical IPV (1.07, 1.01–1.13). GINI coefficient showed a positive association with any form of IPV (1.06, 1.01–1.11) and sexual coercion (1.13, 1.01–1.25). Conclusions: We found significant associations between contextual determinants and IPV, which emphasizes the importance of considering contextual socioeconomic conditions when policy measures are designed to address IPV. 
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16.
  • Dias, Nicole Geovana, et al. (author)
  • Intimate Partner Violence and Use of Primary and Emergency Care : The Role of Informal Social Support
  • 2020
  • In: Health & Social Work. - : Oxford academic. - 0360-7283 .- 1545-6854. ; 45:2, s. 91-100
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Social support may encourage victims to disclose their experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV), but also to seek the appropriate help and care in the social and health services. Using data from a multicenter European project, DOVE (Domestic Violence Against women/men in Europe-prevalence, determinants, effects, and policies/practices), the present study aimed at measuring the frequency of primary care and emergency use according to IPV types of victimization, and to investigate whether victims receiving different levels of informal social support are using health care differently. Results suggested a significant association between IPV types and use of emergency services, and no association was found regarding primary care services. Victims of physical abuse and sexual coercion went to the emergency department (ED) more frequently (more than once a year). Also, victims of physical abuse receiving low social support visited an ED more frequently than those with high social support, whereas victims of sexual coercion with high informal social support went more often to the ED compared with victims of sexual coercion with low social support, even after controlling for other covariates. These results seem to suggest that social support has a significant role in the decision to use health care among victims of IPV. 
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17.
  • Dias, Nicole Geovana, et al. (author)
  • Social support and the intimate partner violence victimization among adults from six European countries
  • 2019
  • In: Family Practice. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0263-2136 .- 1460-2229. ; 36:2, s. 117-124
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • BackgroundSocial support may buffer the negative effects of violence on physical and mental health. Family medicine providers play an essential role in identifying the available social support and intervening in intimate partner violence (IPV).ObjectiveThis study aimed at assessing the association between social support and the IPV victimization among adults from six European countries.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional multi-centre study that included individuals from Athens (Greece), Budapest (Hungary), London (UK), Östersund (Sweden), Porto (Portugal) and Stuttgart (Germany). Data collection was carried out between September 2010 and May 2011. The sample consisted of 3496 adults aged 18–64 years randomly selected from the general population in each city. The revised Conflict Tactics Scales was used to assess IPV victimization. Social support was assessed with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.ResultsParticipants reporting physical assault victimization experienced lower social support (mean ± SD) than their counterparts, 66.1 ± 13.96 versus 71.7 ± 12.90, P< 0.001, for women; and 67.1 ± 13.69 versus 69.5 ± 13.52, P = 0.002 for men. Similar results were found regarding sexual coercion victimization, 69.1 ± 14.03 versus 71.3 ± 12.97, P = 0.005 for women and 68.0 ± 13.29 versus 69.3 ± 13.62, P= 0.021 for men. This study revealed lower levels of social support among participants reporting lifetime and past year victimization, independent of demographic, social and health-related factors.ConclusionResults showed a statistically significant association between low social support and IPV victimization. Although the specific mechanisms linking social support with experiences of violence need further investigation, it seems that both informal and formal networks may be associated with lower levels of abusive situations.
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18.
  • Eslami, Bahareh, et al. (author)
  • Lifetime abuse and somatic symptoms among older women and men in Europe
  • 2019
  • In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 14:8
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Research suggests that survivors of interpersonal violence have an increasing experience of bodily symptoms. This study aims to scrutinise the association between lifetime abuse and somatic symptoms among older women and men, considering demographics/socio-economic, social support and health variables. Methods: A sample of 4,467 community-dwelling persons aged 60–84 years (57.3% women) living in seven European countries (Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain, Sweden) was recruited for this cross-sectional study. Lifetime abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial and injury) was assessed on the basis of the UK study of elder abuse and the Conflict Tactics Scale-2, while somatic symptoms were assessed by the Giessen Complaint List short version. Results: Women reported somatic symptoms more frequently than men. Multiple regression analyses revealed that lifetime exposure to psychological abuse was associated with higher levels of somatic symptoms among both women and men, while experiencing lifetime sexual abuse was associated with somatic symptoms only among older women, after adjusting for other demographic and socio-economic variables. Country of residence, older age, and low socio-economic status were other independent factors contributing to a higher level of somatic symptoms. Conclusions: The positive association between the experience of abuse during lifetime and the reporting of higher levels of somatic symptoms, in particular among older women, seems to suggest that such complaints in later life might also be related to the experience of mistreatment and not only to ageing and related diseases. Violence prevention throughout lifetime could help to prevent somatic symptoms in later life. 
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19.
  • Grossi et al, G, et al. (author)
  • Gender differences in coping with musculoskeletal pain
  • 2000
  • In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 7:4, s. 305-321
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Gender differences in coping with musculoskeletal pain were cross-sectionally investigated, using questionnaires (Coping Strategies Questionnaire), in 446 Swedish patients (mean age 46 years, 72% women) seeking care for their ailments. Compared to male patients, women reported more disability, a larger consumption of analgesics, more work strain, higher levels of posttraumatic stress reactions, a lower self-esteem, and higher scores for the Coping Strategies Questionnaire indexes: diverting attention, praying/hoping, catastrophizing, increased behavioural activity, and pain behaviours. All gender differencesin coping were ruled out in multivariate analyses, except for the association between the interaction term Gender x Posttraumatic Stress Reactions and Catastrophizing. Among women, catastrophizing was positively associated with posttraumatic stress reactions, perceived disability, and the number of previous treatments for pain.Nosuch associations were found among men. Women’s poorer capacity to cope with musculoskeletal pain is related to higher level of emotional distress, greater disability, and a history of treatments for pain.
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20.
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21.
  • Hashemi, Esmatossadat, et al. (author)
  • Population-based epidemiology of non-fatal injuries in Tehran, Iran
  • 2018
  • In: Health Promotion Perspectives. - : Maad Rayan Publishing Company. - 2228-6497. ; 8:2, s. 127-132
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Our aim in this survey was to explore descriptive epidemiology of injuries in Tehran in 2012 and to report the recalled estimates of injury incidence rates.Methods: A population survey was conducted in Tehran during 2012, within which a total of 8626 participants were enrolled. The cluster sampling was used to draw samples in 100 clusters with a pre-specified cluster size of 25 households per cluster. Data were collected on demographic features, accident and injury characteristics based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD10).Results: A total of 618 injuries per 3 months were reported, within which 597 cases (96.6%)were unintentional injuries. More than 82% of all injuries were those caused by exposure to inanimate mechanical forces, traffic accidents, falls and burns. Above 80% of the traffic injuries happened among men (P<0.001). About 43% of the unintentional injuries were mild injuries.After the age of 40, women, unlike men, had higher risks for being injured. The estimated annual incidence rate for all types of injuries was 284.8 per 1000 (95% CI: 275.4-294.4) and for unintentional injuries was 275.2 per 1000.Conclusion: Injuries are major health problems in Tehran with a highly reported incidence. The status is not substantially improved over the recent years which urges the need to be adequately and emergently addressed. As the incidence rate was estimated based on participant recalls, the real incidence rate may even be higher than those reported in the current study.
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22.
  • Henderson, Charles R., et al. (author)
  • Elder maltreatment in Europe and the United States : a transnational analysis of prevalence rates and regional factors
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0894-6566 .- 1540-4129. ; 33:4, s. 249-269
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We investigated the association between type and frequency of elder maltreatment (EM) and residential setting (rural, suburban,and urban settings in the U.S. and northern and southern cities in Europe). We used data on 7,225 participants from European and U.S. cross-sectional studies to estimate rates of EM in three domains in the five settings in logistic-linear models that included setting and demographic variables and tested prespecified contrasts on settings. Northern Europe is similar to the U.S. in rate of financial exploitation; the Mediterranean has higher rates than either of the other two. For emotional and physical maltreatment, the Mediterranean is similar to the U.S; Northern Europe has higher rates. EM differs between and within settings in the U.S. and Europe. There is a need for rigorous research to examine the effects of residential settings and environment on EM. Interventions to reduce EM should be explored.
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23.
  • Hiswåls, Anne-Sofie (author)
  • Employment Status and Inequalities in Health Outcomes : Population-based Studies from Gävleborg County
  • 2017
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Background and objectives: From a public health perspective, it is important not only to improve and maintain health, but also to promote equality in health. Epidemiological research has showed the importance of work and unemployment in the development of socio-economic health inequalities, and peoples life chances are suggested to be conditioned by participation or exclusion from the labour market. The most recent economic recession has brought further changes to the labour market that might have aggravated the already multifaceted image of inequalities in health. Gävleborg County was one of the hardest hit counties in Sweden, which experienced a myriad of changes in the labour market that went beyond those of the Swedish national average, in terms of increase in flexible forms of employment, factory closures, and lay-offs. The overall objective of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between employment status and health-related inequalities in Gävleborg County, Sweden. In addition, the Specific objectives for the thesis were to: assess the relationship between employment status and self-reported health in Gävleborg (Study I); to estimate the relationship between employment status and suicidal ideation during the economic recession in Gävleborg (Study II); to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression among economically active people living in the Municipality of Gävle (Study III) and to assess experiences and perceptions of well-being after involuntary job loss in Gävle (Study IV).Methods: Study I and II in this thesis used data from the 2010 Health in Equal Terms survey, a cross-sectional survey carried out in Gävleborg County in Sweden. A total of 4,245 individuals, aged 16–65 years were included in the analyses. Study III was performed in Wave 1 (baseline survey) of the Gävle Household, Labour Market Dynamics and Health Outcomes survey (GHOLDH), a panel survey with household as the follow-up unit. A total of 241 persons completed a self-administered postal questionnaire which collected information on the employment status and psychological health (anxiety and depression) among persons aged 18–65 years. The thesis used descriptive analyses and logistic regression models to describe and explore the relationship between employment status, self-reported health and suicidal ideation in Gävleborg County (Studies I and II). Descriptive analysis of means and a multiple regression analysis for adjusted means of HADS, were used in order to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression among economically active persons residing in the Gävle Municipality (Study III). Study IV used a qualitative approach to gain a deeper understanding of how involuntarily unemployed persons in Gävlexperceive their well-being. Sixteen unemployed men and women aged 28–62 were interviewed face-to-face. A purposeful sampling strategy was used in order to suit the research question and to increase the variation among informants. The interview texts in Study IV were analysed using thematic analysis.Results: In Study I, the prevalence of poor self-reported health (SRH) was twice as high in the group of people who were not employed (42%) compared to the employed group (21.6%). Individuals outside the labour market had odds of poor health of 2.64 (Cl 2.28–3.05) compared to their employed counterparts. Controlling for other covariates reduced the risk slightly to 2.10 (1.69–2.60), but remained statistically significant. Moreover, other variables such as long-standing illness, age, income and lack of social support were associated with self-reported poor health. In Study II, among those not employed, 11.2% had been in a situation where they had seriously considered taking their life (at some time during the past 12 months). The corresponding figure for those employed was 2.9%. Unadjusted results of the logistic regression analysis revealed that people who were not employed had about a four times higher risk of suicidal ideation, with an OR of 4.21 (CI: 3.14–5.64) compared to their employed counterparts. Controlling for other covariates, reduced the risk from 4.21(CI 3.14–5.64) in model I, to 1.73 (CI 1.16–2.57) in model IV, but remained statistically significant. In addition, other variables were associated with suicidal ideation. In Study III, the prevalence and risk of anxiety and depression were high among people who were out of work. In the multiple regression analysis, compared to employed people, those who were not employed had a risk of anxiety of 7.76 (5.97–9.75) and 4.67 (3.60–5.74) for depression. Study IV revealed six different themes from the interviews: Work was perceived as the basis for belonging; loss of work affected people’s social life and consumption patterns due to changes in their financial situation. Feelings of isolation, loss of self-esteem, and feelings of hopelessness were reported, affecting the respondents’ physical well-being. Longer duration of unemployment increased the respondents’ negative emotions. Activities, structure, and affiliation in other contexts were reported as part of their strategy for coping with poor mental health.Conclusion: This thesis found a statistically significant relationship between being outside the labour market and poor SRH, a high risk of suicidal ideation, anxiety, and depression during the recent economic recession. The relationship between employment status and SRH was partially explained by socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle variables. In addition, the relationship between employment status and suicidal ideation was, for the most part, explained by demographic, socio-economic and self-reported psychological variables. Atxithe municipal level, the prevalence of anxiety and depression was higher among those who were out of the labour market as compared to those who were employed and the odds of anxiety and depression were higher among people out of the labour market, but this was less prominent for depression than for anxiety. Job loss created feelings of loss of dignity and belonging as a human being. The participants experienced feelings of worry, insecurity, and stress due to their changed financial situation, which in turn led to isolation and loss of self-esteem. Social support and having activities other than work gave structure and meaning to everyday life. The results of this thesis indicate a need for early detection and potential treatment of people out of the labour force and for being aware of the increased risk of poor health symptoms and disorders among unemployed individuals. The findings also indicate a need for primary prevention strategies, implying that policy-makers must pay attention to the health status of those who are out of work, especially during times of combined economic hardship and labour market fluctuations. However, longitudinal studies are warranted to shed further light on the mechanisms through which employment status and conditions impact physical and psychological health outcomes.
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24.
  • Kellman, PJ, et al. (author)
  • Concurrent motion in infant event perception
  • 1987
  • In: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 10:1, s. 1-10
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Infant sensitivity to motion relationships specifying certain complex events, such as a person walking, has recently been demonstrated, but the perceptual principles underlying early event perception are not well understood. Retinal motion toward a common point (concurrent motion) specifies translation in depth to adult perceivers in the absence of conflicting information (Börjesson & von Hofsten, 1973). We tested this principle of event perception with 28 16-week-old infants. One group was habituated in a dark room to a concurrent motion: three points of light moving in a frontoparallel plane toward and away from a central point (not seen). After habituation, the room was illuminated, and looking time was tested to alternate presentations of two displays. In one display (depth motion), three lights were attached to a triangle actually moving in depth; in the other display (surface motion), the three lights moved visibly along the surface of a fronto-parallel stationary triangle. If concurrent motion, in the absence of conflicting information, specifies motion in depth to infants, they were expected to look longer after habituation at the surface motion display. A control group tested infants' relative interest in the two test displays with no prior habituation period. Control-group infants marginally preferred the depth movement display. The habituation group responded three times as much to the surface motion display, suggesting that motion in depth had been perceived during habituation. Specification of motion in depth by concurrency of relative proximal stimulus motions seems to be an operative principle in infants' perception; moreover, at least some principles of early event perception are unrelated to person perception or biological motion. The relation of these results to recent findings in infant object perception is discussed.
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25.
  • Lindert, Jutta, et al. (author)
  • Age and distress of women-Results of a representative population-based study
  • 2009
  • In: Archives of Women's Mental Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-1816 .- 1435-1102. ; :12, s. 173-181
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Little research has been carried out on prevalence rates of distress (e.g. depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), hopelessness, and burnout) of women in different age groups. The aims of this study were to measure the prevalence rate of depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, hopelessness, and burnout among women and to clarify the associations between age groups and distress. Cross sectional epidemiological study on women in Sweden (n = 6,000, aged 18–64 years, response rate 64.1%). Measures were questionnaires on socio-economic and work-related characteristics and on depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, hopelessness, and burnout. Depression was measured with the “General Health Questionnaire” (GHQ), PTSS with the “Posttraumatic Symptom Scale”, hopelessness with the “Hopelessness Scale” and burnout with the “Shiron-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire” (SMBQ). The prevalence rate of depression varied from 12.5% to 14.1%; of posttraumatic stress symptoms from 23.5% to 33.3%; of hopelessness from 11.5% to 16%; and of burnout from 22.9% to 17.1%. Depression was not associated with age group. Hopelessness was associated with age group in univariate analysis bur not in multivariate analysis (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5–1.0). PTSS and burnout were associated with age group. Both symptoms were higher in the youngest age group, compared to the eldest age group (posttraumatic stress symptoms: OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2, 2.1; burnout: OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1–2.1). Younger women show higher prevalence rates of PTSS and burnout compared to elder women. The higher prevalence rates of PTSS and burnout among younger women may be associated with job strain and/or with violent life events.
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26.
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27.
  • Macassa, Gloria, et al. (author)
  • A Descriptive Systematic Review of Food Insecurity and Intimate Partner Violence in Southern Africa
  • 2022
  • In: Women. - : MDPI AG. - 2673-4184. ; 2, s. 397-407
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Food insecurity and intimate partner violence are important determinants of health and wellbeing in southern Africa. However, very little research has attempted to investigate the association between them even though food insecurity is anticipated to increase in the region, mostly owing to climate change. The objective of this paper was to descriptively review peer reviewed studies that investigated the relationship between food insecurity and intimate partner violence in southern Africa. Literature searches were carried out in Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases without any time restriction. A total of five studies that investigated the association between food insecurity and intimate partner violence were identified in South Africa and Swaziland. Of these four studies used a cross-sectional design, and one employed a longitudinal design. Samples varied from 406 to 2479 individuals. No empirical studies were found for the remaining southern African countries of Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, and Mozambique. Moreover, the reported findings indicated that there was an association between food insecurity and interpersonal violence (i.e., physical, psychological, and emotional) in the sub-region regardless the fact that the five studies used diverse measurements of both food insecurity and intimate partner violence.
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28.
  • Macassa, Gloria, et al. (author)
  • Experiences of employment precariousness and psychological well-being in East Central Sweden
  • 2017
  • In: Health Science Journal. - 1791-809X .- 1108-7366. ; 11:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: In the past decade, temporary employment arrangements, including fixed-term and sub-contracted jobs, as well as project work, on-call work and work via temporary-help agencies have increased in developed countries, including Sweden. The objective of this study was to explore precariously employed individuals’ experiences and perceptions of employment strain and its effect on their psychological well-being in Gävleborg County, Sweden. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 respondents residing in Gävleborg County about their experiences of precarious employment and their perceptions of the relationship between their precarious employment and psychological well-being. Thematic analysis was conducted to relate the results to the employment strain framework. Results: The main theme to emerge in the data was managing stress. Respondent’s perceived significant stress related to keeping employment as well as having future work. In addition, they had difficulties in coping with everyday life because of economic strain, lack of work opportunities and isolation. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight how precariously employed individuals are unable to cope with the stress related to uncertainty in maintaining their current work or having control of their working hours. In addition, the results indicate that precariously employed workers experience economic strain related to income uncertainty, which affects their ability to cope with daily life.
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29.
  • Macassa, Gloria, et al. (author)
  • Fear of crime and its relationship with self-reported health and stress among men
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Public Health Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 2279-9028 .- 2279-9036. ; 6:3, s. 169-174
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Fear of crime is a growing social and public health problem globally, including in developed countries such as Sweden. This study investigated the impact of fear of crime on self-reported health and stress among men living in Gävleborg County.Design and Methods: The study used data collected from 2993 men through a cross sectional survey in the 2014 Health in Equal Terms survey. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were carried out to study the relationship between fear of crime and self-reported health and stress. Results: There was a statistically significant association between fear of crime and self-reported poor health and stress among men residing in Gävleborg County. In the bivariate analysis, men who reported fear of crime had odds of 1.98 (CI 1.47- 2.66) and 2.23 (CI 1.45-3.41) respectively. Adjusting for demographic, social and economic variables in the multivariate analysis only reduced the odds ratio for self-reported poor health to 1.52 (CI 1.05-2.21) but not for self-reported stress with odds of 2.22 (1.27-3.86). Conclusions: Fear of crime among men was statistically significantly associated with self-reported poor health and stress in Gävleborg County. However, the statistically significant relationship remained even after accounting for demographic, social and economic factors, which warrants further research to better understand the role played by other variables.
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30.
  • Macassa, Gloria, et al. (author)
  • Interpersonal Violence Is Associated with Self-Reported Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Men in East-Central Sweden : Results of a Population-Based Survey
  • 2023
  • In: Medicina. - : MDPI. - 1010-660X .- 1648-9144. ; 59:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background and Objectives: Interpersonal violence is a social and public health problem globally, and though it is related to poor health outcomes across all genders, most research has been directed towards violence against women. As a result, the health consequences of men's victimization may be underreported and unaddressed. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between interpersonal violence and the psychological health outcomes of self-reported stress, anxiety, and depression among men. Materials and Methods: The study used data from the male sample (n = 2597) of the 2018 Health on Equal Terms Survey conducted in Gavleborg County in East-Central Sweden. Regression analysis was carried out to study the relationship between interpersonal violence and self-reported stress, anxiety, and depression. Results: The bivariate analysis showed that there was a statistically significant association between interpersonal violence and self-reported stress (OR 2.35; CI 1.45-3.81), anxiety (OR 1.54; CI 1.06-2.25), and depression (OR 2.30; CI 1.48-3.57). Controlling for other variables in the multivariate analysis removed the statistically significant relationship and reduced the odds ratios for stress (OR 1.46; CI 0.57-3.74), anxiety (OR 0.86; 0.40-1.84), and depression (OR 1.40; CI 0.67-3.32) respectively. Conclusions: The study found that interpersonal violence among men was associated with stress, anxiety and depression which was largely explained by demographic, socioeconomic, and health/behavior-related factors. The findings suggest the need for longitudinal studies to assess causal links between male victimization and psychological health outcomes at the county level.
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31.
  • Macassa, Gloria, et al. (author)
  • Responsible leadership behaviour as a determinant of stakeholders´ health and well-being : A review and conceptual framework
  • 2019
  • In: International Journal of Responsible Leadership and Ethical Decision Making. - United States : IGI Global. - 2577-4840 .- 2577-4859. ; 1:2, s. 44-63
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Recent corporate scandals have prompted discussion of the role of business in society. Business leaders are increasingly held accountable for their actions and non-actions in relation to all stakeholders, both internal and external. The emerging challenges faced by business organizations today include economic, social, and environmental demands; globalization; rapid population growth; natural resources exploitation; extreme poverty and debt; global migration; unprecedented inequality; global migration; geopolitical and ecological crises; climate change and other environmental issues; competitive pressure; health issues; new information and communication technologies; and sustainable lifestyles. Responsible leadership represents a new type of leadership, which is better positioned to address these challenges through stakeholder consideration and in the context of sustainable development. Building on existing literature, the aim of this article is to present a conceptual framework of responsible leadership as a potential determinant of stakeholders' health and well-being.
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32.
  • Macassa, Gloria, et al. (author)
  • Responsible Leadership Behaviour as a Determinant of Stakeholders' Health and Well-Being: A Review and Conceptual Framework
  • 2022
  • In: Research Anthology on Changing Dynamics of Diversity and Safety in the Workforce. - : IGI Global. - 9781668424056 - 9781668424063 ; , s. 1693-1714
  • Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Recent corporate scandals have prompted discussion of the role of business in society. Business leaders are increasingly held accountable for their actions and non-actions in relation to all stakeholders, both internal and external. The emerging challenges faced by business organizations today include economic, social, and environmental demands; globalization; rapid population growth; natural resources exploitation; extreme poverty and debt; global migration; unprecedented inequality; global migration; geopolitical and ecological crises; climate change and other environmental issues; competitive pressure; health issues; new information and communication technologies; and sustainable lifestyles. Responsible leadership represents a new type of leadership, which is better positioned to address these challenges through stakeholder consideration and in the context of sustainable development. Building on existing literature, the aim of this article is to present a conceptual framework of responsible leadership as a potential determinant of stakeholders' health and well-being.
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33.
  • Macassa, Gloria, et al. (author)
  • Structural Violence and Health-Related Outcomes in Europe
  • 2021
  • In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:13, s. 1-14
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In recent years, there has been a revival of the term “structural violence (SV)” which was coined by Johan Galtung in the 1960s in the context of Peace Studies. “Structural violence” refers to social structures—economic, legal, political, religious, and cultural—that prevent individuals, groups and societies from reaching their full potential. In the European context, very few studies have investigated health and well-being using an SV perspective. Therefore, this paper sought to systematically and descriptively review studies that used an SV framework to examine health-related outcomes across European countries. The review included two studies each from Spain and France, one each from the UK, Ukraine and Russia, and another study including the three countries Sweden, Portugal and Germany. With the exception of one mixed-method study, the studies used a qualitative design. Furthermore, the eight studies in the review used different conceptualizations of SV, which indicates the complexity of using SV as a concept in public health in the European context. Future research that attempts to identify and standardize measures of SV is needed; the knowledge gained is hoped to inform appropriate interventions aiming to reduce the effects of SV on population health.
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34.
  • Macassa, Gloria, et al. (author)
  • The Association between Fear of Crime, Educational Attainment, and Health
  • 2023
  • In: Epidemiologia. - : MDPI AG. - 2673-3986. ; 4:2, s. 148-162
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Fear of crime is an important public health problem that impacts people’s quality of life, health, and wellbeing, and causes mental health ailments (e.g., anxiety). This study aimed to determine whether there was an association between fear of crime, educational attainment, and self-rated health and anxiety among women residing in a county in east-central Sweden. A sample (n = 3002) of women aged 18–84 years surveyed in the Health on Equal Terms survey carried out in 2018 was included in the study. Bivariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed on the relationship between the composite variables fear of crime, educational attainment, and self-rated health and anxiety. Women with primary education or similar who reported fear of crime had increased odds of poor health (odds ratio (OR) 3.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.40–4.18) compared with women with primary education/similar and no fear of crime (OR 2.90; CI 1.90–3.20). A statistically significant relationship persisted in the multivariate analysis after controlling for other covariates, although the odds were reduced (OR 1.70; CI 1.14–2.53 and 1.73; CI 1.21–2.48, respectively). Similarly, in the bivariate analysis, women who reported fear of crime and who only had primary education had statistically significant odds of anxiety (OR 2.12; CI 1.64–2.74); the significance was removed, and the odds were reduced (OR 1.30; CI 0.93–1.82) after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related covariates. Women with only primary education or similar who reported fear of crime had higher odds of poor health and anxiety compared with those with university education or similar, with and without fear of crime. Future studies (including longitudinal ones) are warranted—on the one hand, to understand possible mechanisms of the relationship between educational attainment and fear of crime and its consequences to health, and on the other, to explore low-educated women’s own perceptions regarding factors underlining their fear of crime (qualitative studies).
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35.
  • Macassa, Gloria, et al. (author)
  • What Do We Know about Age Management Practices in Public and Private Institutions in Scandinavia?—A Public Health Perspective
  • 2024
  • In: Societies. - : MDPI. - 2075-4698. ; 14:6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In view of global population ageing and of policies that support longer working lives, especially in developed countries, it is important to achieve diversity in organisations through age management. Age management is the “management of human resources, [often] with an explicit focus on the requirements of an ageing workforce.” Through age management practices, organisations will be better able to change their human resource management policies and practices towards accommodating their ageing workforce. Little is known about age management practices in Scandinavian organisations, considering the region’s high prevalence of workers beyond the age of 50 across both private and public organisations. There are indications that Scandinavian business organisations are already practicing age management for all ages, including older workers. Their age management practices include the dimensions of job recruitment, training, lifelong learning, development, and promotion. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on how the health and well-being of workers is ensured in the context of age management practices in these organisations. Given the current and future importance of age management for all organisations globally, public health and other health science professionals need to collaborate with other disciplines, such as management and sustainability science, to better understand how they can contribute to an aged and healthier workforce as well as workplace health promotion. This paper aims to contribute to the discussion concerning age management in public and private institutions in Scandinavia through the public health lens.
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36.
  • Melchiorre, Maria Gabriella, et al. (author)
  • The prevalence, severity and chronicity of abuse towards older men : Insights from a multinational European survey
  • 2021
  • In: PLOS ONE. - : PLoS. - 1932-6203. ; 16:4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Elder abuse is a growing public health question among policy makers and practitioners in many countries. Research findings usually indicate women as victims, whereas male elder abuse still remains under-detected and under-reported. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, severity and chronicity of abuse (psychological, physical, physical injury, sexual, and financial) against older men, and to scrutinize factors (e.g. demographics) associated with high chronicity of any abuse.METHODS: Randomly selected older men (n = 1908) aged 60-84 years from seven European cities (Ancona, Athens, Granada, Kaunas, Stuttgart, Porto, Stockholm) were interviewed in 2009 via a cross-sectional study concerning abuse exposure during the past 12 months.RESULTS: Findings suggested that prevalence of abuse towards older men varied between 0.3% (sexual) and 20.3% (psychological), with severe acts between 0.2% (sexual) and 8.2% (psychological). On the whole, higher chronicity values were for injury, followed by psychological, financial, physical, and sexual abuse. Being from Sweden, experiencing anxiety and having a spouse/cohabitant/woman as perpetrator were associated with a greater "risk" for high chronicity of any abuse. For men, severity and chronicity of abuse were in some cases relatively high.CONCLUSIONS: Abuse towards older men, in the light of severe and repeated acts occurring, should be a source of concern for family, caring staff, social work practice and policy makers, in order to develop together adequate prevention and treatment strategies.
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37.
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38.
  • Mellegård, M, et al. (author)
  • A comparative study of coping among women with fibromyalgia, neck/shoulder and back pain
  • 2001
  • In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 8:2, s. 103-115-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Passive coping strategies for pain (e.g., eatastrophizing) have been implicated in the development and maintenance of chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia (FM). Catastrophizing may thus be independently associated with FM, controlling for pain parameters such as intensity and complexity. This cross-sectional study compared coping strategies for pain (Coping Strategies Questionnaire; CSQ) among women with FM (n = 81), neck/shoulder pain (re = 76), and back pain (re = 131). Soeiodemographics and pain parameters were also assessed. FM patients reported stronger pain intensity, higher consumption of analgesics and sedatives, and higher disability than the other patients did. They also reported higher scores for the CSQ subscales–diverting attention, eatastrophizing, praying/hoping, and pain behaviors–and lower scores for self-efficacy beliefs. Multivariate analyses controlling for relevant conifounders ruled out most differences in coping strategies between groups, with the exception of diverting attention and pain behaviors. The results indicate that passive coping is not independently related to FM, but is, rather, dependent on a more general dysfunction due to pain.
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39.
  • Nolan, P, et al. (author)
  • A comparative study of the experiences of violence of English and Swedish mental health nurses
  • 2001
  • In: International Journal of Nursing Studies. - 0020-7489 .- 1873-491X. ; 38, s. 419-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Recent studies suggest that violence in health care environments, especially mental health care, appears to be increasing. Although there is a lack of cross-cultural studies to prove it, this increase in violence would seem to be an international phenomenon. The present study sought to compare the extent and nature of violence encountered by mental health nurses in Sweden and England. Systematic studies of violence have previously been carried out independently in both countries but this was the first attempt to compare levels of violence. Clearly defined study protocols were put in place, an operational definition of 'violence' adhered to, and random samples recruited. A specially designed questionnaire was sent to every subject (Swedish nurses n=720; English nurses n=296) enquiring about the extent of nurses' exposure to violence, the nature and severity of the violence experienced, and the effect of violence on self-esteem and job satisfaction. Significant differences were found with English nurses experiencing more violence than their Swedish counterparts. Yet support for English nurses appeared to be less good than for Swedish nurses. Reasons for the differences are discussed along with possible measures to minimise the frequency of violence against nurses and the negative effects on their work.
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40.
  • Nolan, P, et al. (author)
  • Violence in mental health care: The experience of mental nurses and psychiatrists
  • 1999
  • In: Journal of Advanced Nursing. - : Wiley. - 0309-2402 .- 1365-2648. ; 30, s. 934-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Violence against mental health service personnel is a serious workplace problem and one that appears to be increasing. This study aimed to ascertain the extent and nature of violence against mental health nurses and psychiatrists, and to identify what support, if any, they received following exposure to violence. Mental health staff working within five West Midlands Trusts in the United Kingdom were surveyed using a postal questionnaire to investigate the extent and nature of violence they encountered in their daily work. There was an overall response rate of 47%, which included a response rate for psychiatrists of 60% (n=74) and for mental health nurses of 45% (n=301). Though both groups experienced violence at work, nurses were found: to have been exposed to violence significantly more during their career; to have been a victim of violence within the previous 12 months of the survey; and to have suffered a violent incident involving physical contact. Whilst a higher proportion of nurses than psychiatrists received some support following a violent incident, a large proportion of both groups did not receive any, although most felt in need of it. The implications of this study for training and management are discussed.
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41.
  • Soares, Joaquim, 1947-, et al. (author)
  • A randomized, controlled comparison of educational and behavioural interventions for women with fibromyalgia
  • 2002
  • In: Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. - 1103-8128 .- 1651-2014. ; 9:1, s. 35-45
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We evaluated the effects of educational (EI) and behavioural interventions (BI) across a 10-week treatment period and at 6-month follow-up on various variables (e.g. coping with pain) for female patients with fibromyalgia (FM). The effects of EI and BI vs. the waiting-list control (WLC) group were also analysed. The EI did not lead to any significant changes. The BI led to benefits on the patients' use of pain coping strategies, functional disability, perceptions of pain and quality of sleep. With the exception of quality of sleep, these effects disappeared at follow-up. The WLC deteriorated in some of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) subscales. The BI did somewhat better than the EI, in particular, but only the improvement in sleep-quality remained over time. We concluded that improvements were few after treatment and all, but one, disappeared at follow-up. Essentially, there were no differences between the three conditions in terms of effectiveness. More research is needed to clarify further the value of behaviourally oriented interventions for FM patients, particularly their value over time.
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42.
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43.
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44.
  • Soares, Joaquim, 1947-, et al. (author)
  • Backward masking and skin conductance responses after conditioning to nonfeared but fear-relevant stimuli in fearful subjects.
  • 1993
  • In: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 30:5, s. 460-466
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The present study examined two issues. Are skin conductance responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli, as contrasted with responses conditioned to fear-irrelevant stimuli, elicited after merely an automatic, nonconscious analysis of the stimulus content? Do fearful subjects show better conditioning to nonfeared but fear-relevant stimuli (e.g., conditioning to spiders in snake-fearing subjects) than do nonfearful subjects? Subjects afraid of snakes, but not of spiders, or vice versa (n= 32) and nonfearful subjects (n= 32) were shown either fear-relevant stimuli (snakes or spiders and rats) or fear-irrelevant stimuli (flowers and mushrooms) in a differential conditioning paradigm, where one of the stimuli was followed by an electric shock. During a subsequent extinction phase, the conditioned stimuli were presented under backward masking conditions, preventing their conscious recognition. Consistent with our hypothesis, during the masked extinction of the conditioned stimuli, differential skin conductance responses to conditioning and control stimuli remained only for subjects conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli. Both fearful and nonfearful control subjects had significantly larger differential electrodermal responses to fear-relevant than to fear-irrelevant stimuli. However, contrary to our hypothesis, fearful subjects did not show enhanced conditionability to their nonfeared but fear-relevant stimuli as compared with nonfearful control subjects.
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45.
  • Soares, Joaquim J. F., 1947-, et al. (author)
  • Quality of life among persons aged 60-84 years in Europe: The role of psychological abuse and socio-demographic, social and health factors
  • 2013
  • In: Journal of Biosafety and Health Education. - : OMICS Publishing Group. - 2332-0893. ; 1:1, s. 1-12
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Elder abuse and its effects are a serious public health issue. However, little is known about therelation between psychological abuse, other factors (e.g. social support) and quality of life (QoL) by domain. This studyaddressed differences in QoL by domain between psychologically abused and non-abused. While considering otherfactors such as social support.Methods: The respondents were 4,467 (2,559 women) randomly selected persons aged 60-84 years living in7 European cities. The mean response across countries was 45.2%. The cross-sectional data were analyzed withbivariate/multivariate methods.Results: Abused respondents contrasted to non-abused scored lower in QoL (autonomy, 67.42 ± 21.26 vs. 72.39± 19.58; intimacy, 55.31 ± 31.15 vs. 67.21 ± 28.55; past/present/future activities, 62.79 ± 19.62 vs. 68.05 ± 18.09;social participation, 65.03 ± 19.84 vs. 68.21 ± 19.77). Regressions showed that abuse was negatively associated withautonomy, intimacy and past/present/future activities, and positively with the social participation. All QoL dimensionswere negatively associated with country and depressive/anxiety symptoms, and positively with social support. Further,variables such as age, sex and somatic symptoms were negatively associated with some of the QoL dimensions andothers such as family structure, education, health care use and drinking positively. The regression model “explained”32.8% of the variation in autonomy, 45.6% in intimacy, 44.8% in past/present/future activities and 41.5% in socialparticipation.Conclusions: Abuse was linked to lower QoL in most domains, but other factors such as depressive symptomsalso carried a negative impact. Social support and to some extent family structure had a “protective” effect on QoL.Abuse, health indicators (e.g. depressive symptoms) and social support should be considered in addressing the QoL ofolder persons. However, QoL was influenced by many factors, which could not be firmly disentangled due to the crosssectionalapproach, calling for longitudinal research to address causality.
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46.
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47.
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48.
  • Soares, Joaquim, 1947-, et al. (author)
  • Preattentive processing, preparedness and phobias: Effects of instructions on conditioned electrodermal responses to masked and non-masked fear-relevant stimuli
  • 1993
  • In: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 31:1, s. 87-95
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We hypothetized that autonomic responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli, in contrast to responses conditioned to neutral stimuli, can be elicited after only an automatic, non-conscious analysis of the stimulus. Consequently, they may be expected to be insensitive to verbal instructions. Normal subjects were conditioned to either fear-relevant stimuli (snakes or spiders) or neutral stimuli (flowers or mushrooms) in a differential conditioning paradigm with shock as the unconditioned stimulus. In a subsequent extinction series, half of the subjects were shown the conditioned stimuli under masking conditions preventing their conscious recognition, whereas the other half were exposed to non-masked stimuli. Then half of the subjects in each of the masking conditions were verbally instructed that no more shocks would be delivered and then the extinction trials followed. Consistent with our hypothesis, differential responses to the fear-relevant CSs+ and CSs− remained unaffected by both masking and instruction, whereas differential responding to neutral stimuli was wiped out by the masking procedure and the verbal instruction.
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49.
  • Soares, Joaquim, 1947-, et al. (author)
  • Psychoeducation for patients with bipolar affective disorder: An explorative study
  • 1997
  • In: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 51:6, s. 439-46
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We explored the effects of an education package on outpatients with bipolar disorder. The primary goals were to determine whether the patients' knowledge of the illness would be improved after an educational intervention and whether education would lead to changes in such areas as attitudes to lithium and psychiatric well-being. We also examined whether changes would be maintained at follow-up. This study included 10 patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The patients were given a six-session education package that covered the following areas: 1) demographics; 2) aetiology; 3) illness (course and symp toms); 4) treatment; 5) hospital procedures; and 6) coping (including problem-solving) with the illness and stress. Patients were assessed immediately before and after the intervention, and at a 6-month follow-up. The measures used were The Bipolar Knowledge Questionnaire, The Lithium Attitudes Questionnaire, The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The Hopelessness Scale, The General Health Questionnaire, and The Use of Inpatient Psychiatric Services. The results show significant improvements in knowledge about the illness, attitudes towards lithium, and self-esteem. These effects were maintained at follow-up. There were modest reductions in pessimism about the future and psychiatric morbidity. The utilization of inpatient psychiatric services decreased for three patients, whereas the other seven patients did not use the services at all. There were no significant correlations between any of the variables. The findings suggest that the educational intervention was beneficial for manic depressives. However, a larger control study needs to be performed to confirm these reliminary findings.
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50.
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