| 1. |
- Banks, Victoria A., et al.
(author)
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Is partially automated driving a bad idea? : Observations from an on-road study
- 2018
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In: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 68, s. 138-145
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The automation of longitudinal and lateral control has enabled drivers to become “hands and feet free” but they are required to remain in an active monitoring state with a requirement to resume manual control if required. This represents the single largest allocation of system function problem with vehicle automation as the literature suggests that humans are notoriously inefficient at completing prolonged monitoring tasks. To further explore whether partially automated driving solutions can appropriately support the driver in completing their new monitoring role, video observations were collected as part of an on-road study using a Tesla Model S being operated in Autopilot mode. A thematic analysis of video data suggests that drivers are not being properly supported in adhering to their new monitoring responsibilities and instead demonstrate behaviour indicative of complacency and over-trust. These attributes may encourage drivers to take more risks whilst out on the road. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Clark, DW, et al.
(author)
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Associations of autozygosity with a broad range of human phenotypes
- 2019
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In: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 10:1, s. 4957-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In many species, the offspring of related parents suffer reduced reproductive success, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. In humans, the importance of this effect has remained unclear, partly because reproduction between close relatives is both rare and frequently associated with confounding social factors. Here, using genomic inbreeding coefficients (FROH) for >1.4 million individuals, we show that FROH is significantly associated (p < 0.0005) with apparently deleterious changes in 32 out of 100 traits analysed. These changes are associated with runs of homozygosity (ROH), but not with common variant homozygosity, suggesting that genetic variants associated with inbreeding depression are predominantly rare. The effect on fertility is striking: FROH equivalent to the offspring of first cousins is associated with a 55% decrease [95% CI 44–66%] in the odds of having children. Finally, the effects of FROH are confirmed within full-sibling pairs, where the variation in FROH is independent of all environmental confounding.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Alexander, et al.
(author)
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A toolbox for automated driving on the STISIM driving simulator
- 2018
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In: MethodsX. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1258-780X .- 2215-0161. ; 5, s. 1073-1088
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Driving simulators have been used since the beginning of the 1930s to assist researchers in assessing driver behaviour without putting the driver in harm's way. The current manuscript describes the implementation of a toolbox for automated driving research on the widely used STISIM platform. The toolbox presented in this manuscript allows researchers to conduct flexible research into automated driving, enabling independent use of longitudinal control, and a combination of longitudinal and lateral control, and is available as an open source download through GitHub. The toolbox allows the driver to adjust parameters such as set speed (in 5 kph increments) and time-headway (in steps of 1, 1.5, and 2 s) as well as automation mode dynamically, while logging additional variabless that STISIM does not provide out-of-the-box (time-headway, time to collision). Moreover, the toolbox presented in this manuscript has gone through validation trials showing accurate speed, time-headway, and lane tracking, as well as transitions of control between manual and automated driving.A toolbox was developed for STISIM driving simulators.The toolbox allows for automated driving.Functionality includes tracking of speed, headway, and lane.
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| 5. |
- Eriksson, Alexander, et al.
(author)
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The Development of a Method to Assess the Effects of Traffic Situation and Time Pressure on Driver Information Preferences
- 2015
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In: Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319203720 ; , s. 3-12
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Contemporary Driving Automation (DA) is quickly approaching a level where partial autonomy will be available, relying on transferring control back to the driver when the operational limits of DA is reached. To explore what type of information drivers might prefer in control transitions an online test was constructed. The participants are faced with a set of still pictures of traffic situations of varying complexity levels and with different time constraints assituations and time available is likely to vary in real world scenarios. The choices drivers made were then assessed with regards to the contextual and temporal information available to participants. The results indicate that information preferences are dependent both on the complexity of the situation presented as well as the temporal constraints. The results also show that the different temporal and contextual conditions had an effect on decision-making time, where participants orient themselves quicker in the low complexity situations or when the available time is restricted. Furthermore, the method seem to identify changes in behaviour caused by varying the traffic situation and external time pressure. If the results can be validated against a more realistic setting, this particular method may prove to be a cost effective, easily disseminated tool which has potential to gather valuable insights about what information drivers prioritize when confronted with different situations.
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| 6. |
- Erlandsson, Mikael, 1979-
(author)
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What's in your mind? : Collegial Verbalisation – An ecological approach to knowledge elicitation
- 2014
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Knowledge elicitation of the work of professional operators, using traditional methods such as concurrent or retrospective verbalization is problematic. Concurrent verbalization distracts the operators from their primary task, and the operators have difficulties in verbalizing about their automated work tasks. Retrospective verbalization on the other hand, suffers from rationalization problems. An operator might give a perfectly good explanation of some action taken and might also be completely confident about truth of the verbalized information, when it in fact is incorrect. To overcome some of these problems, this thesis presents a new complementary verbalization method called Collegial Verbalization (CV).The CV-method utilizes the shared knowledge among work colleagues to improve the quality of the resulting information. The method consists roughly of the following steps; (1) Video tape subjects while they are working. (2) Play back interesting events to the subject’s colleagues individually and let them verbalize on the subject’s actions. (3) Compare the colleagues’ verbal reports to each other to find similarities, differences, etc. Throughout my research I have formulated, defined and assessed the new method in detail. The method has been applied to study train drivers, high-speed ferry operators, train traffic dispatchers and the medical staff at intensive care units.Comparative studies have shown; (1) that CV-protocols can be used as an independent source of data, (2) that colleagues produce reports with similar characteristics of retrospective verbal reports, (3) that the CV-method can produce more information than retrospective verbalization, because of the advantage of using multiple narrators. When the intention is to gather data as input to design, rather than establishing the original thought processes form the time of the studied events, the CV-method can also produce more reliable information than retrospective verbalization, because of the advantage of using multiple narrators.Based on these results, I have concluded that the CV-method has a clear advantage as a complementary information acquisition method, when studying the work of professional operators. The thesis ends with a discussion about several additional possible applications for the CV-method, such as applied team learning or psychological research in the field of decision making.
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| 7. |
- Kyriakidis, Miltos, et al.
(author)
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A human factors perspective on automated driving
- 2019
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In: Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1463-922X .- 1464-536X. ; 20:3, s. 223-249
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Automated driving can fundamentally change road transportation and improve quality of life. However, at present, the role of humans in automated vehicles (AVs) is not clearly established. Interviews were conducted in April and May 2015 with 12 expert researchers in the field of human factors (HFs) of automated driving to identify commonalities and distinctive perspectives regarding HF challenges in the development of AVs. The experts indicated that an AV up to SAE Level 4 should inform its driver about the AV's capabilities and operational status, and ensure safety while changing between automated and manual modes. HF research should particularly address interactions between AVs, human drivers and vulnerable road users. Additionally, driver-training programmes may have to be modified to ensure that humans are capable of using AVs. Finally, a reflection on the interviews is provided, showing discordance between the interviewees’ statements – which appear to be in line with a long history of HFs research – and the rapid development of automation technology. We expect our perspective to be instrumental for stakeholders involved in AV development and instructive to other parties.
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| 8. |
- Politis, Ioanna, et al.
(author)
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An evaluation of inclusive dialogue-based interfaces for the takeover of control in autonomous cars
- 2018
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In: Proceedings IUI International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery. - 9781450349451 ; , s. 601-606
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents formative research to inform the design of intelligent automotive user interfaces. It describes an evaluation of dialogue-based interfaces, mediating the driver to take back control from the autonomous mode of a car. Four concepts designed to increase driver Situation Awareness were evaluated in a driving simulator. They used dialogue based interaction, where driving-related information was either asked from or repeated by the driver, with the alternative of a countdown-based interface with no additional information. An inclusive set of participants, with a wide age spectrum, tested the interfaces. The shorter and simpler interaction of the countdown timer was most accepted. The interface seeking answers to driving-related questions came next, and the interface requiring repetition of driving-related information, even when augmented by visual and tactile cues, was least accepted. Design guidelines on utilizing dialogue as a means of keeping the driver in the loop during a takeover were thus derived.
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| 9. |
- Stanton, Neville A., et al.
(author)
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Predicting pilot error: Testing a new methodology and a multi-methods and analysts approach
- 2009
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In: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 40:3, s. 464-471
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Human Error Template (HET) is a recently developed methodology for predicting design-induced pilot error. This article describes a validation study undertaken to compare the performance of HET against three contemporary Human Error Identification (HEI) approaches when used to predict pilot errors for an approach and landing task and also to compare analyst error predictions to an approach to enhancing error prediction sensitivity: the multiple analysts and methods approach, whereby multiple analyst predictions using a range of HEI techniques are pooled. The findings indicate that, of the four methodologies used in isolation, analysts using the HET methodology offered the most accurate error predictions, and also that the multiple analysts and methods approach was more successful overall in terms of error prediction sensitivity than the three other methods but not the HET approach. The results suggest that when predicting design-induced error, it is appropriate to use a toolkit of different HEI approaches and multiple analysts in order to heighten error prediction sensitivity. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Surendran, Praveen, et al.
(author)
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Trans-ancestry meta-analyses identify rare and common variants associated with blood pressure and hypertension
- 2016
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In: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 48:10, s. 1151-1161
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death. However, there is limited knowledge on specific causal genes and pathways. To better understand the genetics of blood pressure, we genotyped 242,296 rare, low-frequency and common genetic variants in up to 192,763 individuals and used -1/4155,063 samples for independent replication. We identified 30 new blood pressure- or hypertension-associated genetic regions in the general population, including 3 rare missense variants in RBM47, COL21A1 and RRAS with larger effects (>1.5 mm Hg/allele) than common variants. Multiple rare nonsense and missense variant associations were found in A2ML1, and a low-frequency nonsense variant in ENPEP was identified. Our data extend the spectrum of allelic variation underlying blood pressure traits and hypertension, provide new insights into the pathophysiology of hypertension and indicate new targets for clinical intervention.
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| 11. |
- Tabone, Wilbert, et al.
(author)
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Vulnerable road users and the coming wave of automated vehicles: Expert perspectives
- 2021
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In: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-1982. ; 9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Automated driving research over the past decades has mostly focused on highway environments. Recent technological developments have drawn researchers and manufacturers to look ahead at introducing automated driving in cities. The current position paper examines this challenge from the viewpoint of scientific experts. Sixteen Human Factors researchers were interviewed about their personal perspectives on automated vehicles (AVs) and the interaction with VRUs in the future urban environment. Aspects such as smart infrastructure, external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs), and the potential of augmented reality (AR) were addressed during the interviews. The interviews showed that the researchers believed that fully autonomous vehicles will not be introduced in the coming decades and that intermediate levels of automation, specific AV services, or shared control will be used instead. The researchers foresaw a large role of smart infrastructure and expressed a need for AV-VRU segregation, but were concerned about corresponding costs and maintenance requirements. The majority indicated that eHMIs will enhance future AV-VRU interaction, but they noted that implicit communication will remain dominant and advised against text-based and instructive eHMIs. AR was commended for its potential in assisting VRUs, but given the technological challenges, its use, for the time being, was believed to be limited to scientific experiments. The present expert perspectives may be instrumental to various stakeholders and researchers concerned with the relationship between VRUs and AVs in future urban traffic.
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| 12. |
- Waldenström, Christofer, 1972-
(author)
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Supporting Dynamic Decision Making in Naval Search and Evasion Tasks
- 2011
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis investigates a decision aid to support tasks where there is an initial sighting of an object and then the decision maker has to guide some vehicles, either to reestablish contact with the lost object or to stay clear of it. As such, the tasks are analogous to naval search and evasion tasks. The decision aid helps a user to keep track of where enemy units can be by visualizing constraints on the units’ movement. Six studies are included. The first investigates how commanders judge the threat in a tactical situation and what they do to control that threat. The results point to that analysis of the enemy is a difficult task and has the potential to be improved by a support system. The second study investigates how commanders analyze the enemy. The results suggest that the uncertainties regarding the location and behavior of the enemy are central problems for the commander. It further describes a strategy that the participants use to cope with those problems, and the strategy is used as basis for the proposed decision aid. The remaining studies are experiments in which the support system is evaluated. A search task and an evasion task are used, and participants with and without experience from the tasks participate. The results suggest that the decision aid increased performance in both tasks and that both university students and navy officers gained from using it. Further, when using the visualization novice participants performed on the same level as the experienced. It was easy to learn how to use the visualization, and transfer to a situation without it depended on the complexity of its outline. The findings have practical application for designers of command and control support systems as they indirectly suggest that people have problems in inferring the whereabouts of contacts of which they only have fragmentary information. Thus, including the proposed decision aid in the design of such systems may have positive impact on overall system performance.
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