| 1. |
- Patel, Riyaz S., et al.
(author)
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Subsequent Event Risk in Individuals With Established Coronary Heart Disease : Design and Rationale of the GENIUS-CHD Consortium
- 2019
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In: Circulation. - 2574-8300. ; 12:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The Genetics of Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease (GENIUS-CHD) consortium was established to facilitate discovery and validation of genetic variants and biomarkers for risk of subsequent CHD events, in individuals with established CHD.METHODS: The consortium currently includes 57 studies from 18 countries, recruiting 185 614 participants with either acute coronary syndrome, stable CHD, or a mixture of both at baseline. All studies collected biological samples and followed-up study participants prospectively for subsequent events.RESULTS: Enrollment into the individual studies took place between 1985 to present day with a duration of follow-up ranging from 9 months to 15 years. Within each study, participants with CHD are predominantly of self-reported European descent (38%-100%), mostly male (44%-91%) with mean ages at recruitment ranging from 40 to 75 years. Initial feasibility analyses, using a federated analysis approach, yielded expected associations between age (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.14-1.16) per 5-year increase, male sex (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.13-1.21) and smoking (hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.35-1.51) with risk of subsequent CHD death or myocardial infarction and differing associations with other individual and composite cardiovascular endpoints.CONCLUSIONS: GENIUS-CHD is a global collaboration seeking to elucidate genetic and nongenetic determinants of subsequent event risk in individuals with established CHD, to improve residual risk prediction and identify novel drug targets for secondary prevention. Initial analyses demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of a federated analysis approach. The consortium now plans to initiate and test novel hypotheses as well as supporting replication and validation analyses for other investigators.
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| 2. |
- Steen, Robert, 1978-
(author)
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Molecular Electronic Devices based on Ru(II) Thiophenyl Pyridine and Thienopyridine Architecture
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- According to the famous axiom known as Moore’s Law the number of transistors that can be etched on a given piece of ultra-pure silicon, and therefore the computing power, will double every 18 to 24 months. However, around 2020 hardware manufacturers will have reached the physical limits of silicon. A proposed solution to this dilemma is molecular electronics. Within this field researchers are attempting to develop individual organic molecules and metal complexes that can act as molecular equivalents of electronic components such as wires, diodes, transistors and capacitors. In this work we have synthesized a number of new bi- and terdentate thiophenyl pyridine and pyridyl thienopyridine ligands and compared the electrochemical, structural and photophysical properties of their corresponding Ru(II) complexes with Ru(II) complexes of a variety of ligands based on 6-thiophen-2-yl-2,2'-bipyridine and 4-thiophen-2-yl-2,2'-bipyridine motifs. While the electrochemistry of the Ru(II) complexes were similar to that of unsubstituted [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [Ru(tpy)2]2+, substantial differences in luminescence lifetimes were found. Our findings show that, due to steric interactions with the auxiliary bipyridyl ligands, luminescence is quenched in Ru(II) complexes that incorporate the 6-thiophen-2-yl-2,2'-bipyridine motif, while it was comparable with the luminescence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in the Ru(II) complexes of bidentate pyridyl thienopyridine ligands. The luminescence of the Ru(II) complexes based on the 4-thiophen-2-yl-2,2'-bipyridine motif was enhanced compared to [Ru(bpy)3]2+ which indicates that complexes of this category may be applicable for energy/electron-transfer systems. At the core of molecular electronics is the search for molecular ON/OFF switches. Based on the ability of the ligand 6-thiophen-2-yl-2,2'-bipyridine to switch reversibly between cyclometallated and non-cyclometallated modes when complexed with Ru(tpy) we have synthesized a number of complexes, among them a bis-cyclometallated switch based on the ligand 3,8-bis-(6-thiophen-2-yl-pyridin-2-yl)-[4,7]phenanthroline, and examined their electrochemical properties. Only very weak electronic coupling could be detected, suggesting only little, if any, interaction between the ruthenium cores.
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| 3. |
- Steen, Robert O., 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Bis-cyclometallated Molecular Switches Based on 4,7-phenantroline and 1,5-naphthyridine Architecture
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Two new bis-terdentate ligands, 3,8-bis-(6-thiophen-2-yl-pyridin-2-yl)-[4,7]phenanthroline (L1) and 2,6-bis(6-(thiophen-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-1,5-naphthyridine (L2), capable of reversible double cyclometallation have been synthesized. Both syntheses proceeded via a Skraup synthesis followed by Stille cross-coupling with 2-thiophen-2-yl-6-tributylstannylpyridine to yield the final product. The Ru2(tpy)2-complex of L1 was shown to be capable of reversible cyclometallation, where the bis-cyclometallated (C,C) isomer of the complex had an oxidation potential of +249 mV while the oxidation potential of the doubly S-coordinated (S,S) complex was +987 mV. No ground state interaction between the Ru cores was however found. In theory the complex should display a third, mixed, state. An S,C-coordinated isomer would open the way for molecular electronic applications based on ternary logic. However, despite attempts the S,C-coordinated complex could not be generated.
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| 4. |
- Steen, Robert O., 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Coordination-mode pH-activated Molecular Switches based on Ruthenium(II) Oligopyridine Complex Architecture
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A number of [Ru(tpy)L] complexes (where L is a ligand based on the 6-thien-2-yl-2,2’-bipyridine motif) have been generated to study the ability of this terdentate motif to switch between a N,N,C and a N,N,S binding mode as a function of pH and irradiation. Whilst the parent system 6-thien-2-yl-2,2’-bipyridine (1) displayed facile switching between the orange and purple forms, heavier analogues displayed sluggish switching – most likely resulting from a large moment of inertia about the bond between the S/C-bonded thiophene ring and the chelating bipyridine unit. Prototypic unsymmetrical bimetallic complexes (C7S and C7C) have been generated in order to test if the binding mode of the switching unit can affect the oxidation potential of the remote [Ru(bpy)2(L)] unit. The results of cyclic voltammetry studies suggest that only weak electronic coupling between the metal cores exists, and that the coordination mode (N,N,C or N,N,S) of the thiophene moiety only has a small effect on the oxidation potential of the [Ru(bpy)2(L)] unit.
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| 5. |
- Steen, Robert O., 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Synthesis of the Pyridyl Thienopyridine Ligands 5-phenyl-7-(pyridin-2-yl)-thieno[2,3-c]pyridine, 7-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-(thiophen-2-yl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine and 5,7-di(pyridin-2-yl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine via the Hurtley Reaction
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The tridentate thienopyridines 5-phenyl-7-(pyridin-2-yl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine (L1), 7-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-(thiophen-2-yl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine (L2) and 5,7-di(pyridin-2-yl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine (L3) have been synthesized via the Hurtley reaction. L1 and L2 were synthesized by condensing 3-bromothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with phenyl-1,3-butanedione and 1-thienyl-1,3-butanedione respectively. L3 was synthesized by condensing 3-bromothiophene-2- carboxylic acid with benzoylacetonitrile. Ring closure and a subsequent Negishi or Stille cross-coupling afforded L1, L2 and L3 in an overall yield of 20%, 3% and 6% respectively. The corresponding [Ru(tpy)L]n+ complexes were prepared and their electrochemical and structural properties were examined.
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| 6. |
- Steen, Robert, 1978-
(author)
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The Synthesis of Molecular Switches Based Upon Ru(II) Polypyridyl Architecture for Electronic Applications
- 2007
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- According to the famous axiom known as Moore’s Law the number of transistors that can be etched on a given piece of silicon, and therefore the computing power, will double every 18 to 24 months. For the last 40 years Moore’s prediction has held true as computers have grown more and more powerful. However, around 2020 hardware manufac-turers will have reached the physical limits of silicon. A proposed solution to this dilemma is molecular electronics. Within this field researchers are attempting to develop individual organic molecules and metal complexes that can act as molecular equivalents of electronic components such as diodes, transistors and capacitors. By utilizing molecular electronics to construct the next generation of computers processors with 100,000 times as many components on the same surface area could potentially be created.We have synthesized a range of new pyridyl thienopyridine ligands and compared the electrochemical and photophysical properties of their corresponding Ru(II) complexes with that with the Ru(II) complexes of a variety of ligands based on 6-thiophen-2-yl-2,2´-bipyridine and 4-thiophen-2-yl-2,2´-bipyridine. While the electrochemistry of the Ru(II) complexes were similar to that of unsubstituted [Ru(bpy)3]2+, substantial differences in luminescence lifetimes were found. Our findings show that, due to steric interactions with the auxiliary bipy-ridyl ligands, luminescence is quenched in Ru(II) complexes that in-corporate the 6-thiophen-2-yl-2,2´-bipyridine motif, while it is on par with the luminescence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in the Ru(II) complexes of the pyridyl thienopyridine ligands. The luminescence of the Ru(II) com-plexes based on the 4-thiophen-2-yl-2,2´-bipyridine motif was en-hanced compared to [Ru(bpy)3]2+ which indicates that complexes of this category are the most favourable for energy/electron-transfer sys-tems.At the core of molecular electronics are the search for molecular ON/OFF switches. We have synthesized a reversible double cyclome-tallated switch based on the Ru(tpy) complex of 3,8-bis-(6-thiophen-2-yl-pyridin-2-yl)-[4,7]phenanthroline. Upon treatment with acid/base the complex can be switched between the cyclometallated and the S-bonded form. This prototype has potentially three different states which opens the path to systems based on ternary computer logic.
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