| 1. |
- Tai, F, et al.
(author)
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Abdominal Wall Miscellaneous
- 2015
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In: Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery. - 1248-9204. ; 19 Suppl 1, s. S5-S12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 2. |
- Kirsebom, O. S., et al.
(author)
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Measurement of the 2+→0+ ground-state transition in the β decay of F 20
- 2019
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In: Physical Review C. - 2469-9985. ; 100:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report the first detection of the second-forbidden, nonunique, 2+→0+, ground-state transition in the β decay of F20. A low-energy, mass-separated F+20 beam produced at the IGISOL facility in Jyväskylä, Finland, was implanted in a thin carbon foil and the β spectrum measured using a magnetic transporter and a plastic-scintillator detector. The β-decay branching ratio inferred from the measurement is bβ=[0.41±0.08(stat)±0.07(sys)]×10-5 corresponding to logft=10.89(11), making this one of the strongest second-forbidden, nonunique β transitions ever measured. The experimental result is supported by shell-model calculations and has significant implications for the final evolution of stars that develop degenerate oxygen-neon cores. Using the new experimental data, we argue that the astrophysical electron-capture rate on Ne20 is now known to within better than 25% at the relevant temperatures and densities.
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| 3. |
- Parkes, B., et al.
(author)
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Community factors and excess mortality in the COVID-19 pandemic in England, Italy and Sweden
- 2023
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In: European Journal of Public Health. - 1101-1262. ; 33:4, s. 695-703
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Analyses of coronavirus disease 19 suggest specific risk factors make communities more or less vulnerable to pandemic-related deaths within countries. What is unclear is whether the characteristics affecting vulnerability of small communities within countries produce similar patterns of excess mortality across countries with different demographics and public health responses to the pandemic. Our aim is to quantify community-level variations in excess mortality within England, Italy and Sweden and identify how such spatial variability was driven by community-level characteristics. Methods We applied a two-stage Bayesian model to quantify inequalities in excess mortality in people aged 40 years and older at the community level in England, Italy and Sweden during the first year of the pandemic (March 2020-February 2021). We used community characteristics measuring deprivation, air pollution, living conditions, population density and movement of people as covariates to quantify their associations with excess mortality. Results We found just under half of communities in England (48.1%) and Italy (45.8%) had an excess mortality of over 300 per 100 000 males over the age of 40, while for Sweden that covered 23.1% of communities. We showed that deprivation is a strong predictor of excess mortality across the three countries, and communities with high levels of overcrowding were associated with higher excess mortality in England and Sweden. Conclusion These results highlight some international similarities in factors affecting mortality that will help policy makers target public health measures to increase resilience to the mortality impacts of this and future pandemics.
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| 4. |
- Chiu, D T, et al.
(author)
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Chemical transformations in individual ultrasmall biomimetic containers
- 1999
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In: Science. - Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Pomona Coll, Dept Chem, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. : AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 283:5409, s. 1892-1895
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Individual phospholipid vesicles, 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter, containing a single reagent or a complete reaction system, were immobilized with an infrared laser optical trap or by adhesion to modified borosilicate glass surfaces. Chemical transformations were initiated either by electroporation or by electrofusion, in each case through application of a short (10-microsecond), intense (20 to 50 kilovolts per centimeter) electric pulse delivered across ultramicroelectrodes. Product formation was monitored by far-field laser fluorescence microscopy. The ultrasmall characteristic of this reaction volume led to rapid diffusional mixing that permits the study of fast chemical kinetics. This technique is also well suited for the study of reaction dynamics of biological molecules within lipid-enclosed nanoenvironments that mimic cell membranes.
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| 5. |
- Chiu, D T, et al.
(author)
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Manipulating the biochemical nanoenvironment around single molecules contained within vesicles
- 1999
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In: Chemical Physics. - Univ Gothenburg, Dept Chem, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. : ELSEVIER. - 0301-0104 .- 1873-4421. ; 247:1, s. 133-139
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A method to study single-molecule reactions confined in a biomimetic container is described. The technique combines rapid vesicle preparation, optical trapping and fluorescence confocal microscopy for performing simultaneous single-vesicle trapping and single-molecule detection experiments. The collisional environment between a single enzyme and substrate inside a vesicle is characterized by a Brownian dynamics Monte Carlo simulation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Kirsebom, O. S., et al.
(author)
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Discovery of an Exceptionally Strong β -Decay Transition of F 20 and Implications for the Fate of Intermediate-Mass Stars
- 2019
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007. ; 123:26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A significant fraction of stars between 7 and 11 solar masses are thought to become supernovae, but the explosion mechanism is unclear. The answer depends critically on the rate of electron capture on Ne20 in the degenerate oxygen-neon stellar core. However, because of the unknown strength of the transition between the ground states of Ne20 and F20, it has not previously been possible to fully constrain the rate. By measuring the transition, we establish that its strength is exceptionally large and that it enhances the capture rate by several orders of magnitude. This has a decisive impact on the evolution of the core, increasing the likelihood that the star is (partially) disrupted by a thermonuclear explosion rather than collapsing to form a neutron star. Importantly, our measurement resolves the last remaining nuclear physics uncertainty in the final evolution of degenerate oxygen-neon stellar cores, allowing future studies to address the critical role of convection, which at present is poorly understood
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| 7. |
- Orejas, C, et al.
(author)
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Cold-water corals in aquaria: advances and challenges. A focus on the Mediterranean
- 2019
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In: Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals: Past, Present and Future. - : Springer. - 2213-719X. - 9783319916071
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Knowledge on basic biological functions of organisms is essential to understand not only the role they play in the ecosystems but also to manage and protect their populations. The study of biological processes, such as growth, reproduction and physiology, which can be approached in situ or by collecting exemplars and rearing them in aquaria, is particularly challenging for deep-sea organisms such as cold-water corals (CWCs). Present experimental work and monitoring of deep-sea populations is still a chimera. Only a handful of research institutes or companies have been able to install in situ marine observatories in the Mediterranean Sea or elsewhere, which facilitate for a continuous monitoring of deep-sea ecosystems. Hence, today’s best way to obtain basic biological information on these organisms is (1) working with collected samples and analysing them post-mortem and / or (2) cultivating corals in aquaria in order to monitor biological processes and investigate coral behaviour and physiological responses under different experimental treatments. The first challenging aspect is the collection process, which implies the use of oceanographic research vessels in most occasions, since these organisms inhabit areas between ca. 150 m to more than 1,000 m depth, and specific sampling gears. The next challenge is the maintenance of the animals on board (in situations where cruises may take weeks) and their transport to home laboratories. Maintenance in the home labs is also extremely challenging since special conditions and set ups are needed to conduct experimental studies to obtain information on the biological processes of these animals. The complexity of the natural environment from which the corals were collected cannot be exactly replicated within the laboratory setting; a fact which has led some researchers to question the validity of work and conclusions drawn from such undertakings. It is evident that aquaria experiments cannot perfectly reflect the real environmental and trophic conditions where these organisms occur, but: (1) in most cases we do not have the possibility to obtain equivalent in situ information and (2) even with limitations, they produce relevant information about 117 the biological limits of the species, which is especially valuable when considering potential future climate change scenarios. This chapter includes many contributions from different authors and it intends to be both, a practical “handbook” for conducting CWC aquaria work, while at the same time, to offer an overview on the CWC research conducted in Mediterranean labs equipped with aquaria infrastructure. Experiences from Atlantic and Pacific laboratories with extensive experience with CWC work have also contributed to this chapter, as their procedures are valuable to any researcher interested in conducting experimental work with CWC in aquaria. It was impossible to include contributions from all labs in the world currently working experimentally with CWCs in the laboratory, but at the conclusion of the chapter we attempt, to our best of our knowledge, to supply a list of laboratories with operational CWC aquaria facilities.
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| 8. |
- Strömberg, Anette, et al.
(author)
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Manipulating the genetic identity and biochemical surface properties of individual cells with electric-field-induced fusion
- 2000
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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Gothenburg Univ, Dept Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Inst Clin Neurosci, Dept Neurol, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. : NATL ACAD SCIENCES. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 97:1, s. 7-11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A method for cell-cell and cell-liposome fusion at the single-cell level is described. Individual cells or liposomes were first selected and manipulated either by optical trapping or by adhesion to a micromanipulator-controlled ultramicroelectrode. Spatially selective fusion of the cell-cell or cell-liposome pair was achieved by the application of a highly focused electric field through a pair of 5-mu m o.d. carbon-fiber ultramicroelectrodes. The ability to fuse together single cells opens new possibilities in the manipulation of the genetic and cellular makeup of individual cells in a controlled manner, In the study of cellular networks, for example, the alteration of the biochemical identity of a selected cell can have a profound effect on the behavior of the entire network. Fusion of a single liposome with a target cell allows the introduction of the liposomal content into the cell interior as well as the addition of lipids and membrane proteins onto the cell surface. This cell-liposome fusion represents an approach to the manipulation of the cytoplasmic contents and surface properties of single cells. As an example, we have introduced a membrane protein (gamma-glutamyltransferase) reconstituted in liposomes into the cell plasma membrane.
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| 9. |
- Albin, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Retention patterns of asbestos fibres in lung tissue among asbestos cement workers
- 1994
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In: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - 1470-7926. ; 51:3, s. 205-211
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Retention patterns in lung tissue (determined by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry) of chrysotile, tremolite, and crocidolite fibres were analysed in 69 dead asbestos cement workers and 96 referents. There was an accumulation of tremolite with time of employment. Among workers who died within three years of the end of exposure, the 13 with high tremolite concentrations had a significantly longer duration of exposure than seven in a low to intermediate category (medians 32 v 20 years; p = 0.018, one sided). Crocidolite showed similar patterns of accumulation. In workers who died more than three years after the end of exposure, there were no correlations between concentrations of amphibole fibres and time between the end of exposure and death. Chrysotile concentrations among workers who died shortly after the end of exposure were higher than among the referents (median difference in concentrations 13 million fibres (f)/g dry weight; p = 0.033, one sided). No quantitative differences in exposure (duration or intensity) could be shown between workers with high and low to intermediate concentrations. Interestingly, all seven workers who had had a high intensity at the end of exposure (> 2.5 f/ml), had low to intermediate chrysotile concentrations at death, whereas those with low exposure were evenly distributed (31 subjects in both concentration categories); hence, there was a dependence between last intensity of exposure and chrysotile concentration (p = 0.014). Among 14 workers with a high average intensity of exposure, both those (n = 5) with high tissue concentrations of chrysotile and those (n = 10) with high tissue concentrations of tremolite fibres had more pronounced fibrosis than those with low to intermediate concentrations (median fibrosis grades for chrysotile: 2 v 1, p = 0.021; for tremolite: 2 v 0.5, p = 0.012). Additionally, workers who died shortly after the end of exposure with high concentrations of chrysotile and crocidolite had smoked more than those with low intermediate concentrations (medians for chrysotile 35 v 15 pack-years, p = 0.030; for crocidolite 37 v 15 pack-years, p = 0.012). The present data indicate that chrysotile has a relatively rapid turnover in human lungs, whereas the amphiboles, tremolite and crocidolite, have a slower turnover. Further, chrysotile retention may be dependent on dose rate. Chrysotile and crocidolite deposition and retention may be increased by tobacco smoking; chrysotile and tremolite by fibrosis.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Chiu, D T, et al.
(author)
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Electrical and optical methods for the manipulation and analyses of single cells
- 2001
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In: CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS. - Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. : SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING. - 0819439339 ; , s. 1-8
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper describes the use of focused electric fields and focused optical fields for the high resolution manipulation of single cells. A focused electric field, obtained with the use of ultramicroelectrodes (tip diameter similar to 5 mum), is used to electroporate and electrofuse individual cells selectively and with high spatial resolution. A focused optical field, in the form of an optical tweezer, is used to isolate single organelles from a cell as well as to position liposomes incorporated with receptors and transporters along the cell for the high-resolution sampling and probing of the cellular microenvironment.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Hascup, E. R., et al.
(author)
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Sub-second measurements of glutamate and other neurotransmitter signaling using enzyme-based ceramic microelectrode arrays
- 2013
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In: Microelectrode Biosensors (Part II). - Totowa, NJ : Humana Press. - 9781627033695 - 9781627033701 ; , s. 179-199
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have set out to develop a novel, implantable microelectrode array that has the capabilities to detect neurotransmitters with enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and temporal sampling capabilities compared to other current technologies. We have shown that this device maintains recording performance during chronic measurements of extracellular neurotransmitter levels for at least 7 days postimplantation, single-unit neuronal activity for as long as 6 months, and provides enhanced biocompatibility compared to current technologies. As we continue to refine and improve our recording capability, we are able to incorporate the chronic microelectrode array technology into multimodal experimental paradigms, such as behavioral testing, pharmacological intervention (local and systemic), or combined measurements of neurotransmitter levels and neuronal activity (local field potential). Furthermore, the improvements made with the microelectrode technology discussed in this chapter have the potential to conduct longitudinal analyses that can benefit a wide range of translational efforts, including studies on learning and memory, aging, neurodegenerative disease progression, and traumatic brain injury neuropathology.
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| 14. |
- Jakubovics, N.S., et al.
(author)
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Interactions of mitis group streptococci with sialic acid receptors
- 2006
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In: International Congress Series 1289. - : Elsevier B.V.. ; , s. 275-278
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The serine-rich repeat glycoprotein Hsa in Streptococcus gordonii Challis mediates bacterial cell interactions with fetuin, glycocalicin, fibronectin and human platelets. Different strains of S.gordonii vary markedly in their adhesion levels to sialylated proteins, while other mitis group streptococci have distinct patterns of recognition of sialylated or desialylated receptor oligosaccharides. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Karlsson, Lennart, 1947-
(author)
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Arbetarrörelsen, Folkets Hus och offentligheten i Bromölla 1905-1960
- 2009
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the People’s House in Bromölla as an arena for a plebeian public sphere. More specific, the analysis revolves around how the labour movement created a plebeian public sphere, the construction of the very arena and the activities there, including study circles, labour library, theatre plays, film showings, dance evenings and other amusements as parts of adult education among the working class people. It also comprises examinations of the labour movement’s acting in the local political arena, the labour movement’s connections with the local bourgeoisie on matters concerning politics and the People’s House. The main theoretical perspective is based on Jürgen Habermas’ theory of bourgeois public sphere, reformulated to a plebeian public sphere. The adult education in study circles mainly focused on subjects related to the work in the local politics and in the trade union, i.e. for the activities in the public sphere. These parts of the adult education were primarily a matter for the male part of the labour movement. This mirrors the situation in politics and in the trade union, where foremost men were engaged. Beside the trade union and political studies, subjects like Swedish, English, Esperanto, mathematics and literature were common. From time to time socialism and Marxism were studied. The women mainly studied humanistic subjects with individual development and hold thus the vision of the education ideologists within the labour movement. In the 1940’s the study circles decreased, and finally, in the end of the 1950’s almost ceased. Despite this the education did not cease, but were replaced by music, singing, dancing and machine sewing courses arranged by commercial companies and aesthetic associations. The People’s House was from the beginning open even for associations outside the labour movement. In the 1940’s and, in particularly, the 1950’s the People’s House became an assembly hall for a huge range of associations. Among the tenants were Free Church parishes, athletic associations, hobby associations, temperance societies, political parties from left to right, trade unions, authorities, companies, and the municipal of Bromölla. People’s house was also a place for wedding and birthday celebrations and other private parties. Among the more frequent tenants were Free Churches and music, singing and athletic associations, beside Bromölla municipal, which were a permanent tenant, for instance for the municipal library. The amount of associations from outside the labour movement among the tenants exceeded for some years in the end of 1950’s the labour movement’s meetings. This cross class policy was a conscious strategy by the People’s House association, in order to be a cultural institution for all inhabitants in Bromölla. The municipal council of Bromölla was even a part of this policy when subsidizing the People’s House association. It was in accordance with the cross class and consensus policy which the social democratic movement by this time was an exponent of. The People’s House in Bromölla was thus an arena not only for the labour movement, but also for the entire society.
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| 16. |
- Rydén, Lars, et al.
(author)
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ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD
- 2013
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In: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 34:39, s. 3035-3087
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This is the second iteration of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) joining forces to write guidelines on the management of diabetes mellitus (DM), pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), designed to assist clinicians and other healthcare workers to make evidence-based management decisions. The growing awareness of the strong biological relationship between DM and CVD rightly prompted these two large organizations to collaborate to generate guidelines relevant to their joint interests, the first of which were published in 2007. Some assert that too many guidelines are being produced but, in this burgeoning field, five years in the development of both basic and clinical science is a long time and major trials have reported in this period, making it necessary to update the previous Guidelines.
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| 17. |
- Strömberg, Anette, et al.
(author)
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Microfluidic device for combinatorial fusion of liposomes and cells
- 2001
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In: Analytical Chemistry. - Gothenburg Univ, Dept Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 73:1, s. 126-130
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We describe an electrofusion-based technique for combinatorial synthesis of individual liposomes. A prototype device with containers for liposomes of different compositions and a fusion container was constructed. The sample containers had fluid contact with the fusion container through microchannels. Optical trapping was used to transport individual liposomes and cells through the microchannels into the fusion container. In the fusion container, selected pairs of liposomes were fused together using microelectrodes. A large number of combinatorially synthesized Liposomes with complex compositions and reaction systems can be obtained from small sets of precursor liposomes. The order of different reaction steps can be specified and defined by the fusion sequence. This device could also facilitate single cell-cell electrofusions (hybridoma production). This is exemplified by fusion of transported red blood cells.
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| 18. |
- Villanova, Valeria, et al.
(author)
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Mixotrophy in a Local Strain of Nannochloropsis granulata for Renewable High-Value Biomass Production on the West Coast of Sweden
- 2022
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In: Marine Drugs. - : MDPI. - 1660-3397. ; 20:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A local strain of Nannochloropsis granulata (Ng) has been reported as the most productive microalgal strain in terms of both biomass yield and lipid content when cultivated in photobioreactors that simulate the light and temperature conditions during the summer on the west coast of Sweden. To further increase the biomass and the biotechnological potential of this strain in these conditions, mixotrophic growth (i.e., the simultaneous use of photosynthesis and respiration) with glycerol as an external carbon source was investigated in this study and compared with phototrophic growth that made use of air enriched with 1–2% CO2 . The addition of either glycerol or CO2-enriched air stimulated the growth of Ng and theproduction of high-value long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA) as well as the carotenoid canthaxanthin. Bioassays in human prostate cell lines indicated the highest antitumoral activity for Ng extracts and fractions from mixotrophic conditions. Metabolomics detected betaine lipids specifically in the bioactive fractions, suggesting their involvement in the observed antitumoral effect. Genes related to autophagy were found to be upregulated by the most bioactive fraction, suggesting a possible therapeutic target against prostate cancer progression. Taken together, our results suggest that the local Ng strain can be cultivated mixotrophically in summer conditions on the west coast of Sweden for the production of high-value biomass containing antiproliferative compounds, carotenoids, and EPA. © 2022 by the authors.
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| 19. |
- Wagenaar, Kim P., et al.
(author)
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heartfailurematters.org, an educational website for patients and carers from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology: objectives, use and future directions
- 2017
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In: European Journal of Heart Failure. - : WILEY. - 1388-9842 .- 1879-0844. ; 19:11, s. 1447-1454
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims In 2007, the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) launched the information website heartfailurematters.org (HFM site) with the aim of creating a practical tool through which to provide advice and guidelines for living with heart failure to patients, their carers, health care professionals and the general public worldwide. The website is managed by the ESC at the European Heart House and is currently available in nine languages. The aim of this study is to describe the background, objectives, use, lessons learned and future directions of the HFM site. Methods and results Data on the number of visitor sessions on the site as measured by Google Analytics were used to explore use of the HFM site from 2010 to 2015. Worldwide, the annual number of sessions increased from 416 345 in 2010 to 1 636 368 in 2015. Most users (72-75%) found the site by using a search engine. Desktops and, more recently, smartphones were used to visit the website, accounting for 50% and 38%, respectively, of visits to the site in 2015. Conclusions Although its use has increased, the HFM site has not yet reached its full potential: fewer than 2 million users have visited the website, whereas the number of people living with heart failure worldwide is estimated to be 23 million. Uptake and use could be further improved by a continuous process of qualitative assessment of users preferences, and the provision of professional helpdesk facilities, comprehensive information technology, and promotional support.
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| 20. |
- Wagenaar, Kim P., et al.
(author)
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Interpretability of the European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour scale
- 2017
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In: Patient Preference and Adherence. - : DOVE MEDICAL PRESS LTD. - 1177-889X. ; 11, s. 1841-1848
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour scale (EHFScBs) is a valid patient-reported questionnaire to measure self-care behavior of heart failure (HF) patients. We assessed the interpretability of the EHFScBs. Methods: We used data of 1,023 HF patients. Interpretability refers to the clinical meaning of the score and its changes over time. We operationalized interpretability by evaluating distributions of EHFScBs scores across relevant HF subgroups by eyeballing, by testing the risk on hospitalizations and mortality of a plausible threshold, and by determining a clinically relevant minimal important change (MIC). The scale score ranged from 0 to 100, with a higher score meaning better self-care. A threshold of amp;gt;= 70 was defined as adequate and amp;lt; 70 as inadequate self-care. Results: The EHFScBs scores were similarly normally distributed among the subgroups with a mean between 57.8 (SD 19.4) and 72.0 (SD 18.0). The 464 HF patients with adequate self-care had significantly less all-cause hospitalizations than the 559 patients with inadequate self-care. Conclusion: The degree of self-care showed to be independent of relevant HF subgroups. A single threshold of 70 accurately discriminated between patients with adequate and inadequate self-care.
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| 21. |
- Wilson, C F, et al.
(author)
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Nanoengineered structures for holding and manipulating liposomes and cells
- 2001
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In: Analytical Chemistry. - Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Chem, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 73:4, s. 787-791
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We describe the fabrication of nanoengineered holding pipets with concave seating surfaces and fine pressure control. These pipets were shown to exhibit exceptional stability in capturing, transporting, and releasing single cells and liposomes 1-12 mum in diameter, which opens previously inaccessible avenues of research. Three specific examples demonstrated the, utility and versatility of this manipulation system. In the first, carboxyrhodaminie was selectively incorporated into individual cells by electroporation, after which nearly all the medium (hundreds of microliters) surrounding the docked and tagged cells was rapidly exchanged (in seconds) and the cells were subsequently probed by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). In the second study, a single liposome containing carboxyrhodamine was transported to a dye-free solution using a transfer pipet, docked to a holding pipet, and held firmly during physical agitation and interrogation by LIF. In the third study, pairs of liposomes were positioned between two microelectrodes, held in contact, and selectively electrofused and the resulting liposomes undocked intact.
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