| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Åsberg, Dennis, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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A quality control method enhancement concept : Continual improvement of regulatory approved QC methods
- 2016
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In: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. - : Elsevier. - 0731-7085 .- 1873-264X. ; 129, s. 273-281
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Quality Control methods (QC-methods) play an important role in the overall control strategy for drug manufacturing. However, efficient life-cycle management and continual improvement are hindered due to a variety of post-approval variation legislations across territories and a lack of harmonization of the requirements. As a result, many QC-methods fall behind the technical development. Developing the QC-method in accordance with the Quality by Design guidelines gives the possibility to do continual improvements inside the original Method Operable Design Region (MODR). However, often it is necessary to do changes outside the MODR, e.g. to incorporate new technology that was not available at the time the original method was development. Here, we present a method enhancement concept which allows minor adjustments, within the same measuring principle, outside the original MODR without interaction with regulatory agencies. The feasibility of the concept is illustrated by a case study of a QC-method based on HPLC, assumed to be developed before the introduction of UHPLC, where the switch from HPLC to UHPLC is necessary as a continual improvement strategy. The concept relies on the assumption that the System Suitability Test (SST) and failure modes are relevant for other conditions outside the MODR as well when the same measuring principle is used. It follows that it should be possible to move outside the MODR as long as the SST has passed. All minor modifications of the original, approved QC-method must be re-validated according to a template given in the original submission and a statistical equivalence should be shown between the original and modified QC-methods. To summarize, revalidation is handled within the pharmaceutical quality control system according to internal change control procedures, but without interaction with regulating agencies.
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| 4. |
- Abarenkov, Kessy, et al.
(author)
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Annotating public fungal ITS sequences from the built environment according to the MIxS-Built Environment standard – a report from a May 23-24, 2016 workshop (Gothenburg, Sweden)
- 2016
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In: MycoKeys. - : Pensoft Publishers. - 1314-4057 .- 1314-4049. ; 16, s. 1-15
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent molecular studies have identified substantial fungal diversity in indoor environments. Fungi and fungal particles have been linked to a range of potentially unwanted effects in the built environment, including asthma, decay of building materials, and food spoilage. The study of the built mycobiome is hampered by a number of constraints, one of which is the poor state of the metadata annotation of fungal DNA sequences from the built environment in public databases. In order to enable precise interrogation of such data – for example, “retrieve all fungal sequences recovered from bathrooms” – a workshop was organized at the University of Gothenburg (May 23-24, 2016) to annotate public fungal barcode (ITS) sequences according to the MIxS-Built Environment annotation standard (http://gensc.org/mixs/). The 36 participants assembled a total of 45,488 data points from the published literature, including the addition of 8,430 instances of countries of collection from a total of 83 countries, 5,801 instances of building types, and 3,876 instances of surface-air contaminants. The results were implemented in the UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi (http://unite.ut.ee) and were shared with other online resources. Data obtained from human/animal pathogenic fungi will furthermore be verified on culture based metadata for subsequent inclusion in the ISHAM-ITS database (http://its.mycologylab.org).
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| 5. |
- Abila, R., et al.
(author)
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Oil extraction imperils Africa’s Great Lakes
- 2016
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 354:6312, s. 561-562
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- As the world's demands for hydrocarbons increase (1), remote areas previously made inaccessible by technological limitations are now being prospected for oil and gas deposits. Virtually unnoticed by the public, such activities are ongoing in the East African Great Lakes region, threatening these ecosystems famed for their hyper-diverse biota, including the unique adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes (2). Countries in the region see exploitation of hydrocarbon reserves as a vital economic opportunity. In the Lake Albert region of Uganda, for example, the government foresees a $3.6 billion oil profit per year starting in 2018—a sum almost as high as the country's current annual budget (3). However, oil extraction in the East African Great Lakes region poses grave risks to the environment and local communities.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Adrian-Kalchhauser, Irene, et al.
(author)
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The mitochondrial genome sequences of the round goby and the sand goby reveal patterns of recent evolution in gobiid fish
- 2017
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In: BMC Genomics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2164. ; 18:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Vertebrate mitochondrial genomes are optimized for fast replication and low cost of RNA expression. Accordingly, they are devoid of introns, are transcribed as polycistrons and contain very little intergenic sequences. Usually, vertebrate mitochondrial genomes measure between 16.5 and 17 kilobases (kb). Results During genome sequencing projects for two novel vertebrate models, the invasive round goby and the sand goby, we found that the sand goby genome is exceptionally small (16.4 kb), while the mitochondrial genome of the round goby is much larger than expected for a vertebrate. It is 19 kb in size and is thus one of the largest fish and even vertebrate mitochondrial genomes known to date. The expansion is attributable to a sequence insertion downstream of the putative transcriptional start site. This insertion carries traces of repeats from the control region, but is mostly novel. To get more information about this phenomenon, we gathered all available mitochondrial genomes of Gobiidae and of nine gobioid species, performed phylogenetic analyses, analysed gene arrangements, and compared gobiid mitochondrial genome sizes, ecological information and other species characteristics with respect to the mitochondrial phylogeny. This allowed us amongst others to identify a unique arrangement of tRNAs among Ponto-Caspian gobies. Conclusions Our results indicate that the round goby mitochondrial genome may contain novel features. Since mitochondrial genome organisation is tightly linked to energy metabolism, these features may be linked to its invasion success. Also, the unique tRNA arrangement among Ponto-Caspian gobies may be helpful in studying the evolution of this highly adaptive and invasive species group. Finally, we find that the phylogeny of gobiids can be further refined by the use of longer stretches of linked DNA sequence.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Marica, et al.
(author)
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Increased noise levels cause behavioural and distributional changes in Atlantic cod and saithe in a large public aquarium—A case study
- 2023
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In: Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2693-8847.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract Investigating the effects of underwater noise on aquatic animals is a research field that is receiving rapidly increasing attention. Despite this, surprisingly few studies have addressed the potential impacts of noise in a marine animal husbandry setting. In this regard, the behaviour of fish in public aquariums can be used as an indicator of well-being, and noise is known to cause behavioural changes. This case study investigates the behaviour of cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) in a large public aquarium when exposed to increased noise levels originating from an aquarium renovation carried out by construction divers. Swimming behaviour, group formation and vertical distribution, along with yawning and scratching frequencies of the fish, were analysed from video recordings made before, during and after the exposure to increased noise levels. The same parameters were also analysed to evaluate potential effects of the presence of divers when not making renovation noise, compared to fish behaviour prior to the renovation. There was a slight change in the depth distribution of both species and a decrease in the number of scratches in cod due to the presence of divers that were not making renovation noise. In the presence of construction noises in the tank, however, both cod and saithe showed a wider array of behavioural changes, including increased swimming speed, changes in depth distribution and increased yawning frequencies. The results from this case study demonstrate that an underwater renovation with increased noise levels impacts fish behaviour and suggests that underwater noise should be considered during the management of aquatic environments, including public aquaria.
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| 9. |
- Asnicar, Davide, et al.
(author)
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Sand Goby : An Ecologically Relevant Species for Behavioural Ecotoxicology
- 2018
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In: Fishes. - : MDPI. - 2410-3888. ; 3:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Locomotion-based behavioural endpoints have been suggested as suitable sublethal endpoints for human and environmental hazard assessment, as well as for biomonitoring applications. Larval stages of the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) possess a number of attractive qualities for experimental testing that make it a promising species in behavioural ecotoxicology. Here, we present a study aimed at developing a toolkit for using the sand goby as novel species for ecotoxicological studies and using locomotion as an alternative endpoint in toxicity testing. Exposure to three contaminants (copper (Cu), di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was tested in the early life stages of the sand goby and the locomotion patterns of the larvae were quantified using an automatic tracking system. In a photo-motor test, sand goby larvae displayed substantially higher activity in light than in dark cycles. Furthermore, all tested compounds exerted behavioural alterations, such as hypo- and hyperactivity. Our experimental results show that sand goby larvae produce robust and quantifiable locomotive responses, which could be used within an ecotoxicological context for assessing the behavioural toxicity of environmental pollutants, with particular relevance in the Nordic region. This study thus suggests that sand goby larvae have potential as an environmentally relevant species for behavioural ecotoxicology, and as such offer an alternative to standard model species.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Blom, Eva-Lotta, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Acoustic and visual courtship traits in two sympatric marine Gobiidae species – Pomatoschistus microps and Pomatoschistus minutus
- 2016
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In: Environmental Biology of Fishes. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0378-1909 .- 1573-5133. ; 99, s. 999-1007
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Divergence in courtship traits across species can evolve as adaptations to different environments, and also through avoidance of reproductive interference and character displacement. Differences may also be explained by phylogenetic relationships. We compared different courtship traits, including male courtship sounds, in two sympatric Pomatoschistus species. Both species are characterised by having male and female courtship, and paternal care of eggs in nests under mussel shells and rocks. In addition to presenting novel observations, we reviewed the literature on courtship traits for both species and complemented it with new observations. We found that courting males of the common goby P. microps sing louder and produce sounds of shorter duration than males of the sand goby P. minutus. Furthermore, males of P. microps swim faster towards females during courtship than males of P. minutus. The eyes of P. minutus females turn black during courtship attempts, whereas this is not the case for females of P. microps. Species-specific differences in courtship sounds and behavior may lead to different susceptibility of the two species to environmental change such as noise pollution and turbidity.
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| 12. |
- Blom, Eva-Lotta, et al.
(author)
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Anthropogenic noise disrupts early-life development in a fish with paternal care
- 2024
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 935
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Anthropogenic noise is a global pollutant but its potential impacts on early life-stages in fishes are largely unknown. Here, using controlled laboratory experiments, we tested for impacts of continuous or intermittent exposure to low-frequency broadband noise on early life-stages of the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps), a marine fish with exclusive paternal care. Neither continuous nor intermittent noise exposure had an effect on filial cannibalism, showing that males were capable and willing to care for their broods. However, broods reared in continuous noise covered a smaller area and contained fewer eggs than control broods. Moreover, although developmental rate was the same in all treatments, larvae reared by males in continuous noise had, on average, a smaller yolk sac at hatching than those reared in the intermittent noise and control treatments, while larvae body length did not differ. Thus, it appears that the increased consumption of the yolk sac reserve was not utilised for increased growth. This suggests that exposure to noise in early life-stages affects fitness-related traits of surviving offspring, given the crucial importance of the yolk sac reserve during the early life of pelagic larvae. More broadly, our findings highlight the wide-ranging impacts of anthropogenic noise on aquatic wildlife living in an increasingly noisy world.
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| 13. |
- Blom, Eva-Lotta, et al.
(author)
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Continuous and intermittent noise has a negative impact on reproductive success and early life survival in marine fish
- 2022
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Anthropogenic underwater noise is a global pollutant of increasing concern and its effect on marine organisms is largely unknown. Importantly, direct assessments of fitness consequences are lacking especially in fish. The effect of noise pattern with continuous or intermittent noise are poorly understood and the few existing studies investigating the effect highlight contradictory responses in fish. Working in aquaria, we experimentally tested the impact of broadband noise exposure (similar frequency range as anthropogenic boat noise; added either continuously or intermittently) on the behaviour and reproductive success, assessed by the number of obtained eggs, of the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps), a vocal fish with exclusive paternal care. The continuous noise treatment had the most detrimental effect by reducing spawning probability and females took longer to spawn under continuous noise. Males exposed to continuous noise got significantly fewer egg clutches (4 compared to 11 and 15 in the intermittent noise and silence treatments). Clutch area did not differ among treatments but clutches in the intermittent and continuous noise treatment had significantly more eggs per cm2. In addition, eggs in the control tanks hatched earlier than in the intermittent and noisy treatments. Larvae reared in continuous noise treatment were larger and had a smaller yolk-sac at hatching than larvae in the intermittent noise treatment and the control. Taken together, we show that noise, particularly a continuous noise exposure, negatively affects reproductive success and early life survival in fish larvae.
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| 14. |
- Blom, Eva-Lotta, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Continuous but not intermittent noise has a negative impact on mating success in a marine fish with paternal care
- 2019
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Anthropogenic underwater noise is a global pollutant of increasing concern but its impact on reproduction in fish is largely unknown. Hence, a better understanding of its consequences for this important link to fitness is crucial. Working in aquaria, we experimentally tested the impact of broadband noise exposure (added either continuously or intermittently), compared to a control, on the behaviour and reproductive success of the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps), a vocal fish with exclusive paternal care. Compared to the intermittent noise and control treatments, the continuous noise treatment increased latency to female nest inspection and spawning and decreased spawning probability. In contrast, many other female and male pre-spawning behaviours, and female ventilation rate (proxies for stress levels) did not differ among treatments. Therefore, it is likely that female spawning decisions were delayed by a reduced ability to assess male acoustic signals, rather than due to stress per se and that the silent periods in the intermittent noise treatment provided a respite where the females could assess the males. Taken together, we show that noise (of similar frequency range as anthropogenic boat noise) negatively affects reproductive success, particularly under a continuous noise exposure.
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| 15. |
- Blom, Eva-Lotta, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Male acoustic display in the sand goby – Essential cue in female choice, but unaffected by supplemental feeding
- 2022
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In: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-0981 .- 1879-1697. ; 556
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many teleost fishes use acoustic and visual signalling during courtship. Such displays may convey information about body condition. Here we experimentally altered body condition of sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) males to examine effects on acoustic and visual courtship and subsequent spawning decisions. Over two weeks, males fed in excess were fed daily, whereas food-deprived males were fed once a week. Females only spawned with males that produced courtship sound. However, there were no treatment effects on the occurrence of spawning and males fed in excess did not invest more in visual or acoustic courtship than food-deprived males. That said, males fed in excess built more well-covered nests, with more sand piled on top, compared to food-deprived males. Male condition measured as lipid content differed significantly between treatments. However, only males fed in excess differed in lipid content from wild caught males, indicating that in nature, males are of similar condition to males in the low condition treatment group. Apart from the importance of courtship sound, the only male or female behaviour predicting reproductive success was if male displayed in the nest opening. Males often produce courtship sounds together with a visual display in this position. A female dark-eye display did not associate with reproductive success which, together with previous results, suggest a non-ornamental function of this trait. We conclude that male courtship sounds appear to be crucial in female mate choice, but the information content of the courtship sounds and how it relates to male condition remains elusive.
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| 16. |
- Cheraghchi, M., et al.
(author)
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Approximating linear threshold predicates
- 2012
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In: ACM Transactions on Computation Theory. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1942-3462 .- 1942-3454. ; 4:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study constraint satisfaction problems on the domain {-1, 1}, where the given constraints are homogeneous linear threshold predicates, that is, predicates of the form sgn(w 1 x 1 + · · · + w n x n ) for some positive integer weights w 1 , . . . , w n . Despite their simplicity, current techniques fall short of providing a classification of these predicates in terms of approximability. In fact, it is not easy to guess whether there exists a homogeneous linear threshold predicate that is approximation resistant or not. The focus of this article is to identify and study the approximation curve of a class of threshold predicates that allow for nontrivial approximation. Arguably the simplest such predicate is the majority predicate sgn(x 1 + · · · + x n ), for which we obtain an almost complete understanding of the asymptotic approximation curve, assuming the Unique Games Conjecture. Our techniques extend to a more general class of "majority-like" predicates and we obtain parallel results for them. In order to classify these predicates, we introduce the notion of Chow-robustness that might be of independent interest.
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| 17. |
- Green, L, et al.
(author)
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Data supporting: Invader at the edge - genomic origins and physiological differences of round gobies across a steep urban salinity gradient
- 2022
-
Other publicationabstract
- Species invasions are a global problem of increasing concern, especially in highly connected aquatic environments. Despite this, salinity conditions can pose physiological barriers to their spread and understanding them is important for management. In Scandinavia’s largest cargo port, the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), is established across a steep salinity gradient. We used 12 937 SNPs to identify the genetic origin and diversity of three sites along the salinity gradient and round goby from western, central and northern Baltic Sea, as well as north European rivers. Fish from two sites from the extreme ends of the gradient were also acclimated to freshwater and seawater, and tested for respiratory and osmoregulatory physiology. Fish from the high salinity environment in the outer port showed higher genetic diversity, and closer relatedness to the other regions, compared to fish from lower salinity upstream the river. Fish from the high salinity site also had higher maximum metabolic rate, fewer blood cells and lower blood Ca2+. Despite these genotypic and phenotypic differences, salinity acclimation affected fish from both sites in the same way: seawater increased the blood osmolality and Na+ levels, and freshwater increased the levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Our results show genotypic and phenotypic differences over short spatial scales across this steep salinity gradient. These patterns of the physiologically robust round goby are likely driven by multiple introductions into the high salinity site, and a process of sorting, likely based on behaviour or selection, along the gradient. Since this euryhaline fish risks spreading from this area, seascape genomics and phenotypic characterisation can inform management strategies even within an area as small as a coastal harbour inlet.
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| 18. |
- Green, Leon, et al.
(author)
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Invader at the edge - Genomic origins and physiological differences of round gobies across a steep urban salinity gradient
- 2023
-
In: Evolutionary Applications. - : Wiley. - 1752-4571. ; 16:2, s. 321-37
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Species invasions are a global problem of increasing concern, especially in highly connected aquatic environments. Despite this, salinity conditions can pose physiological barriers to their spread, and understanding them is important for management. In Scandinavia's largest cargo port, the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is established across a steep salinity gradient. We used 12,937 SNPs to identify the genetic origin and diversity of three sites along the salinity gradient and round goby from western, central and northern Baltic Sea, as well as north European rivers. Fish from two sites from the extreme ends of the gradient were also acclimated to freshwater and seawater, and tested for respiratory and osmoregulatory physiology. Fish from the high-salinity environment in the outer port showed higher genetic diversity, and closer relatedness to the other regions, compared to fish from lower salinity upstream the river. Fish from the high-salinity site also had higher maximum metabolic rate, fewer blood cells and lower blood Ca2+. Despite these genotypic and phenotypic differences, salinity acclimation affected fish from both sites in the same way: seawater increased the blood osmolality and Na+ levels, and freshwater increased the levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Our results show genotypic and phenotypic differences over short spatial scales across this steep salinity gradient. These patterns of the physiologically robust round goby are likely driven by multiple introductions into the high-salinity site, and a process of sorting, likely based on behaviour or selection, along the gradient. This euryhaline fish risks spreading from this area, and seascape genomics and phenotypic characterization can inform management strategies even within an area as small as a coastal harbour inlet.
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| 19. |
- Järvi-Laturi, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Sand goby males trade off between defence against egg predators and sneak intrusions
- 2011
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In: Journal of Zoology. - : Wiley. - 0952-8369 .- 1469-7998. ; 283:4, s. 269-275
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- According to life-history theory, a care-taking parent should balance investment in current and future reproduction in such a way that it maximizes lifetime reproductive success. In the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus, a small marine fish with paternal care, nest-guarding males may lose current reproductive success to both parasitically fertilizing males and egg predators. Here, we observed sand gobies at a marine and a brackish site, two geographically distant and ecologically different habitats. In a field experiment, we found that sand gobies at the marine site suffered from severe egg predation by netted dogwhelks Nassarius nitidus, which are lacking at the brackish site. Because egg laying takes hours and several females often lay eggs sequentially in one nest, the risk of parasitic spawnings and egg predation overlaps in time during breeding activities. Hypothesizing that egg predators might influence the success of parasitic spawnings, we then simulated these natural conditions in a laboratory experiment with the presence or absence of egg predators, combined with the presence of sneaker males. As expected, in the egg predator treatment, egg-guarding males had to compromise between defence behaviours and thus had less time to devote to defence against sneaker males. Sneaker males took advantage of the situation and approached the nests more actively than in the predator-free treatment. However, the increase in approaches did not result in more successful parasitic fertilizations by sneaker males, as determined using microsatellite DNA. Nevertheless, in nature the adjustment of time budgets by the egg-guarding male are likely to have serious fitness consequences, both if the male fails to defend his paternity and if he fails to defend his offspring.
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| 20. |
- Kashioulis, Pavlos, 1980, et al.
(author)
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Patients with moderate chronic kidney disease without heart disease have reduced coronary flow velocity reserve
- 2020
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In: ESC Heart Failure. - : Wiley. - 2055-5822. ; 7:5, s. 2797-2805
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims The overall aim was to identify sub-clinical cardiac abnormalities by echocardiography in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3 and 4 and to investigate underlying mechanisms. Methods and results Ninety-one patients with CKD stages 3 and 4, without a diagnosis of heart disease, and 41 healthy matched controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Cardiac morphology and function were analysed with Doppler echocardiography and coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) in response to adenosine was measured in the left anterior descendent artery to detect coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). All study subjects had a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction > 50%. Patients with CKD showed statistically significant increases in left atrial volume index and transmitral and pulmonary vein flow velocities during atrial contraction and prolonged LV isovolumetric relaxation time. Patients with CKD had significantly reduced CFVR vs. controls (2.74 +/- 0.86 vs. 3.40 +/- 0.89, P < 0.001), and 43% of patients were classified as having CMD compared with 9% of controls (P = 0.001). Conclusions Patients with CKD stages 3 and 4, without a diagnosis of heart disease, showed early abnormalities in LV diastolic function that did not fulfil the criteria for LV dysfunction according to current guidelines. A large proportion of CKD patients had CMD, suggesting that microvascular abnormalities may have a pathogenic role in the development of heart failure in this patient group.
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| 21. |
- Kvarnemo, Charlotta, et al.
(author)
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Fish ART & sperm performance
- 2023
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In species with alternative reproductive tactics (ART), parasitically spawning males have larger testes and greater sperm numbers as an evolved response to a higher degree of sperm competition. But do they also have higher sperm performance? We used sand gobies to test if it differs between breeding-coloured and sneaker-morph males. We compared sperm motility, velocity, longevity, morphometrics and gene expression of testes between the two morphs. We found 109 transcripts differentially expressed between the morphs. Notably, several mucin genes were upregulated in breeding-coloured males and two ATP-related genes were upregulated in sneaker-morph males. There was partial evidence of higher sperm velocity in sneaker-morph males, but no difference in sperm motility. Sand gobies have remarkably long-lived sperm, with almost no decline in motility and velocity over 22 hours, but again, this was equally true for both morphs. Sperm length did not differ between morphs and did not correlate with sperm velocity for either morph. Thus, other than a clear difference in testes gene expression, we found only modest differences between the two male morphs, confirming previous findings that increased sperm performance as an adaptation to sperm competition does not appear to be a primary target of evolution.
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| 22. |
- Kvarnemo, Charlotta, 1963, et al.
(author)
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Investment in testes, sperm-duct glands and lipid reserves differs between male morphs but not between early and late breeding season in Pomatoschistus minutus
- 2010
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In: Journal of Fish Biology. - : Wiley. - 0022-1112 .- 1095-8649. ; 76:7, s. 1609-1625
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study of the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus, a nest-holding fish with paternal care, focused on gonadal investment among males of different sizes collected early and late in the breeding season. All males caught at the nest had breeding colour, whereas trawl-caught fish consisted of males both with and without colour. The absence or presence of breeding colour was a good predictor of testes investment. Compared to males with breeding colour, males without colour were smaller in body size but had extraordinarily large testes. In absolute terms, testes mass of males without breeding colour was on average 3.4 times greater than those of males with breeding colour. Since small colourless males are known to reproduce as sneaker males, this heavy investment in testes probably reflects that they are forced to spawn under sperm competition. Contrary to testes size, sperm-duct glands were largest among males with breeding colour. These glands produce mucins used for making sperm-containing mucous trails that males place in the nest before and during spawning. Since both sneakers and nest-holders potentially could benefit from having large glands, this result is intriguing. Yet, high mucus production may be more important for nest-holders, because it also protects developing embryos from infections. There was no significant effect of season on body size, testes or sperm-duct glands size, but colourless males tended to be less common late in the season. Possibly this may indicate that individual small colourless males develop into their more colourful counterparts within the breeding season.
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| 23. |
- Kvarnemo, Charlotta, 1963, et al.
(author)
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Molecular, behavioural and morphological comparisons of sperm adaptations in a fish with alternative reproductive tactics
- 2023
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In: Evolutionary Applications. - : Wiley. - 1752-4571. ; 16:2, s. 338-53
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In species with alternative reproductive tactics, there is much empirical support that parasitically spawning males have larger testes and greater sperm numbers as an evolved response to a higher degree of sperm competition, but support for higher sperm performance (motility, longevity and speed) by such males is inconsistent. We used the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) to test whether sperm performance differed between breeding-coloured males (small testes, large mucus-filled sperm-duct glands; build nests lined with sperm-containing mucus, provide care) and parasitic sneaker-morph males (no breeding colouration, large testes, rudimentary sperm-duct glands; no nest, no care). We compared motility (per cent motile sperm), velocity, longevity of sperm, gene expression of testes and sperm morphometrics between the two morphs. We also tested if sperm-duct gland contents affected sperm performance. We found a clear difference in gene expression of testes between the male morphs with 109 transcripts differentially expressed between the morphs. Notably, several mucin genes were upregulated in breeding-coloured males and two ATP-related genes were upregulated in sneaker-morph males. There was a partial evidence of higher sperm velocity in sneaker-morph males, but no difference in sperm motility. Presence of sperm-duct gland contents significantly increased sperm velocity, and nonsignificantly tended to increase sperm motility, but equally so for the two morphs. The sand goby has remarkably long-lived sperm, with only small or no decline in motility and velocity over time (5 min vs. 22 h), but again, this was equally true for both morphs. Sperm length (head, flagella, total and flagella-to-head ratio) did not differ between morphs and did not correlate with sperm velocity for either morph. Thus, other than a clear difference in testes gene expression, we found only modest differences between the two male morphs, confirming previous findings that increased sperm performance as an adaptation to sperm competition is not a primary target of evolution.
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| 24. |
- Kvarnemo, C., et al.
(author)
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Parental behaviour in relation to food availability in the common goby
- 1998
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In: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-3472 .- 1095-8282. ; 56, s. 1285-1290
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the common goby, Pomatoschistus microps (Pisces, Gobiidae), males build nests under mussel shells where they care for the eggs until hatching. To investigate why male common gobies cannibalize their own eggs (filial cannibalism), we conducted a feeding experiment. Males given little food ate from their eggs more often than males given food in excess. However, males given mussel meat in excess did not eat more of their eggs than males fed with both mussel meat in excess and goby eggs. This may suggest that male common gobies cannibalize their eggs to obtain energy rather than essential nutrients lacking in other diets. Moreover, males ate their whole clutch if it was exceptionally small regardless of food treatment, suggesting that males stop investing in their clutch if its reproductive value is less;than the cost of guarding it. Thus, whole clutch cannibalism and partial clutch cannibalism seem to be governed by different factors. Furthermore, poorly built nests were associated with starved males, suggesting that nest concealing is costly. There was an association between how well the nest was built and partial clutch filial cannibalism, suggesting that the appearance of the nest may indicate the condition of the male, and thus the risk of filial cannibalism. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
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| 25. |
- Leder, Erica H, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Post-glacial establishment of locally adapted fish populations over a steep salinity gradient
- 2021
-
In: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 34:1, s. 138-56
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Studies of colonization of new habitats that appear from rapidly changing environments are interesting and highly relevant to our understanding of divergence and speciation. Here, we analyse phenotypic and genetic variation involved in the successful establishment of a marine fish (sand goby,Pomatoschistus minutus) over a steep salinity drop from 35 PSU in the North Sea (NE Atlantic) to two PSU in the inner parts of the post-glacial Baltic Sea. We first show that populations are adapted to local salinity in a key reproductive trait, the proportion of motile sperm. Thereafter, we show that genome variation at 22,190 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shows strong differentiation among populations along the gradient. Sequences containing outlier SNPs and transcriptome sequences, mapped to a draft genome, reveal associations with genes with relevant functions for adaptation in this environment but without overall evidence of functional enrichment. The many contigs involved suggest polygenic differentiation. We trace the origin of this differentiation using demographic modelling and find the most likely scenario is that at least part of the genetic differentiation is older than the Baltic Sea and is a result of isolation of two lineages prior to the current contact over the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition zone.
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| 26. |
- Leifler, Ola, 1978-, et al.
(author)
-
Teaching sustainability, ethics and scientific writing : An integrated approach
- 2020
-
In: Proceedings of 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). - : IEEE. - 9781728189611 - 9781728189628
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This Innovative Practice Full Paper presents an approach to integrate three critical elements in Computer Science education.The call to imbue computer science graduates with strategic skills needed to address our pressing global sustainability challenges is extremely important, and a great challenge to degree programmes in computer science and software engineering. Doing this successfully requires great care, and possibly several iterations across an entire curriculum. In this regard, learning for sustainability faces similar challenges as understanding scientific results and ethics. Improving skills in searching for, reading, and producing academic texts are often neglected, as are skills in understanding ethics; what norms and values that guide our choices of methods for solving problems. To handle the fact that these subjects (academic writing, ethics and sustainability) are treated separately, and thereby lowering student engagement with the topics, we have successfully integrated them into one coherent subject of Professionalism in Computer Science. By integrating the three subjects, we do three things: a) describe a multi-faceted but integrated engineering role; b) integrate the three aspects of the role we focus on in education and steer away from the view that these are add-ons; and c) increase the motivation of students to take on these aspects of the engineering role.Our approach uses a flipped-classroom style with students playing educational games, participating in discussion seminars and conducting critical analyses of other students’ choices in IT system design. Much emphasis is on the students academic writing abilities, including critical information search and a student peer-review procedure. Also, we do this using an integrated assessment format where teachers from different disciplinary backgrounds jointly assess material from students, which stimulates discussions among ourselves about what and how to assess, and provides a practical way to integrate assessments. We present results from attitude surveys, course evaluations and the contents of the students’ analyses in their final essays. In conclusion, our approach demonstrates a clear shift in how students perceive sustainability, showing that it is possible to achieve changes in attitude towards the subjects as such and their importance for computer scientists.
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| 27. |
- Lindsay, Willow, 1980, et al.
(author)
-
Endless forms of sexual selection
- 2019
-
In: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 7
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent years, the field of sexual selection has exploded, with advances in theoretical and empirical research complementing each other in exciting ways. This perspective piece is the product of a "stock-taking'' workshop on sexual selection and sexual conflict. Our aim is to identify and deliberate on outstanding questions and to stimulate discussion rather than provide a comprehensive overview of the entire field. These questions are organized into four thematic sections we deem essential to the field. First we focus on the evolution of mate choice and mating systems. Variation in mate quality can generate both competition and choice in the opposite sex, with implications for the evolution of mating systems. Limitations on mate choice may dictate the importance of direct vs. indirect benefits in mating decisions and consequently, mating systems, especially with regard to polyandry. Second, we focus on how sender and receiver mechanisms shape signal design. Mediation of honest signal content likely depends on integration of temporally variable social and physiological costs that are challenging to measure. We view the neuroethology of sensory and cognitive receiver biases as the main key to signal form and the 'aesthetic sense' proposed by Darwin. Since a receiver bias is sufficient to both initiate and drive ornament or armament exaggeration, without a genetically correlated or even coevolving receiver, this may be the appropriate 'null model' of sexual selection. Thirdly, we focus on the genetic architecture of sexually selected traits. Despite advances in modern molecular techniques, the number and identity of genes underlying performance, display and secondary sexual traits remains largely unknown. In-depth investigations into the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in the context of long-term field studies will reveal constraints and trajectories of sexually selected trait evolution. Finally, we focus on sexual selection and conflict as drivers of speciation. Population divergence and speciation are often influenced by an interplay between sexual and natural selection. The extent to which sexual selection promotes or counteracts population divergence may vary depending on the genetic architecture of traits as well as the covariance between mating competition and local adaptation. Additionally, post-copulatory processes, such as selection against heterospecific sperm, may influence the importance of sexual selection in speciation. We propose that efforts to resolve these four themes can catalyze conceptual progress in the field of sexual selection, and we offer potential avenues of research to advance this progress.
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| 28. |
- Lindsay, Willow R, et al.
(author)
-
Endless forms of sexual selection
- 2024
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The field of sexual selection has burgeoned with research into trait evolution in the context of ecology, sociality, phylogeny, natural selection, and sexual conflict. This paper is the product of a “stock-taking” workshop; our aim is to stimulate discussion, not to provide an exhaustive review. We identify outstanding questions organized into four thematic sections.1) Evolution of mate choice and mating systems. Variation in mate quality can generate mating competition and choice in either sex with implications for the evolution of mating systems. Limitations on mate choice may dictate the importance of direct vs. indirect benefits in mating decisions and consequently, mating systems. Specifically, polyandry evolves in response to the strength of pre- vs. post-copulatory selection. The evolution of polyandry may be related to diversity of pathogens and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes. MHC genes are also potential cues of kinship in avoidance of inbreeding. The balance between inbreeding avoidance and inclusive fitness in mating decisions deserves greater attention.2) Sender and receiver mechanisms shaping signal design. Mediation of honest signal content likely depends on integration of temporally variable social and physiological costs that are a challenge to measure. The neuroethology of sensory and cognitive receiver biases is the main key to signal form and the ‘aesthetic sense’ proposed by Darwin. Since a receiver bias is sufficient to both start and drive ornament or armament exaggeration, without a genetically correlated or even coevolving receiver, this may be the appropriate ‘null model’ of sexual selection.3) Genetic architecture of sexual selection. Despite advances in modern molecular techniques, the number and identity of genes underlying performance remain largely unknown. A combination of genomic techniques and long-term field studies that reveal ecological correlates of reproductive success is warranted. In-depth investigations into the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism will reveal constraints and trajectories of sexually selected trait evolution.4) Sexual selection and conflict as drivers of speciation. Population divergence and speciation is often driven by an interplay between sexual and natural selection. To what extent sexual selection promotes or counteracts population divergence may differ depending on the genetic architecture of traits as well as covariance between mating competition and local adaptation, if traits have multiple functions and if sensory systems used in mate choice are locally adapted. Also, post-copulatory processes, e.g. selection against heterospecific sperm, may influence the importance of sexual selection. Sexual conflict can shape speciation processes, since mate choice selection on females can restrict gene flow whereas selection on males is permissive.We propose that efforts to resolve these four themes can catalyze conceptual progress in the field of sexual selection.
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| 29. |
- Lindström, Kai, et al.
(author)
-
Sperm adaptation in relation to salinity in three goby species
- 2021
-
In: Journal of Fish Biology. - : Wiley. - 0022-1112 .- 1095-8649.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In externally fertilizing species, the gametes of both males and females are exposed to the influences of the environment into which they are released. Sperm are sensitive to abiotic factors such as salinity, but they are also affected by biotic factors such as sperm competition. In this study, the authors compared the performance of sperm of three goby species, the painted goby, Pomatoschistus pictus, the two-spotted goby, Pomatoschistus flavescens, and the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus. These species differ in their distributions, with painted goby having the narrowest salinity range and sand goby the widest. Moreover, data from paternity show that the two-spotted goby experiences the least sperm competition, whereas in the sand goby sperm competition is ubiquitous. The authors took sperm samples from dissected males and exposed them to high salinity water (31 PSU) representing the North Sea and low salinity water (6 PSU) representing the brackish Baltic Sea Proper. They then used computer-assisted sperm analysis to measure the proportion of motile sperm and sperm swimming speed 10 min and 20 h after sperm activation. The authors found that sperm performance depended on salinity, but there seemed to be no relationship to the species' geographical distribution in relation to salinity range. The species differed in the proportion of motile sperm, but there was no significant decrease in sperm motility during 20 h. The sand goby was the only species with motile sperm after 72 h.
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| 30. |
- Lissaker, Maria, et al.
(author)
-
Cannibalize or care? The role of perceived paternity in the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus
- 2008
-
In: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-5443 .- 1432-0762. ; 62, s. 1467-1475
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Parental care is a costly part of reproduction. Hence, natural selection should favor males which avoid caring for unrelated young. However, the decision to abandon or reduce care requires cues which are evaluated to give information on potential reproductive value of the offspring. The prediction that male sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus, care for foreign eggs as long as they were spawned in their own nest and at least some of such cues are fulfilled was tested. Egg-guarding males that had recently taken part in a spawning event were given a clutch of eggs that was sired either by themselves or another male, in either their own or another male's aquarium. Males that had not taken part in a spawning event were used as controls and were given eggs sired by another male. We measured the amount of filial cannibalism and nest building. Control group males did not care for eggs and ate them all before rebuilding the nest. In the other treatments, there were no significant effects of paternity, though males moved to another male's aquarium increased their clutch area threshold and completely consumed larger clutches than males that were not moved. There was no intermediate response in any treatment in the form of increased partial filial cannibalism or less well-constructed nests. Our results suggest that egg-guarding males cannot distinguish between eggs sired by themselves and those sired by other males but are able to react to cues indicating paternity state. Males do not adopt eggs to attract females in P. minutus.
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| 31. |
- Lissaker, M., et al.
(author)
-
Effects of a low oxygen environment on parental effort and filial cannibalism in the male sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus
- 2003
-
In: Behavioral Ecology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1045-2249 .- 1465-7279. ; 14:3, s. 374-381
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In fish, brood cycling parental males sometimes eat some or all of their eggs, a behavior termed filial cannibalism. We tested predictions of filial cannibalism models related to the cost of parental care in the male sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus, by increasing the parental effort (fanning expenditure) through reduced levels of dissolved oxygen to 39% in an experimental group, whereas a control group had fully saturated water. Males showed both full-clutch cannibalism and partial-clutch cannibalism in both treatments. Giving the males one to three females to spawn with, we found that small clutches were completely eaten more often than were larger ones, whereas partial-clutch cannibalism was not affected by clutch size. Although treatment did not affect filial cannibalism, it did affect a male's energy state such that males in the low oxygen treatment lost more body fat, indicating a greater fanning effort. This shows that males in the low oxygen treatment allocated more energy to the present brood, potentially at the expense of future reproductive success. Our study strongly suggests that filial cannibalism in male sand gobies represents a strategic life-history decision as an investment in future reproductive success, and is not triggered by a proximate need for food necessary for the male's own survival. Furthermore, males in the low oxygen treatment built nests with larger entrances, and were less likely to rebuild their nests after destruction. Presumably, this makes fanning easier but the nest more vulnerable to predators, suggesting a trade-off between fanning and nest defense.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Nyman, A., et al.
(author)
-
The capacity for additional matings does not affect male mating competition in the sand goby
- 2006
-
In: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-3472 .- 1095-8282. ; 71, s. 865-870
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Models of sexual selection predict that mating competition within a population will increase with a biased operational sex ratio (OSR). However, these models do not consider any influence of the individuals' capacity for additional matings. Using the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus, we tested whether intensity of mating competition (measured as the fraction of time spent displaying) is influenced by a male's imminent capacity for additional matings (nest capacity, i.e. additional space available for egg laying in the nest). We manipulated nest size and number of females (zero to three) allowed to spawn in each male's nest, and then used display rate to estimate the male's intensity of mating competition. The nests were never filled completely, but always had room for eggs from at least one more mating. We found no significant difference in display rate between males with large or small nests, whether nest size was measured as nest capacity or area already covered by eggs. In fact, males with many eggs in their nests displayed as much as males with empty nests. However, male display decreased significantly with time. As male display behaviour was not influenced by whether the nest was empty or was partially filled, the number of males and females ready to mate (i.e. the OSR) provides a good estimate of the intensity of male mating competition. Nevertheless, many other species may adjust mating competition to their capacity for additional matings, which may thus influence the accuracy of OSR-based estimates of mating competition and sexual selection. (c) 2006 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 34. |
- Olsson, Karin H., 1979, et al.
(author)
-
Dark eyes in female sand gobies indicate readiness to spawn
- 2017
-
In: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In animals, colorful and conspicuous ornaments enhance individual attractiveness to potential mates, but are typically tempered by natural selection for crypsis and predator protection. In species where males compete for females, this can lead to highly ornamented males competing for mating opportunities with choosy females, and vice versa. However, even where males compete for mating opportunities, females may exhibit conspicuous displays. These female displays are often poorly understood and it may be unclear whether they declare mating intent, signal intrasexual aggression or form a target for male mate preference. We examined the function of the conspicuous dark eyes that female sand gobies temporarily display during courtship by experimentally testing if males preferred to associate with females with artificially darkened eyes and if dark eyes are displayed during female aggression. By observing interactions between a male and two females freely associating in an aquarium we also investigated in which context females naturally displayed dark eyes. We found that dark eyes were more likely to be displayed by more gravid females than less gravid females and possibly ahead of spawning, but that males did not respond behaviorally to dark eyes or prefer dark-eyed females. Females behaving aggressively did not display dark eyes. We suggest that dark eyes are not a signal per se but may be an aspect of female mate choice, possibly related to vision.
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| 35. |
- Olsson, Karin H., 1979, et al.
(author)
-
Relative costs of courtship behaviours in nest-building sand gobies
- 2009
-
In: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-3472 .- 1095-8282. ; 77, s. 541-546
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Courting males often use multiple signals to advertise their quality to females. Assuming that courtship traits are energetically costly, one would expect a limit to the overall courtship effort of an individual and that a high courtship effort takes its toll on individual condition. We tested this experimentally using a small marine fish, the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus, whose males attract females through courtship displays and well-built nests (mussel shells covered with sand). At the end of a 5-day period of supplemental food, or repeatedly induced courtship or construction of nests (or none of these, as a control), we tested whether male display intensity, nest quality (nest cover and nest opening size) and body condition were affected. Males provided with food in excess were in significantly better condition and had significantly higher nest quality than control males. Display rate, however, was not significantly affected by feeding regime. Fish that had been manipulated to perform increased courtship or nest building did not suffer in terms of reduced condition, display rate or nest quality. However, individual fish that displayed intensely after treatment also built better-covered nests. Both of these traits are important in female choice. Moreover, fish that displayed intensely before the treatment continued to do so after treatment, a result that is compatible with signalling of genetic or phenotypic quality. Our results suggest that (1) nest cover is an honest signal of male condition, although we found no cost of nest building per se and (2) courtship display does not signal male condition.
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| 36. |
- Pedroso, S. S., et al.
(author)
-
Courtship Sounds Advertise Species Identity and Male Quality in Sympatric Pomatoschistus spp. Gobies
- 2013
-
In: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Acoustic signals can encode crucial information about species identity and individual quality. We recorded and compared male courtship drum sounds of the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus and the painted goby P. pictus and examined if they can function in species recognition within sympatric populations. We also examined which acoustic features are related to male quality and the factors that affect female courtship in the sand goby, to determine whether vocalisations potentially play a role in mate assessment. Drums produced by the painted goby showed significantly higher dominant frequencies, higher sound pulse repetition rates and longer intervals between sounds than those of the sand goby. In the sand goby, male quality was predicted by visual and acoustic courtship signals. Regression analyses showed that sound amplitude was a good predictor of male length, whereas the duration of nest behaviour and active calling rate (i.e. excluding silent periods) were good predictors of male condition factor and fat reserves respectively. In addition, the level of female courtship was predicted by male nest behaviour. The results suggest that the frequency and temporal patterns of sounds can encode species identity, whereas sound amplitude and calling activity reflects male size and fat reserves. Visual courtship duration (nest-related behaviour) also seems relevant to mate choice, since it reflects male condition and is related to female courtship. Our work suggests that acoustic communication can contribute to mate choice in the sand goby group, and invites further study.
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| 37. |
- Segnestam Larsson, Ola, 1971-, et al.
(author)
-
Folkbildning vid sidan av folkbildningsanslaget : En kartläggning med fokus på folkbildningens samlade finansiering och verksamheter
- 2019
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Studieförbund och folkhögskolor når varje år ett stort antal deltagare. Många verksamheter genomförs i form av kurser, cirklar och kulturprogram, men även i alternativa former. Till skillnad från den verksamhet som finansieras med statsbidraget för folkbildningsverksamhet från Folkbildningsrådet, i rapporten benämnt folkbildningsanslaget, saknas det systematiska sammanställningar av folkbildningens alla verksamheter, oberoende av finansiering. Denna avsaknad gäller till exempel antal och omfattning för all verksamhet, vilka deltagare som nås samt dess betydelse och påverkan på folkbildningsaktörer och omkringliggande samhälle. Fokuseringen på folkbildningsanslaget innebär att den övergripande bilden av folkbildningen i statistik och rapporter riskerar att bli ofullständig.Syftet med denna kartläggning är att beskriva studieförbundens och folkhögskolornas verksamheter som genomförs med övriga statliga anslag, övrig offentlig finansiering och övriga intäkter utöver folkbildningsanslaget. Kartläggningen ska också ställa verksamhet som finansieras med andra medel i relation till verksamhet som finansieras via det ordinarie folkbildningsanslaget. Ett ytterligare syfte med rapporten är att den slutligen ska kunna fungera som ett underlag för kommande utvärderingar av folkbildningens verksamheter.För att uppfylla syftena har kartläggningen av folkbildningen vid sidan av folkbildningsanslaget genomförts med hjälp av tre olika metoder: intervjuer, dokumentanalys och en webbaserad enkät. 14 personer från folkhögskolor och studieförbundsavdelningar intervjuades i studiens första moment. I det andra momentet gick vi igenom årsredovisningar och verksamhetsberättelser från år 2016. I det tredje momentet skickades en webbaserad enkät ut till rektorer eller motsvarande för folkhögskolor och avdelningschefer eller motsvarande för studieförbunden.De empiriska resultaten från intervjuer, dokumentanalys och enkät inkluderar information om den folkbildning som finansieras med andra medel och som presenteras i årsredovisningar och verksamhetsberättelser. Drygt åtta av tio folkhögskolor och åtta av tio avdelningar i studieförbund rapporterar att de bedriver verksamhet med hjälp av finansiering med andra medel än folkbildningsanslaget. I intervjuerna diskuteras varförfolkbildningen redovisar viss, men inte all, verksamhet, vilka som är tänkta att ta emot olika former av redovisningar samt begränsningar i existerande beskrivningar och redovisningar.I det avslutande momentet av kartläggningen analyseras resultaten från den empiriska kartläggningen, bland annat i relation till de verksamheter som finansieras med folkbildningsanslaget.Tre slutsatser är:Överensstämmelsen mellan dokument och enkätsvar visar att kartläggningen i viss grad fångar och beskriver folkbildningsverksamhet finansierad med andra medel än statsanslaget för folkbildning.Verksamhet finansierad med andra medel är en omfattande och viktig verksamhet för både folkhögskolor och studieförbundsavdelningar.Till viss del har verksamhet finansierad med andra medel en annan karaktär, men det kan räknas ha begränsad betydelse.I rapportens kapitel med reflektioner och rekommendationer diskuteras varför folkbildningen inte redovisar all sin verksamhet, vilka konsekvenser detta kan få och om det behövs en redovisning av all verksamhet. Kapitlet fortsätter sedan med ett antal rekommendationer för vad vi väljer att kalla för en mer balanserad redovisning. Bland annat så rekommenderar vi att folkhögskolor och studieförbund bör vara initiativtagare till en sådan redovisning. Vi avslutar sedan med ett avsnitt om de lärdomar som vi har dragit när det gäller denna typ av kartläggningar och dess metod, inklusive definitioner för folkbildning, val av empiriskt material samt enkät som metod.
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| 38. |
- Singer, A., et al.
(author)
-
Genetic mating patterns studied in pools with manipulated nest site availability in two populations of Pomatoschistus minutus
- 2006
-
In: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 19:5, s. 1641-1650
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Pomatoschistus minutus show paternal care in a resource defence mating system. We investigated the effect of nest-site availability on parasitic spawning. Each experimental pool contained four potentially nest-building males, four females and nests-sites in shortage (2) or excess (6). Both treatments were conducted in two populations; one with natural nest-sites in excess, one with a nest-site shortage. Microsatellite-DNA revealed that all nest-holders had fertilized most of the eggs they tended. Yet, 35% of the nests contained eggs fertilized by another male and 14.4% of the males had performed parasitic spawning. There was no site or treatment effect. Several females spawned in two nests, which coincided with parasitic spawnings, suggesting a cost to the nest-holder in terms of lost mating success. Nest-holders with and without eggs and non-nesting males all spawned parasitically, generating a significantly lower opportunity for sexual selection compared to if there had been no parasitic spawning.
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| 39. |
- Sundén-Cullberg, Jonas, et al.
(author)
-
Anakinra or tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with severe covid-19 at high risk of deterioration (IMMCoVA): A randomized, controlled, open-label trial
- 2023
-
In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 18:12
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Anakinra and tocilizumab are used for severe Covid-19, but only one previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) has studied both. We performed a multi-center RCT comparing anakinra or tocilizumab versus usual care (UC) for adults at high risk of deterioration.Methods: The study was conducted June 2020 to March 2021. Eligibility required ≥ 5 liters/minute of Oxygen to maintain peripheral oxygen saturation at ≥ 93%, CRP > 70 mg/L, ferritin > 500 μg/L and at least two points where one point was awarded for lymphocytes < 1x 109/L; D-dimer ≥ 0.5 mg/L and; lactate dehydrogenase ≥ 8 microkatal/L. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to receive either a single dose of tocilizumab (8 mg/kg) or anakinra 100 mg IV QID for seven days or UC alone. The primary outcome was time to recovery.Results: Recruitment was ended prematurely when tocilizumab became part of usual care. Out of a planned 195 patients, 77 had been randomized, 27 to UC, 28 to anakinra and 22 to tocilizumab. Median time to recovery was 15, 15 and 11 days. Rate ratio for recovery for UC vs anakinra was 0.91, 0.47 to 1.78, 95% [CI], p = 0.8 and for UC vs tocilizumab 1.13, 0.55 to 2.30; p = 0.7. There were non-significant trends favoring tocilizumab (and to limited degree anakinra) vs UC for some secondary outcomes. Safety profiles did not differ significantly.Conclusion: Premature closure of trial precludes firm conclusions. Anakinra or tocilizumab did not significantly shorten time to clinical recovery compared to usual care. (IMMCoVA, NCT04412291, EudraCT: 2020-00174824).
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Svensson, Ola, 1971-, et al.
(author)
-
Behavioural and genomic analyses of locally adapted sand goby populations over a steep salinity gradient
- 2023
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Studies of colonization of new habitats appearing from rapidly changing environments increase our understanding of populations’ potential to cope with environmental changes. Here, we analyse behavioural, phenotypic and genetic variation involved in the successful establishment of the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus, over a steep salinity drop from 35 PSU in the North Sea (NE Atlantic) to two PSU in the inner parts of the post-glacial Baltic Sea. We show e.g. that populations are adapted to local salinity in a key reproductive trait, the proportion of motile sperm, which in itself may result in reproductive isolation caused by natural selection on immigrants. Genome variation shows strong differentiation among populations along the gradient. Sand gobies in the current Baltic Sea lineage is adapted to the low salinity in traits related to osmoregulation and reproduction, but also to both abiotic and biotic environmental factors correlated to salinity evident in traits such as vision and immune function. The salinity-biotic factors correlation is omnipresent in behavioral studies. Many loci also appear to be involved in these traits, but the specific functional mechanism (e.g., coding sequence, regulatory loci) remains to be clarified. We conclude that the first steps on the speciation continuum trajectory have been taken.
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| 42. |
- Svensson, Ola, 1971-
(author)
-
Bokrecension: Field Guide to the Fishes ofthe Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas
- 2018
-
In: Ciklidbladet. - 0349-2362. ; 51:1, s. 50-51
-
Review (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- En bok med alla 564 fisksläkten från ”Storamazonas” det vill säga Amazonas, Orinoco och kustfloderna i Guayana, Surinam och Franska Guyana verkar onekligen lovande. Frågan är vad den har att erbjuda en akvarist.
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| 43. |
- Svensson, Ola, 1971-, et al.
(author)
-
Costly courtship or dishonest display? Intensely displaying sand goby males have lower lipid content
- 2004
-
In: Journal of Fish Biology. - : Wiley. - 0022-1112 .- 1095-8649. ; 64:5, s. 1425-1429
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Intensely displaying sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus males had lower lipid content, indicating that signalling increased energy expenditure, or that low condition males increased their signalling effort. Display intensity correlated positively with nest-defence and tended to correlate positively with filial cannibalism. (C) 2004 The Fisheries society of the British Isles.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Svensson, Ola, 1971-, et al.
(author)
-
Data from: Sympatry and parapatry among rocky reef cichlids of Lake Victoria explained by female mating preferences [Dataset]
- 2024
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Other publicationabstract
- Work on the Lake Victoria cichlids Pundamilia nyererei (red dorsum males, deeper water), Pundamilia pundamilia (blue males, shallower water) and related species pairs has provided insights into processes of speciation. Here, we investigate female mating behaviour of five Pundamilia species and four of their F1-hybrids through mate choice trials and paternity testing. We discuss the results in the context of the geography of speciation and coexistence. Complete assortative mating was observed among all sympatric species. Parapatric species with similar depth habitat distributions interbred whereas other parapatric and allopatric species showed complete assortative mating. F1-hybrids mated exclusively with species accepted by females of the parental species. Although consistent with reinforcement in sympatry, a closer look at our results suggests otherwise and it is more likely that pre-existing female preferences influence which taxa can co-exist in sympatry. Regardless of the mechanism, mating preferences may influence species distribution in potentially hybridizing taxa, such as in the adaptive radiations of cichlid fish. We suggest that this at least partly explains why some species fail to establish breeding populations in locations where they are occasionally recorded. Our result support the notion that mating preferences of potentially cross-breeding species ought to be included in coexistence theory.
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| 46. |
- Svensson, Ola, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Data from: The genetics of mate preferences in hybrids between two young and sympatric Lake Victoria cichlid species
- 2017
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Other publicationabstract
- The genetic architecture of mate preferences is likely to affect significant evolutionary processes, including speciation and hybridization. Here, we investigate laboratory hybrids between a pair of sympatric Lake Victoria cichlid fish species that appear to have recently evolved from a hybrid population between similar predecessor species. The species demonstrate strong assortative mating in the laboratory, associated with divergent male breeding coloration (red dorsum versus blue). We show in a common garden experiment, using DNA-based paternity testing, that the strong female mate preferences among males of the two species are fully recovered in a large fraction of their F2 hybrid generation. Individual hybrid females often demonstrated consistent preferences in multiple mate choice trials (more than or equal to five) across a year or more. This result suggests that female mate preference is influenced by relatively few major genes or genomic regions. These preferences were not changed by experience of a successful spawning event with a male of the non-preferred species in a no-choice single-male trial. We found no evidence for imprinting in the F2 hybrids, although the F1 hybrid females may have been imprinted on their mothers. We discuss this nearly Mendelian inheritance of consistent innate mate preferences in the context of speciation theory.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Svensson, Ola, 1971, et al.
(author)
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How sexual and natural selection interact and shape the evolution of nests and nesting behaviour in fishes
- 2023
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In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 378:1884
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Among ray-finned fishes that provide parental care, many spawn in constructed nests, ranging from bowls, burrows and ridges to nests made of algae or bubbles. Because a nest by definition is a construction that enhances the nest-builder's fitness by helping it meet the needs of the developing offspring, nest-building behaviour is naturally selected, as is a preference for spawning with mates that provide well-built nests. However, nest-building behaviour can also be sexually selected, when nest traits increase mating success, protect against sperm competition or nest take-overs by conspecifics. Here, we offer a systematic review, with examples of how competition for sites and location of fish nests relates to sexual selection. We examine direct and indirect benefits of mate choice linked to nest traits, and different types of nests, from a sexual selection perspective. Nest-related behaviours are often under both natural and sexual selection, and we disentangle examples where that is the case, with special attention to females. We highlight some taxa in which nest building is likely to be sexually selected, but lack of research has left them uninvestigated. Some of them are established aquarium species, making them particularly amenable for future research. Finally, we compare with arthropods, amphibians and birds.
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| 49. |
- Svensson, Ola, 1971, et al.
(author)
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Hybridization generates a hopeful monster: a hermaphroditic selfing cichlid
- 2016
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In: Royal Society Open Science. - : The Royal Society. - 2054-5703. ; 3:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Compared with other phylogenetic groups, self-fertilization (selfing) is exceedingly rare in vertebrates and is known to occur only in one small clade of fishes. Here we report observing one F-1-hybrid individual that developed into a functional hermaphrodite after crossing two closely-related sexually reproducing species of cichlids. Microsatellite alleles segregated consistent with selfing and Mendelian inheritance and we could rule out different modes of parthenogenesis including automixis. We discuss why selfing is not more commonly observed in vertebrates in nature, and the role of hybridization in the evolution of novel traits.
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| 50. |
- Svensson, Ola, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Immigrant reproductive dysfunction facilitates ecological speciation
- 2017
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In: Evolution. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0014-3820 .- 1558-5646. ; 71:10, s. 2510-2521
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The distributions of species are not only determined by where they can survive - they must also be able to reproduce. Although immigrant inviability is a well-established concept, the fact that immigrants also need to be able to effectively reproduce in foreign environments has not been fully appreciated in the study of adaptive divergence and speciation. Fertilization and reproduction are sensitive life history stages that could be detrimentally affected for immigrants in non-native habitats. We propose that 'immigrant reproductive dysfunction' is a hitherto overlooked aspect of reproductive isolation caused by natural selection on immigrants. This idea is supported by results from experiments on an externally fertilizing fish (sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus). Growth and condition of adults were not affected by non-native salinity whereas males spawning as immigrants had lower sperm motility and hatching success than residents. We interpret these results as evidence for local adaptation or acclimation of sperm, and possibly also components of paternal care. The resulting loss in fitness, which we call 'immigrant reproductive dysfunction', has the potential to reduce gene flow between populations with locally adapted reproduction, and it may play a role in species distributions and speciation.
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