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| 5. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 7. |
- Wagner, L., et al.
(author)
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Astrophysical S factor of the N 14 (p,γ) O 15 reaction at 0.4-1.3 MeV
- 2018
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In: Physical Review C. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-9985 .- 2469-9993. ; 97:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The N14(p,γ)O15 reaction is the slowest reaction of the carbon-nitrogen cycle of hydrogen burning and thus determines its rate. The precise knowledge of its rate is required to correctly model hydrogen burning in asymptotic giant branch stars. In addition, it is a necessary ingredient for a possible solution of the solar abundance problem by using the solar N13 and O15 neutrino fluxes as probes of the carbon and nitrogen abundances in the solar core. After the downward revision of its cross section due to a much lower contribution by one particular transition, capture to the ground state in O15, the evaluated total uncertainty is still 8%, in part due to an unsatisfactory knowledge of the excitation function over a wide energy range. The present work reports precise S factor data at twelve energies between 0.357 and 1.292 MeV for the strongest transition, capture to the 6.79-MeV excited state in O15, and at ten energies between 0.479 and 1.202 MeV for the second strongest transition, capture to the ground state in O15. An R-matrix fit is performed to estimate the impact of the new data on astrophysical energies. The recently suggested slight enhancement of the 6.79-MeV transition at low energy could not be confirmed. The present extrapolated zero-energy S factors are S6.79(0)=1.24±0.11 keV b and SGS(0)=0.19±0.05 keV b.
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| 10. |
- Galakhov, V. R., et al.
(author)
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Electronic structure and x-ray spectra of defective oxides LixCoO2
- 2006
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In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 74:4, s. 045120-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- X-ray absorption, resonant x-ray emission, and x-ray photoelectron spectra of the valence band and core levels have been measured for LixCoO2 (0.6 <= x <= 1.0). Resonant O K alpha x-ray emission spectra of LiCoO2 showed localized excitonic states due to a dd transition between unoccupied and occupied Co 3d states. On the basis of measurements of Co 3s x-ray photoelectron and Co 2p and O 1s x-ray absorption spectra it was established that in defective cobaltites the electronic holes are localized mainly in O 2p states. Evidence of phase separation in LixCoO2 has been found.
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| 12. |
- Kögler, T., et al.
(author)
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Fast-neutron-induced fission cross section of Pu 242 measured at the neutron time-of-flight facility nELBE
- 2019
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In: Physical Review C. - 2469-9985. ; 99:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The fast-neutron-induced fission cross section of Pu242 was measured at the neutron time-of-flight facility nELBE. A parallel-plate fission ionization chamber with novel, homogeneous, large-area Pu242 deposits on Si-wafer backings was used to determine this quantity relative to the IAEA neutron cross-section standard U235(n,f) in the energy range of 0.5 to 10 MeV. The number of target nuclei was determined from the measured spontaneous fission rate of Pu242. This helps to reduce the influence of the fission fragment detection efficiency on the cross section. Neutron transport simulations performed with geant4, mcnp6, and fluka2011 are used to correct the cross-section data for neutron scattering. In the reported energy range the systematic uncertainty is below 2.7% and on average the statistical uncertainty is 4.9%. The determined results show an agreement within 0.67(16)% to recently published data and a good accordance to current evaluated data sets.
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| 13. |
- Takacs, J., et al.
(author)
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Community engagement in public health emergency preparedness
- 2019
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In: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 29:Suppl 4, s. 574-574
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- BackgroundCommunities that could be affected by infectious disease outbreaks are increasingly recognised as resources that may be effectively utilized by the authorities during public health emergencies.MethodsThis case study project, aiming to identify synergies between communities and authorities, was based on qualitative sources of evidence, including document and media review, stakeholder mapping, interviews and FGDs (N = 137). Four countries were selected for inclusion: Spain and the Netherlands on the basis of emerging tick-born disease incidents; Iceland and Ireland on the basis of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks.ResultsIn the Netherlands and Spain strong synergies were identified in tick surveillance activities, and the value of pre-existing networks of interest groups for preparedness and response activities was recognised. The Icelandic norovirus event was unexpected and fast-moving, while VTEC in Ireland is a familiar and slower-burning challenge. As a relatively common disease in Ireland, VTEC-protocols are closely followed, while a generic all-hazards approach was taken in Iceland. There was considerable community support in the responses in both countries., and in Iceland community representatives also actively participated in producing institutional post-event evaluations.ConclusionsAn over-riding principle emerging from this study is that an informed, at-risk community understands the challenges to adopting effective preventive practices for themselves better than anyone. Additional good practices included the utilisation of pre-existing stakeholder networks for information dissemination; and of monitoring community perceptions of any public health incident, including through social media, in order to identify and manage misperceptions. Efforts to build on the community engagement activities that are already in place in the four countries could contribute to better preparedness planning and more efficient and timely responses in future outbreaks.Key messagesRecognise the community as a real partner in outbreak preparedness, response, and recovery.Optimise communications with communities who may be affected by outbreaks.
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| 15. |
- Hynynen, Jonna, 1987, et al.
(author)
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'Lignin and extractives first' conversion of lignocellulosic residual streams using UV light from LEDs
- 2021
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In: Green Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9262 .- 1463-9270. ; 23, s. 8251-8259
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lignocellulosic biomass, especially lignin and extractives, has the potential to substitute fossil precursors in the chemical industry. The conversion of lignin has been intensively researched, but challenges remain as high temperatures and increased pressure are commonly used, which is not energy efficient. Lignin and wood extractives bear chromophoric groups that can absorb light in the ultraviolet (UV) region, which enables photochemical reactions. Ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) are an emerging technology; they are cheap, versatile, and energy-efficient compared to existing mercury lamps. UV-LEDs were used in this study as a proof of concept for the valorisation of a lignocellulosic residual stream from the pulp and paper industry, sawdust. In a process at ambient temperature and pressure and without the use of a catalyst, we have shown that lignin and extractives can be valorised using light from UV-LEDs. Simplified lignin model compounds were used to pinpoint chemical reactions during irradiation, and to ease the analysis of the sawdust samples. The rate of conversion upon irradiation of the model compounds was found to be 0.7-2.3 g L-1 h(-1), depending on the concentration of the starting compounds.
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| 16. |
- Nave, Gillian, et al.
(author)
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Atomic data for astrophysics : Needs and challenges
- 2019
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In: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We describe the impact of atomic spectroscopy on astrophysics and future requirements for atomic data. These requirements cannot be met with current levels of funding for laboratory astrophysics. The situation could be substantially improved with relatively small investment from the funding agencies.
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| 17. |
- Oberstedt, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Improved values for the characteristics of prompt-fission gamma-ray spectra from the reaction U-235(n(th), f)
- 2013
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In: Physical Review C. Nuclear Physics. - : American Physical Society. - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X .- 2469-9985 .- 2469-9993. ; 87:5, s. 051602-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we present results from measurements of prompt gamma rays from the thermal neutron induced fission of U-235. Photons were measured in coincidence with fission fragments with cerium-doped LaCl3 and LaBr3 as well as CeBr3 scintillation detectors, which offer an intriguing combination of excellent timing resolution and good resolving power. The spectra measured with all employed detectors are in excellent agreement with respect to their shapes. Characteristic parameters were extracted for a gamma-energy range from 0.1 to 6.0 MeV and the results obtained with several detectors were averaged. From that, the average emission yield of prompt-fission gamma rays was determined to be (nu) over bar (gamma) = (8.19 +/- 0.11) per fission, the average energy per photon to be epsilon(gamma) = (0.85 +/- 0.02) MeV, and the total energy to be E-gamma,E-tot = (6.92 +/- 0.09) MeV. The uncertainties are much lower than the 7.5% requested for the modeling of advanced nuclear reactor cores. Estimating the influence of gamma rays with energies between 6 and 10 MeV on the values determined in this work revealed a negligible deviation of the order of the found uncertainties.
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| 18. |
- Oberstedt, Andreas, 1960-, et al.
(author)
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New prompt fission gamma-ray spectral data and its implication on present evaluated nuclear data files
- 2013
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In: Physics Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1875-3892 .- 1875-3884. ; 47, s. 156-165
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we report on new spectral prompt gamma-ray measurements from the spontaneous fission of Cf-252 and thermal neutron-induced fission of U-236*. In both experiments, fission of U-236*. In both experiments, gamma-ray multiplicities, average and total gamma-energies were extracted. gamma-ray multiplicities, average and total.-energies were extracted. Apart from one recent measurement on Cf-252, about four decades have passed since the last dedicated experiments were reported in literature. Hence, there was a need for a revision, not only with respect to high priority nuclear data requests by the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). In the first mentioned experiment we have measured prompt fission gamma-rays with both cerium-doped LaBr3 and CeBr3 scintillation detectors, which both exhibit excellent timing and good energy resolution. The results from both detectors are in excellent agreement with each other and confirm the historical data. In the experiment on U-235(n(th), f) we employed cerium-doped LaCl3 detectors, together with the lanthanum bromide detectors mentioned above. Even here the first results indicate a good agreement with data from the early 1970' s. They are also in accordance with data in evaluated libraries like ENDF/B-VII.0, while this is not the case for Cf-252(SF). Hence, here an update is strongly recommended.
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| 19. |
- Purgel, M., et al.
(author)
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Glyphosate complexation to aluminium(III). An equilibrium and structural study in solution using potentiometry, multinuclear NMR, ATR-FTIR, ESI-MS and DFT calculations
- 2009
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In: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. - 0162-0134. ; 103:11, s. 1426-1438
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The stoichiometries and stability constants of a series of Al3+-N-phosponomethyl glycine (PMG/H3L) complexes have been determined in acidic aqueous solution using a combination of precise potentiometric titration data, quantitative Al-27 and P-31 NMR spectra, ATR-FTIR spectrum and ESI-MS measurements (0.6 M NaCl, 25 degrees C). Besides the mononuclear AlH2L2+, Al(H2L)(HL), Al(HL)(2)(-) and Al(HL)L2-, dimeric Al-2(HL)L+ and trinuclear Al3H5L42+ complexes have been postulated. H-1 and P-31 NMR data show that different isomers co-exist in solution and the isomerization reactions are slow on the P-31 NMR time scale. The geometries of monomeric and dimeric complexes likely double hydroxo bridged and double phosphonate bridged isomers have been optimized using DFT ab initio calculations starting from rational structural proposals. Energy calculations using the PCM solvation method also support the co-existence of isomers in solutions. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 20. |
- Purgel, Mihály, et al.
(author)
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Glyphosate complexation to aluminium(III). An equilibrium and structural study in solution using potentiometry, multinuclear NMR, ATR-FTIR, ESI-MS and DFT calculations
- 2009
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In: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0162-0134 .- 1873-3344. ; 103:11, s. 1426-1438
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The stoichiometries and stability constants of a series of Al(3+)-N-phosponomethyl glycine (PMG/H(3)L) complexes have been determined in acidic aqueous solution using a combination of precise potentiometric titration data, quantitative (27)Al and (31)P NMR spectra, ATR-FTIR spectrum and ESI-MS measurements (0.6M NaCl, 25 degrees C). Besides the mononuclear AlH(2)L(2+), Al(H(2)L)(HL), Al(HL)(2)(-) and Al(HL)L(2-), dimeric Al(2)(HL)L(+) and trinuclear Al(3)H(5)L(4)(2+) complexes have been postulated. (1)H and (31)P NMR data show that different isomers co-exist in solution and the isomerization reactions are slow on the (31)P NMR time scale. The geometries of monomeric and dimeric complexes likely double hydroxo bridged and double phosphonate bridged isomers have been optimized using DFT ab initio calculations starting from rational structural proposals. Energy calculations using the PCM solvation method also support the co-existence of isomers in solutions.
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| 21. |
- Regmi, P., et al.
(author)
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The future of WRRF modelling - Outlook and challenges
- 2019
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In: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 79:1, s. 3-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The wastewater industry is currently facing dramatic changes, shifting away from energy-intensive wastewater treatment towards low-energy, sustainable technologies capable of achieving energy positive operation and resource recovery. The latter will shift the focus of the wastewater industry to how one could manage and extract resources from the wastewater, as opposed to the conventional paradigm of treatment. Debatable questions arise: Can the more complex models be calibrated, or will additional unknowns be introduced? After almost 30 years using well-known International Water Association (IWA) models, should the community move to other components, processes, or model structures like 'black box' models, computational fluid dynamics techniques, etc.? Can new data sources - e.g. on-line sensor data, chemical and molecular analyses, new analytical techniques, off-gas analysis - keep up with the increasing process complexity? Are different methods for data management, data reconciliation, and fault detection mature enough for coping with such a large amount of information? Are the available calibration techniques able to cope with such complex models? This paper describes the thoughts and opinions collected during the closing session of the 6th IWA/WEF Water Resource Recovery Modelling Seminar 2018. It presents a concerted and collective effort by individuals from many different sectors of the wastewater industry to offer past and present insights, as well as an outlook into the future of wastewater modelling.
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| 23. |
- Takács, Károly, PhD, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Networks of reliable reputations and cooperation : a review
- 2021
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In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : Royal Society of London. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 376:1838
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Reputation has been shown to provide an informal solution to the problem of cooperation in human societies. After reviewing models that connect reputations and cooperation, we address how reputation results from information exchange embedded in a social network that changes endogenously itself. Theoretical studies highlight that network topologies have different effects on the extent of cooperation, since they can foster or hinder the flow of reputational information. Subsequently, we review models and empirical studies that intend to grasp the coevolution of reputations, cooperation and social networks. We identify open questions in the literature concerning how networks affect the accuracy of reputations, the honesty of shared information and the spread of reputational information. Certain network topologies may facilitate biased beliefs and intergroup competition or in-group identity formation that could lead to high cooperation within but conflicts between different subgroups of a network. Our review covers theoretical, experimental and field studies across various disciplines that target these questions and could explain how the dynamics of interactions and reputations help or prevent the establishment and sustainability of cooperation in small- and large-scale societies.
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