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Search: WFRF:(Tasin Marco)

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2.
  • Cotes Ramal, Belén, et al. (author)
  • Using flower strips to promote green lacewings to control cabbage insect pests
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Pest Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4758 .- 1612-4766. ; 95, s. 669-683
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Habitat management improves biological control by increasing the abundance and fitness of natural enemies through the provision of floral resources along field edges or between crops. Among the natural enemies reliant on flower resources, green lacewings often stand out due to their abundance, predation capacity and polyphagy. We evaluated the impact of tailored flower strips on the enhancement of natural enemies, especially green lacewings, in three organic cabbage (Brassica oleracea) farms in Southern Sweden. Insects were sampled from the flower strips, and cabbage pests and predators were visually recorded in the crop. In a laboratory assay, the pollen feeding preferences of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) were evaluated in a dual-choice test. The pollen consumed by the Chrysopidae was extracted from laboratory and field specimens, then quantified and identified. Flower strips were found to attract predators and parasitoids, whose abundance increased as flowers bloomed. Cabbage plants next to the flower strips showed lower pest infestation as compared to cabbage plant control, although no significant differences were observed in the number of predators. Chrysopidae used flower strips as feeding, reproduction and shelter sites and mainly consumed pollen from Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. Under laboratory conditions, C. carnea showed a preference for P. tanacetifolia and Coriandrum sativum L. pollen over Borago officinalis L. and Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. We show that tailored flower strips could be an efficient tool for enhancing beneficial arthropods and should be considered in integrated pest management for cabbage crops.
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3.
  • Dubois, Alexandre, et al. (author)
  • Tuning stakeholder expectations in organic strawberry production - A sixteen-year case study of co-development of a strawberry knowledge network in California
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 323
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Californian strawberry growers have been relying on methyl bromide for several decades. Notwithstanding the substantial dependence on this broad-spectrum biocide, a phase out was planned due to its ozone layer depleting character. With the aim to meet sustainability issues facing the emerging organic strawberry producers and reinforce the interaction among local actors, a research network was developed through 2004-2020.In this paper we investigated the factors affecting the creation and dissemination of knowledge within the above-mentioned multi-year network. Embeddedness in agro-food networks is the framework that we chose, while from an empirical point of view we analyzed a case study with many available datasets.We observed a progressive build-up of trust among people throughout the sixteen years. The shared activities and the already established relationship provided the base of this strong networking. Furthermore, innovative methods emerging from network activities provided critical information and management approaches for expanding organic production in the region.Relational embeddedness explains the observed performance, whereas a complementary role seems to be played by the structural aspect of the same framework at the regional level.The facilitation function by a university within a participatory method, the unique role of advisors along with the connection to the industry contributed to the reinforcement of the network allowing new ways of stable multi-year co-operation.
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4.
  • Figueroa, Ilich, et al. (author)
  • Potential of locally sustainable food baits and traps against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata in Bolivia
  • 2018
  • In: Pest Management Science. - : Wiley. - 1526-498X .- 1526-4998. ; 75, s. 1671-1680
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • BACKGROUND Small-scale farmers often take a double hit from pests such as tephritid fruit-flies. The high price of products against fruit-flies, together with the higher risk of reinfestation from neighboring orchards, limits options for control. Therefore, management requires low-cost local products and concerted action. Peach production in central Bolivia is increasingly affected by invasive Ceratitis capitata. To provide locally sustainable techniques that could incentivize area-wide cooperation of growers, we tested efficiency and specificity of low-cost lures and traps compared with commercial lures and traps (Tephritrap). RESULTS In the laboratory, the local fermented beverage 'chicha' and baker's yeast were equally or more attractive than commercial lures. Both chicha and baker's yeast trapped more flies in field (average FTD 10.31 and 9.49), whereas commercially hydrolyzed protein lure (4.71) or Torula yeast (6.82). However, many non-target species were caught (57.3% and 53.4%). Of the six PET bottles-based traps used, the T-trap caught a similar number of flies (average FTD 5.55), but fewer beneficial insects (0.16) compared to the Tephritrap (0.92). CONCLUSIONS This study provides fruit growers with an economical and effective method to capture large numbers of C. capitata, suitable to be part of integrated pest management programs for fruit fly control. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
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5.
  • Hambäck, Peter A., et al. (author)
  • Predatory arthropod community composition in apple orchards : Orchard management, landscape structure and sampling method
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Applied Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0931-2048 .- 1439-0418. ; 145:44198, s. 46-54
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Studies on predatory arthropods in agricultural areas seldom include Diptera other than hoverflies, partly because common sampling methods are less effective for capturing species that easily fly off when disturbed. To study the effect from this bias when describing the predator community, we compared traditional beat sampling of branches and suction sampling for describing the community of predatory arthropods in Swedish apple orchards, both organic orchards and orchards using integrated pest management (IPM). Our results indicate that the proportion of both predatory dipterans and parasitic hymenopterans increase dramatically when using suction sampling (Diptera: 32% vs. 20%, Hymenoptera: 25% vs. 7%). In fact, predatory dipterans were the most abundant predatory group when using suction sampling, in contrast to beat sampling where spiders were the most abundant group. One group of predatory flies that was particularly rich in both species and individuals in the surveyed apple orchards was dance flies in the family Hybotidae. Even though the bias of sampling method was evident, it was encouraging that the method choice did not affect the conclusions concerning management on predatory arthropod communities. With both methods, dipteran and coleopteran predators were more abundant in organic apple orchards whereas opilionids were more abundant in orchards managed according to IPM. The inclusion of landscape variables further indicated effects of landscape diversity and of deciduous forest cover, but the response varied in sign between predatory groups. Whereas both Coleoptera and Heteroptera were more abundant in orchards surrounded by more complex landscapes (high landscape diversity and/or high deciduous forest cover), spiders, opilionids and dipterans were rather less abundant in these orchards. To conclude, our study points to the potential importance of predatory dipterans in apple orchards, and we highly recommend future studies of arthropod predators in apple and other crops to actively include predatory Diptera.
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6.
  • Happe, Anne-Kathrin, et al. (author)
  • Predatory arthropods in apple orchards across Europe : Responses to agricultural management, adjacent habitat, landscape composition and country
  • 2019
  • In: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-8809 .- 1873-2305. ; 273, s. 141-150
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Local agri-environmental schemes, including hedgerows, flowering strips, organic management, and a landscape rich in semi-natural habitat patches, are assumed to enhance the presence of beneficial arthropods and their contribution to biological control in fruit crops. We studied the influence of local factors (orchard management and adjacent habitats) and of landscape composition on the abundance and community composition of predatory arthropods in apple orchards in three European countries. To elucidate how local and landscape factors influence natural enemy effectiveness in apple production systems, we calculated community energy use as a proxy for the communities' predation potential based on biomass and metabolic rates of predatory arthropods. Predator communities were assessed by standardised beating samples taken from apple trees in 86 orchards in Germany, Spain and Sweden. Orchard management included integrated production (IP; i.e. the reduced and targeted application of synthetic agrochemicals), and organic management practices in all three countries. Predator communities differed between management types and countries. Several groups, including beetles (Coleoptera), predatory bugs (Heteroptera), flies (Diptera) and spiders (Araneae) benefited from organic management depending on country. Woody habitat and IP supported harvestmen (Opiliones). In both IP and organic orchards we detected aversive influences of a high-quality surrounding landscape on some predator groups: for example, high covers of woody habitat reduced earwig abundances in German orchards but enhanced their abundance in Sweden, and high natural plant species richness tended to reduce predatory bug abundance in Sweden and IP orchards in Spain. We conclude that predatory arthropod communities and influences of local and landscape factors are strongly shaped by orchard management, and that the influence of management differs between countries. Our results indicate that organic management improves the living conditions for effective predator communities.
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8.
  • Lankinen, Åsa, et al. (author)
  • Fokusprojekt Lågriskmedel i växtskyddet
  • 2019
  • Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
    • Fokusgruppens syfte har varit att definiera kunskapsluckor avseende den praktiska användningen och implementeringen av alternativa medel med låg risk för bekämpning av skadegörare och sjukdomar inom jordbruk, trädgårdsodling och skogsbruk. Vi har utgått från en bred definition av medel med låg risk, som har omfattat både allmänkemikalier och växtskyddsmedel med låg risk (enligt gällande EU-lagstiftning). Trots att det idag finns ett ökat behov av alternativa verktyg inom växtskyddet och politiska mål om minimerad användning av kemiska medel, så är användningen av alternativa bekämpningsmedel i fältodlade grödor mycket begränsad. • En viktig faktor som styr och begränsar tillgängligheten av alternativa medel är EU-lagstiftningen för godkännande av dessa medel. För att kunna registrera ett medel behövs en investering från det företag som ansöker om godkännande, vilket kan vara en anledning till att medel inte blir tillgängliga på marknaden. En annan lagteknisk begränsning är ogynnsamma skatteregler för dessa medel. • Från ett användarperspektiv är bristande kunskap om hur effektiva dessa medel är, hur man bäst applicerar dem samt hur de kan integreras i befintliga växtskyddsstrategier en bidragande orsak till att de inte används fullt ut. • Rådgivningen pekar också på en otydlighet om vilka medel som får användas speciellt i ekologisk produktion och att användningen missgynnas av höga priser i kombination med en osäkerhet om hur effektiva dessa medel är. • I Jordbruksverkets rapport ”Hinder för ökad användning av alternativa bekämpningsmedel” (SJV, Rapport 2019:3), som medlemmar av fokusgruppen har varit med att skriva, är ett av förslagen en utökad rådgivningsverksamhet. Detta eftersom informationsinsatser och aktiv rådgivning kan påverka hur snabbt odlare accepterar och börjar använda ett växtskyddsmedel, speciellt om det har nya egenskaper (och en ny verkningsmekanism). Forskning visar att en ny åtgärd/metod inte bara ska Sammanfattning och slutsatser 5 passa in i befintliga verksamheter utan också passa med attityd och värderingar hos användaren. • Från ett forskningsperspektiv kan vi se ett klart behov av tillämpningsnära forskning framför allt för att få en ökad kunskap om hur alternativa bekämpningsmedel kan integreras i befintliga växtskyddsstrategier. En utmaning är den begränsade mängd forskningsmedel som finns att söka för denna typ av forskning. • Forskningen är ofta väldigt uppdelad mellan agrikultur, hortikultur och skogsbruk. Här skulle man kunna dra nytta av kunskap inom respektive system eftersom vissa aspekter är generella mellan olika system, åtminstone för vissa grödor/träd. • Från ett internationellt perspektiv kan vi se vinster med ett bättre samarbete med närliggande länder, tex Plant Biologicals Network (PBN) som koordineras från Danmark, men även engagemang inom det vidare EUperspektivet (bla lagar). • Ytterligare en slutsats från fokusgruppens arbete är att växtskyddsforskningen på SLU behöver samordnas bättre, tex genom att knyta samman de kompetenscentrum som finns idag – CBC och CKB – med nya strukturer som skulle kunna fokusera på i) analys av växtskadegörare och ii) lågrisk-metoder och hur dessa kan spela en roll i integrerat växtskydd (IPM). • ygarbeta tillsammans för att få till en bra samverkan och kunskapsutbyte.
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9.
  • Larsson Herrera, Sebastian, et al. (author)
  • Addition of terpenoids to pear ester plus acetic acid increases catches of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Applied Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0931-2048 .- 1439-0418. ; 143, s. 813-821
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Field studies were conducted to evaluate new kairomone blends in combination with pear ester (E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate (PE) and acetic acid (AA) for their attraction of male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen. The addition of decanal to either AA or PE alone significantly increased total and female moth catches. However, the addition of decanal did not improve the attraction of PE + AA. The addition of either the pyranoid (PyrLOX) or furanoid (FurLOX) linalool oxide but not linalool (LOL) increased moth catches with PE but did not increase catches with PE + AA. Similarly, the addition of PyrLOX plus decanal did not improve PE + AA. The addition of (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) to either AA, PE + AA or PE + AA+decanal did not significantly increase moth catches. However, the addition of PyrLOX to traps with PE + AA and DMNT (4-component lure) significantly increased moth catches compared with PE + AA alone or any of the ternary blends of these volatiles. Females accounted for 60%-80% of the total catch with this 4-component lure. The 4-component blend with PyrLOX was a more attractive lure than similar blends that substituted LOL, or a binary blend of LOL and FurLOX for PyrLOX. The 4-component blend caught nearly fourfold more total and female moths than the purported attractant N-butyl sulphide when it was used in combination with PE + AA. These results indicate that significant improvements in monitoring, mating disruption and mass trapping of codling moth are possible. Further studies are needed to assess the new attractive blend's effectiveness in combination with sex pheromone lures and to evaluate whether other host plant volatiles can be added or substitute for DMNT or LOX when used in combination with PE + AA.
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10.
  • Larsson Herrera, Sebastian, et al. (author)
  • Assessing allelochemicals as species-specific attractants for the cherry bark tortrix, Enarmonia formosana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
  • 2020
  • In: Crop Protection. - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-2194 .- 1873-6904. ; 138
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Field trapping experiments were carried out in Norway to measure attraction of the cherry bark tortrix (CBT) Enarmonia formosana to volatile blends of candidate compounds including acetic acid (AA), linalool oxide pyranoid (LOXP), 2-phenylethanol (PET), pear ester (E,Z)2,4-ethyl decadienoate (PE) and (E)-beta-farnesene (BF). The binary blend of AA and LOXP caught the highest number of CBT adults. While addition of PET along with PE did not significantly change the attraction, a sex-dependent decrease of female captures was found when LOXP was replaced by PET/PE. Male attraction to AA/LOXP did not differ when PET/PE were added to the blend or when LOXP was substituted by the same two compounds. A similar attraction to blank traps was recorded for the ternary blend of LOXP/PET/PE, for the binary blend of PET/PE and for LOXP alone, supporting AA as a possible fundamental component of CBT kaimmone. In addition, a lower number of bycatches of Hedya nubiferana, Anthophila fabriciana, Synanthedon myopaeformis, Pammene spp. and Pandemis spp. were scored in the AA/LOXP than in any blend including AA/PET/PE. BF was not behaviourally active on CBT in our field experiments. The high attraction of both sexes of CBT to the binary blend of AA/LOXP represents a first step towards the identification of a multicomponent kairomone for this pest. A continuous flight activity of both sexes of CBT was recorded from the end of May until the beginning of August, supporting the hypothesis that CBT is univoltine in Norway. Because larval infestation on tree trunks varies substantially with apple varieties, we encourage the collection of additional data to attempt a correlation between adult catch by AA/LOXP traps and the following larval population.
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11.
  • Larsson Herrera, Sebastian, et al. (author)
  • Designing a species-selective lure based on microbial volatiles to target Lobesia botrana
  • 2020
  • In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Sustainable, low impact control methods, including mating disruption and microbial insecticides against L. botrana have been available for decades. Yet, successful implementation has been restricted to only a few grapevine districts in the world. A limiting factor is the lack of a female attractant to either monitor or control the damaging sex. Volatile attractants for both female and male insects can be used to assess when L. botrana populations exceed economic thresholds, and to decrease the use of synthetic pesticides within both conventional and pheromone programs. Rather than using host-plant volatiles, which are readily masked by background volatiles released by the main crop, we tested the attractiveness of volatiles that signify microbial breakdown and more likely stand out against the background odour. A two-component blend of 2-phenylethanol (2-PET) and acetic acid (AA) caught significant numbers of both sexes. Catches increased with AA and, to a minimal extent, 2-PET loads. However, a higher load of 2-PET also increased bycatches, especially of Lepidoptera and Neuroptera. Major (ethanol, ethyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol) or minor (esters, aldehydes, alcohols and a ketone) fermentation volatiles, did surprisingly not improve the attraction of L. botrana compared to the binary blend of 2-PET and AA alone, but strongly increased bycatches. The most attractive lure may thus not be the best choice in terms of specificity. We suggest that future research papers always disclose all bycatches to permit evaluation of lures in terms of sustainability.
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12.
  • Larsson Herrera, Sebastian, et al. (author)
  • Development of multi-component non-sex pheromone blends to monitor both sexes of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Applied Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0931-2048 .- 1439-0418. ; 145, s. 822-830
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Nineteen host plant volatiles (HPVs) were screened for attractivity to adult codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) as a fourth component of core blends (3K) including (E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene and acetic acid. Each new quaternary combination was compared with a previously reported attractive bisexual lure (4K), consisting of the 3K blend plus 6-ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-ol (pyranoid linalool oxide, pyrLOX). All lure evaluations were conducted in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen). Several compounds were found to significantly lower total and/or female catches when added to the 3K blend, including (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexanal and hexyl butanoate (female and total moths), and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and linalool (female moths). Other compounds when added to the 3K blend did not increase or decrease moth catches, including methyl salicylate, (E)-beta-ocimene, limonene, beta-caryophyllene, butyl hexanoate, farnesol, terpineol, terpinen-4-ol and alpha-pinene. A few added compounds significantly increased moth catches compared with the 3K blend, including beta-pinene (male moths), (Z)-jasmone (male and total moths), (E)-beta-farnesene and beta-myrcene (female and total moths), and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene (male, female, and total moths). In addition, each of these five compounds when added to the 3K core blend performed similarly to the 4K lure (male, females, and total moths). Further studies should expand these results through tests of these and other new blends with a range of component ratios and total loading amounts. Field trials should also be replicated within all host crops of codling moth and across major geographical production regions.
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13.
  • Larsson Herrera, Sebastian, et al. (author)
  • Monitoring and discrimination of Pandemis moths in apple orchards using semiochemicals, wing pattern morphology and DNA barcoding
  • 2020
  • In: Crop Protection. - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-2194 .- 1873-6904. ; 132
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Non-phemmonal insect attractants of plant and microbial origin are often classified as kairomones. They differ from moth pheromones in that they can attract both sexes of several insect species. Kairomones are nowadays the object of several studies, due to their promising properties for monitoring and selective control of agricultural pests. Here we report on field trapping experiments carried out in apple orchards to quantify the response of the two leafroller species Pandemis heparana (Denis & Schiffermuller) and Pandemis cerasana (Hubner) to potential kairomones (acetic acid (AA), 2-phenyl ethanol (2-PET), pear ester (PE) and benzyl cyanide (BC)) in apple orchards. Specimens of the two species were sexed and classified to the species level using a morphological key based on wing traits. DNA barcoding was used to validate the discrimination between the two species through the morphological key. A two-component blend of AA and 2-PET was effective in catching significant numbers of females of P. heparana and P. cerasana. The addition of PE increased male but not female catches of only P. heparana. For P. heparana blends containing AA and BC with or without PE caught significantly fewer males and females than blends with PET and the AA/BC combination was as effective as PET releasing blends in trapping P. cerasana females. Morphological identification of Pandemis by wing pattern was in agreement with the DNA barcoding in the majority of cases. Additional studies are now required to establish an economic threshold to correlate moth catches with fruit damage and to the possibility that attract and kill based on the identified kairomones can be used to reduce damage.
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14.
  • Larsson Herrera, Sebastian, et al. (author)
  • Monitoring codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a four-component volatile blend compared to a sex pheromone-based blend
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Applied Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0931-2048 .- 1439-0418. ; 143, s. 942-947
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Monitoring adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is a crucial component in implementing effective integrated management programmes in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen. Use of sex pheromone lures to track male populations has been the traditional approach, but their use in orchards treated with sex pheromone for mating disruption (MD) has been problematic. Development of kairomone and kairomone-pheromone combination lures has allowed the catch of female moths and has benefited several aspects of codling moth management through improved spray timings and action thresholds. Recently, a new four-component volatile blend (4-K) comprised of pear ester, (E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate (PE), (E)-11 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, all isomers of pyranoid linalool oxide and acetic acid (AA) has been characterized that has increased female moth catch threefold versus any previous blend. Field trapping studies were conducted to compare moth catches in traps baited with 4-K versus the use of sex pheromone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (PH) in combination with PE and AA. Trials were conducted in orchards left either untreated, or treated with PH or PH + PE. Traps baited with 4-K and 4-K + PH lures caught significantly more females than traps baited with PH + PE + AA lures. Traps baited with 4-K + PH lures caught significantly more total moths than traps baited with PH + PE + AA lures in all three orchards. Adding a PH lure to traps with the 4-K lure did not affect female catch, but significantly increased male and total moth catches. These studies demonstrate that codling moth can be trapped effectively in apple under MD without the use of sex pheromone lures. The significant increase in female codling moth catch with the 4-K lure suggests that efforts to improve spray timings and action threshold determinations as well as mass trapping might be enhanced with this new lure.
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15.
  • Larsson Herrera, Sebastian, et al. (author)
  • Species-Specific Induction of Plant Volatiles by Two Aphid Species in Apple: Real Time Measurement of Plant Emission and Attraction of Lacewings in the Wind Tunnel
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0098-0331 .- 1573-1561. ; 47, s. 653-663
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Upon damage by herbivores, plants release herbivory-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). To find their prey, the pest's natural enemies need to be fine-tuned to the composition of these volatiles. Whereas standard methods can be used in the identification and quantitation of HIPVs, more recently introduced techniques such as PTR-ToF-MS provide temporal patterns of the volatile release and detect additional compounds. In this study, we compared the volatile profile of apple trees infested with two aphid species, the green apple aphid Aphis pomi, and the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea, by CLSA-GC-MS complemented by PTR-ToF-MS. Compounds commonly released in conjunction with both species include nonanal, decanal, methyl salicylate, geranyl acetone, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl butanoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl 2-methyl-butanoate, (E)-beta-caryophyllene, beta-bourbonene and (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate. In addition, benzaldehyde and (E)-beta-farnesene were exclusively associated with A. pomi, whereas linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene were exclusively associated with D. plantaginea. PTR-ToF-MS additionally detected acetic acid (AA) and 2-phenylethanol (PET) in the blends of both trees attacked by aphid species. In the wind tunnel, the aphid predator, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), responded strongly to a blend of AA and PET, much stronger than to AA or PET alone. The addition of common and species-specific HIPVs did not increase the response to the binary blend of AA and PET. In our setup, two host-associated volatiles AA + PET appeared sufficient in the attraction of C. carnea. Our results also show the importance of combining complementary methods to decipher the odor profile associated with plants under pest attack and identify behaviourally active components for predators.
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16.
  • Natuluku Ondiaka, Sopher, et al. (author)
  • Sunflower as a trap crop for the European tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis)
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Applied Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0931-2048 .- 1439-0418. ; 140, s. 453-461
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The European tarnished plant bug, Lygus rugulipennis (Heteroptera: Miridae), inflicts serious damage to glasshouse crops, including cucumber, in which it causes distorted foliage, dead growing points and malformed fruits. In a research involving commercial growers, we tested the possibility of using a trap crop to control L.rugulipennis. We screened the attraction of sunflower and lucerne as trap crops using an olfactometer. Adults (females and males) were more attracted to the odour of either flowering sunflower or lucerne than flowering cucumber. In a glasshouse trial, potted flowering sunflowers were evaluated as a trap crop placed at the ends of each cucumber row. Although the trap crop showed much higher attractiveness than the cucumber crop, this effect was not sufficient to provide an acceptable level of control according to the commercial growers. The growers suggested developing artificial sunflower odour as a more efficient lure for removal trapping. As a first step in this development, we tested the attraction of the headspace odour collected from sunflower in olfactometer trials. Sunflower headspace attracted a higher number of adults compared to a blank or a flowering cucumber. The sunflower odour was analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry to determine compounds possibly involved in L.rugulipennis attraction. The chemical analysis of the plant odour showed a well-defined differentiation between sunflower and cucumber, with a number of monoterpenes released exclusively by sunflower. This, plus an emission rate from sunflower being at least four times more abundant, opens the possibility of using synthetic sunflower volatiles to attract L.rugulipennis within a cucumber background.
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17.
  • Porcel Vilches, Mario, et al. (author)
  • Design, implementation and management of perennial flower strips to promote functional agrobiodiversity in organic apple orchards: A pan-European study
  • 2019
  • In: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-8809 .- 1873-2305. ; 278, s. 61-71
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Orchards, as intensive cropping systems, often have low diversity of plant species, which limits the promotion of natural enemies for pest control. The implementation of agri-environmental schemes, such as flower strips, could enhance biological control. We developed perennial, multifunctional flower strips with native plant species. In the second and third year after sowing, plant diversity and ground cover between flower strips (FS) in the drive alleys and the spontaneous orchard vegetation in control plots (Cont) were compared in 19 experimental blocks of eight organic apple orchards in six European countries. On average 73.7% of the sown plant species were established and plant diversity of FS was on average 43% higher than in Cont. Multivariate analysis further revealed significant dissimilarities in the plant communities of the two treatments. Intensive mulching of flower strips also affected the plant community: species richness and ground cover by forbs and plants, which especially promote functional agrobiodiversity (FAB plants), decreased significantly. We show that perennial FS with native plants are a valuable approach to enrich plant diversity in orchards in different European countries. Limitations and recommendations for the implementation and management of FS in orchards are discussed.
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18.
  • Porcel Vilches, Mario, et al. (author)
  • Monitoring methods adapted to different perceptions and uses of functional biodiversity: Insights from a European qualitative study
  • 2021
  • In: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X .- 1872-7034. ; 129
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The role of functional biodiversity for favouring natural regulation and reducing pesticide use in fruit production is generally acknowledged. Although a number of farmers attempt to favour biodiversity through different strategies (e.g. diversified hedges, nesting boxes), they often lack means to evaluate how their actions contribute in practice to functional biodiversity. We assumed here that to create useful and appropriate monitoring methods, it is necessary to take into account the variety of knowledge, perceptions and interests about functional biodiversity. To test our hypothesis, we adopted a comprehensive and participative approach based on interviews and workshops with farmers, advisors and field agronomists involved in apple orchard management. Our objective was to understand their different perceptions and uses of functional biodiversity and then, to design monitoring methods adapted to those perceptions and pre-existing uses. Our findings revealed both a plurality of perceptions of functional biodiversity along with a diversity of objectives and uses of monitoring methods. Based on these results, we identified four main attitudes towards the management of functional biodiversity: the wait-and-see attitude, the naturalist attitude, the regulation attitude and the multifunctional attitude. These attitudes do not correspond to person's profiles, since one person can adopt different attitudes in regard to different biodiversity components or in regard to the different practices supporting biodiversity. In addition, attitudes can vary over time. The identification of these attitudes allowed us to design, with the workshops' participants, a guiding framework to create monitoring programs (i.e. combinations of monitoring methods) adapted to a variety of uses and targeted services.
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19.
  • Porcel Vilches, Mario, et al. (author)
  • Organic management in apple orchards: Higher impacts on biological control than on pollination
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Applied Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8901 .- 1365-2664. ; 55, s. 2779-2789
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Intensive agricultural management negatively affects both natural enemies of pests and pollinators. Such management also has the potential to adversely affect the ecosystem services that these communities confer. Organic management has been proposed as an alternative method to mitigate such problems by restoring the services provided by arthropod communities.2. We evaluated the effect of organic management on two ecosystem services provided by arthropods in apple orchards: pollination and biological control. We used relative decrease in colonies to assess biological control of the major apple aphid pest, and measured pollination through fruit set, number of seeds per apple and pollinator visitation. Additionally, we monitored the organisms responsible for pollination and biological control services and established the impact of pollination on apple quality.3. Our results show a strong effect of organic management on biological control and on the temporal dynamic of natural enemy-pest interactions. Parameters such as aphid colony suppression, first and repeated occurrence of natural enemies, natural enemy species evenness and natural enemy abundance were significantly higher in organic compared to conventional orchards. Predatory bugs were the natural enemies best-affected by organic management and played a key role in early predation of aphids preventing colony growth.4. In this instance, pollination was not influenced by organic management. It is likely due to the temporal scale at which this service is delivered, a scale that differs greatly from biological control, combined with differences in the dispersal capacity of the organisms involved. Fruit weight, calcium, potassium and magnesium content were positively affected by pollination success.5. Synthesis and applications. We found that organic management in apple orchards preserves the local natural enemy community, and specifically predatory bug populations, essential for early aphid colony suppression. Our results suggest that, in conventional orchards, local management options that decrease or even eliminate pesticide use early in the season would increase the biological control of aphids. This would lead to reduction in apple damage at harvest. Our results on pollination success indicate that the implementation of organic management at orchard scale does not enhance pollination services for apple growers.
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20.
  • Porcel Vilches, Mario, et al. (author)
  • Perennial flower strips for pest control in organic apple orchards - A pan-European study
  • 2019
  • In: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-8809 .- 1873-2305. ; 278, s. 43-53
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In many crops, the intensive use of pesticides causes major problems both for the environment and for natural ecosystem services. Apple is Europe's most frequently produced orchard fruit, requiring high pesticide input to combat the most important apple insect pests, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) and Cydia pomonella (L.). Here we sought to control these pests by promoting natural enemies using sown perennial flower strips. We trialled these in the alleyways of organic apple orchards in seven European countries. Visual assessments over two years revealed a higher number of natural enemies on plant parts, and specifically in D. plantaginea colonies on trees, in flower strip plots than on trees in control plots with standard orchard vegetation. Trees in the flower strip plots recorded a slower D. plantaginea population increase as compared with control plots, resulting in reduced fruit damage after the second fruit drop. Likewise, from 2016-2017, the number of preadult codling moths decreased more in the flower strip plots as compared to the control plots resulting in reduced fruit damage. Our study shows on a wide continental scale that the implementation of perennial flower strips in the. alleyways between apple tree rows boosts natural enemies and reduces key apple pests and the associated fruit damage. This supports the role of functional agrobiodiversity as a way to potentially reduce insecticide use in orchards and thus further promote conservation of agrobiodiversity. We also provide suggested plant composition for flower strips adapted to different European countries and recommendations for implementation and management in practice.
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21.
  • Porcel Vilchez, Mario, et al. (author)
  • Assessing the efficacy of a multispecies pheromone dispenser for the control of tortricids in apple orchards: a three-year evaluation
  • 2016
  • In: IOBC-WPRS Bulletin. - 1027-3115. ; 112, s. 37-39
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We tested the possibility of using a single device for the pheromone disruption of a number of lepidopteran pests of apple in Sweden. Experiments were carried out in single conventional orchards of different size equipped with plant hedges and surrounded by variable landscapes. An increasing inhibition of the male flying activity by the synthetic airborne pheromone was measured over the three-year period for the majority of the tested species. The reduction in the larval activity of the corresponding species varied in accordance with the management and the surrounding of the orchard. Experiments in field cages showed a significant interference effect of the synthetic pheromone formulation on location of calling females by released males. The release of each component from the device was continuous over the entire flight period of the monitored species with a partial residual release in the following season. According to our results, we recommend the use of the tested device as a tool to reduce the field population of lepidopteran pests as well as to diminish the load of chemical insecticides in orchards. Due to the variability of the results in relation to single orchard features, field scouting needs to be considered as a necessary support to growers.
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22.
  • Porcel Vilchez, Mario, et al. (author)
  • Farmers' management of functional biodiversity goes beyond pest management in organic European apple orchards
  • 2019
  • In: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-8809 .- 1873-2305. ; 284
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Supporting functional biodiversity (FB), which provides natural pest regulation, is an environmentally sound and promising approach to reduce pesticide use in perennial cultures such as apple, especially in organic farming. However, little is known about farmers' practices and motivations to implement techniques that favor FB, especially whether or not they really expect anything from FB in terms of pest regulation. In fact, FB-supporting techniques (FB-techniques) are massively questioned by practitioners due to inadequate information about their effectiveness. An interview survey was performed in eight European countries(i) to describe farmers' practices and identify promising FB-techniques: (ii) to better understand their perceptions of and values associated with FB; and (iii) to identify potential drivers of (non-) adoption. Fifty-five advisors and 125 orchard managers with various degrees of experience and convictions about FB were interviewed and a total of 24 different FB-techniques which can be assigned to three different categories (ecological infrastructures, farming practices and redesign techniques) were described. Some were well-established measures (e.g., hedges and bird houses), while others were more marginal and more recent (e.g., animal introduction and compost). On average, farmers combined more than four techniques that had been implemented over a period of 13 years, especially during their establishment or conversion period. In general, it was difficult for farmers to evaluate the effectiveness of individual FB-techniques on pest regulation. They considered FB-techniques as a whole, targeting multiple species, and valued multiple ecosystem services in addition to pest regulation. The techniques implemented and their associated values differed among farmers who adopted various approaches towards FB. Three different approaches were defined: passive, active and integrated. Their appraisal of FB is even more complex because it may change with time and experience. These findings provide empirical evidence that the practical implementation of promising techniques remains a challenge, considering the diversity of situations and evaluation criteria. Increased cooperation between researchers, farmers and advisors should more effectively target research, advisory support and communication to meet farmers' needs and perceptions.
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23.
  • Porcel Vilchez, Mario, et al. (author)
  • Influence of agricultural management on canopy-dwelling predatory and herbivorous arthropod communities in Swedish apple orchards
  • 2016
  • In: IOBC-WPRS Bulletin. - 1027-3115. ; 112, s. 79-82
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Local agricultural management, and in particular pesticide usage, is a major driver of many arthropod communities in agroecosystems. For example, it is known to cause a significant impact on pest's natural enemies abundance and diversity. The aim of our study was to establish the effect of agricultural management on the community of predatory and phytophagous canopy-dwelling arthropods in Swedish apple orchards. Arthropods were sampled from the tree canopy in organic and conventional orchards using a field insect aspirator. We compared the composition at family level of the two functional groups considered (predators and herbivores) using multivariate analysis. Significant differences were obtained for the predatory community between organic and conventional orchards. Principal component analysis showed a clear clustering of conventional farms mainly associated to lower abundances of predatory mirids, anthocorids, ladybirds, dustywings and spiders. Furthermore, there was a higher variation in the predatory arthropod community in organic compared to conventional orchards. No differences were observed for the herbivore community collected in suction samples between management schemes suggesting a different response pattern to orchard management compared to the predatory community during the 2013 growing season.
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24.
  • Porcel Vilchez, Mario, et al. (author)
  • Mating disruption of Spilonota ocellana and other apple orchard tortricids using a multispecies reservoir dispenser
  • 2015
  • In: Pest Management Science. - : Wiley. - 1526-498X .- 1526-4998. ; 71, s. 562-570
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: A new mating disruption formulation for population control of a wide range of tortricid pests, including Spitonota ocellana, was tested in Swedish apple orchards during 2012 - 2013. Owing to the characteristics of the local agricultural landscape, mating disruption was evaluated in isolated orchards rather than through an area-wide approach. Parameters such as trap shutdown, communication disruption in field cages, damage level and dispenser emission were measured as efficacy indicators.RESULTS: The test formulation reduced the catches in monitoring traps for the entire range of the tested species. In field cages, communication between sexes was disrupted for both Adoxophyes orana and Cydia pomonella. The fruit damage caused by leafrollers (including S. ocarina) was reduced by the treatment. The device showed a constant release of all components for the entire flight activity period of these pests.CONCLUSION: Single-orchard experiments showed a significant effect on field populations of the leafroller species complex. While promising, in light of the variability of the result, field scouting may be required to enable practitioners to estimate the density of the pests and avoid possible unexpected attacks. Additional experiments are needed to evaluate the efficacy of the product against C. pomonella. (C) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
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25.
  • Pålsson, Joakim, et al. (author)
  • Aphid-infested beans divert ant attendance from the rosy apple aphid in apple-bean intercropping
  • 2020
  • In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Ecological intensification of cropping systems aims at restoring multi-functionality while supporting current productivity levels. Intercropping is a form of ecological intensification involving ecological processes beneficial to farmers that do not take place in monocultures. Thus, it represents a practical approach to decrease the use of synthetic inputs such as insecticides in cultivated systems. Whereas insecticide reduction via intercropping-facilitated suppression of aphids is reported in literature, the majority of published studies focussed on herbaceous crops. Thus, the effect of intercropping on aphid populations of cultivated trees remains largely unaddressed. In this study we hypothesized that intercropping a specific companion plant within perennial crops would divert ant attendance from an aphid attacking the crop to another aphid feeding on the newly introduced plant, reducing aphid damage on the crop. We tested our hypothesis in the system of apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen), the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini) and the black garden ant (Lasius niger L.). Bean plants (Vicia faba) with the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scopoli) were intercropped within apple trees inoculated with D. plantaginea. We measured ant attendance, aphid development and survival as well as honeydew composition on both plant species through semi-field and field experiments. The majority of ants chose to attend A. fabae over D. plantaginea in the semi-field experiment with potted plants. In the orchard, a larger majority of scouts were scored on A. fabae over D. plantaginea. A higher number of D. plantaginea colonies remained active in the apple control, whilst they were almost eradicated by intercropping. Although chemical analyses of honeydew disclosed differences in the carbohydrate and amino acid profiles between aphid species, the difference in honeydew composition did not explain the preference for A. fabae. Ants did not discriminate between the two honeydew mimics both in laboratory and field bioassays. Our results showed the potential of intercropping apple trees with beans as a method to reduce ant attendance and thus colony survival. We propose that intercropping represents a bottom-up approach towards ecological intensification of perennial crops. Together with other ecosystem-based measures such as habitat management, intercropping should be considered when planning ecosystem redesign to increase biological control of pests.
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26.
  • Pålsson, Joakim, et al. (author)
  • Attract, reward and disrupt: responses of pests and natural enemies to combinations of habitat manipulation and semiochemicals in organic apple
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Pest Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4758 .- 1612-4766. ; 95, s. 619-631
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The widespread use of pesticides along with the simplification of the landscape has had undesirable effects on agroecosystems, such as the loss of biodiversity and the associated ecosystem service biological control. How current production systems can be remodelled to allow for a re-establishment of biological pest control, while preserving productivity, is a major challenge. Here, we tested whether a combination of tools could augment or synergize biological control of insect pests in apple (Malus domestica), comprised of a tortricid pest complex, a geometrid pest complex and the rosy apple aphid. The tools aimed at disrupting mating behaviour of multiple pest species (multispecies mating disruption, "Disrupt", MMD), attracting natural enemies (a blend of herbivory-induced volatiles, "Attract", A), or providing refuge and rewards for a diverse insect community (perennial flower strip, "Reward", R) over a 3-year period. Suction samples were consistently richer in generalist predators but not in parasitoids when multiple tools including MMD + A + R or MMD + A were employed. In addition, lepidopteran pest levels were significantly lower in these plots than in MMD or MMD + R at the end of the 3-year experiment. This was, however, not reflected in survival of artificially established aphid colonies. Our data indicates that multiple, complementary tools can greatly enhance natural enemy level, but also that long-term implementation is needed to fully realize the augmentatory or synergistic potential of complementary components and restore biological control as an ecosystem service of practical relevance.
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27.
  •  
28.
  • Pålsson, Joakim, et al. (author)
  • Recruiting on the Spot: A Biodegradable Formulation for Lacewings to Trigger Biological Control of Aphids
  • 2019
  • In: Insects. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-4450. ; 10
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Upon herbivory, plants release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which induce chemical defenses in the plant as well as recruit natural enemies. However, whether synthetic HIPVs can be employed to enhance biological control in a cultivated crop in the field is yet to be explored. Here we show that a biodegradable formulation loaded with induced and food-signaling volatiles can selectively recruit the common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea, and reduce pest population under field conditions. In apple orchards, the new formulation attracted lacewing adults over a 4-week period, which correlated well with independent assessments of the longevity of the slow-release matrix measured through chemical analyses. In barley, lacewing eggs and larvae were significantly more abundant in treated plots, whereas a significant reduction of two aphid species was measured (98.9% and 93.6% of population reduction, for Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi, respectively). Results show the potential for semiochemical-based targeted recruitment of lacewings to enhance biological control of aphids in a field setting. Further research should enhance selective recruitment by rewarding attracted natural enemies and by optimizing the application technique.
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29.
  • Roquer-Beni, Laura, et al. (author)
  • Management-dependent effects of pollinator functional diversity on apple pollination services : A response-effect trait approach
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Applied Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8901 .- 1365-2664. ; 58:12, s. 2843-2853
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Functional traits mediate the response of communities to disturbances (response traits) and their contribution to ecosystem functions (effect traits). To predict how anthropogenic disturbances influence ecosystem services requires a dual approach including both trait concepts. Here, we used a response–effect trait conceptual framework to understand how local and landscape features affect pollinator functional diversity and pollination services in apple orchards.We worked in 110 apple orchards across four European regions. Orchards differed in management practices. Low-intensity (LI) orchards were certified organic or followed close-to-organic practices. High-intensity (HI) orchards followed integrated pest management practices. Within each management type, orchards encompassed a range of local (flower diversity, agri-environmental structures) and landscape features (orchard and pollinator-friendly habitat cover). We measured pollinator visitation rates and calculated trait composition metrics based on 10 pollinator traits. We used initial fruit set as a measure of pollination service.Some pollinator traits (body size and hairiness) were negatively related to orchard cover and positively affected by pollinator-friendly habitat cover. Bee functional diversity was lower in HI orchards and decreased with increased landscape orchard cover. Pollination service was not associated with any particular trait but increased with pollinator trait diversity in LI orchards. As a result, LI orchards with high pollinator trait diversity reached levels of pollination service similar to those of HI orchards.Synthesis and applications. Pollinator functional diversity enables pollinator communities to respond to agricultural intensification and to increase pollination function. Our results show that efforts to promote biodiversity provide greater returns in low-intensity than in high-intensity orchards. The fact that low-intensity orchards with high pollinator functional diversity reach levels of pollination services similar to those of high-intensity orchards provides a compelling argument for the conversion of high-intensity into low-intensity farms.
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30.
  • Samnegård, Ulrika, et al. (author)
  • Management trade-offs on ecosystem services in apple orchards across Europe : Direct and indirect effects of organic production
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Applied Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8901 .- 1365-2664. ; 56:4, s. 802-811
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Apple is considered the most important fruit crop in temperate areas and profitable production depends on multiple ecosystem services, including the reduction of pest damage and the provision of sufficient pollination levels. Management approaches present an inherent trade-off as each affects species differently. We quantified the direct and indirect effects of management (organic vs. integrated pest management, IPM) on species richness, ecosystem services, and fruit production in 85 apple orchards in three European countries. We also quantified how habit composition influenced these effects at three spatial scales: within orchards, adjacent to orchards, and in the surrounding landscape. Organic management resulted in 48% lower yield than IPM, and also that the variation between orchards was large with some organic orchards having a higher yield than the average yield of IPM orchards. The lower yield in organic orchards resulted directly from management practices, and from higher pest damage in organic orchards. These negative yield effects were partly offset by indirect positive effects from more natural enemies and higher flower visitation rates in organic orchards. Two factors other than management affected species richness and ecosystem services. Higher cover of flowering plants within and adjacent to the apple trees increased flower visitation rates by pollinating insects and a higher cover of apple orchards in the landscape decreased species richness of beneficial arthropods. The species richness of beneficial arthropods in orchards was uncorrelated with fruit production, suggesting that diversity can be increased without large yield loss. At the same time, organic orchards had 38% higher species richness than IPM orchards, an effect that is likely due to differences in pest management.Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that organic management is more efficient than integrated pest management in developing environmentally friendly apple orchards with higher species richness. We also demonstrate that there is no inherent trade-off between species richness and yield. Development of more environmentally friendly means for pest control, which do not negatively affect pollination services, needs to be a priority for sustainable apple production. Our results indicate that organic management is more efficient than integrated pest management in developing environmentally friendly apple orchards with higher species richness. We also demonstrate that there is no inherent trade-off between species richness and yield. Development of more environmentally friendly means for pest control, which do not negatively affect pollination services, needs to be a priority for sustainable apple production. Editor's Choice
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31.
  • Saveer, Ahmed, et al. (author)
  • A herbivore-induced plant volatile interferes with host plant and mate location in moths through suppression of olfactory signalling pathways
  • 2015
  • In: BMC Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1741-7007. ; 13
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Plants under herbivore attack release volatiles that attract natural enemies, and herbivores in turn avoid such plants. Whilst herbivore-induced plant volatile blends appeared to reduce the attractiveness of host plants to herbivores, the volatiles that are key in this process and particularly the way in which deterrence is coded in the olfactory system are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that herbivore-induced cotton volatiles suppress orientation of the moth Spodoptera littoralis to host plants and mates.Results: We found that (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), an induced volatile, is key in herbivore deterrence: DMNT suppressed plant odour-and pheromone-induced behaviours. We then dissected the neurophysiological basis of this interaction. DMNT-responding glomeruli were also activated by other plant compounds, suggesting that S. littoralis possesses no segregated olfactory circuit dedicated exclusively to DMNT. Instead, DMNT suppressed responses to the main pheromone component, (Z)-9-(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, and primarily to (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, a host plant attractant.Conclusion: Our study shows that olfactory sensory inhibition, which has previously been reported without reference to an animal's ecology, can be at the core of coding of ecologically relevant odours. As DMNT attracts natural enemies and deters herbivores, it may be useful in the development or enhancement of push-pull strategies for sustainable agriculture.
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32.
  • Sjöberg, Patrick, et al. (author)
  • Evaluation of temperature sum models and timing of Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae) wood-chip extract to control apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea Klug) in Sweden
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Pest Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4758 .- 1612-4766. ; 88, s. 301-310
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea Klug) is a serious pest in European organic apple production. They hatch during a short period only, making correct timing of control measures crucial. Swedish organic growers have requested a strategy for optimal timing of the Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae) extract against the apple sawfly. The aim of this study was, therefore, to develop methods to predict the timing of Q. amara control in Sweden. A temperature sum model for timely placement of monitoring or mass-trapping sticky traps was validated for Swedish conditions. The average emergence of sawflies occurred at 169 degree days (SD = 20) counted from March 15 (threshold temperature 4 A degrees C). The difference in emergence from existing first flight model of average and maximum 9 and 39 degree days (1 and 9 calendar days) was found acceptable. Accumulated oviposition of 85 % at full bloom (BBCH 65) suggests that mass trapping and monitoring could stop at this time. This is supported by a tendency of decreased trap catches during that period. Three application times for Q. amara were compared: (A) at petal fall (BBCH 67), (B) at a date calculated using female trap catch numbers and temperature sums, and (C) prior to peak egg hatch observed in the field. All treatments resulted in significantly lower percentage of damaged apples compared to the unsprayed control, with significantly less damage (1.3 %) in plots treated according to method (B). The results provide information on adult phenology and methods that could be used to determine timing of mass trapping and insecticide application against the apple sawfly.
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33.
  • Swiergiel, Weronika, et al. (author)
  • Development of sustainable plant protection programs through multi-actor Co-innovation: An 8-year case study in Swedish apple production
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 234, s. 1178-1191
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This article assesses the multi-actor co-innovation research that was carried out between 2010 and 2018 by researchers and apple production actors. The aim was to develop sustainable integrated pest management methods that, with the help of an agroecological whole system approach, would be both desirable and feasible to implement in practice. Whilst a novel pest management strategy based on semiochemicals arrived at and was rapidly adopted by growers, the enhancement of biological control through functional diversity required long-term learning. This is explained by substantial differences in the perception of the economic risk and the necessary knowledge behind the adoption of each method. The knowledge gap due to the reduced number of extension advisors and the conflict between the cost incurred when implementing low-impact pest control methods and reduced profitability of apple crops were pointed out as major contradictions by the actors. We suggest that strengthened regional agroecological infrastructure support along with the expansion of public advisory service personnel would reduce the farmer economic risk and share the responsibility for a safer environment and healthier food. Similarly, relevant authorities should be provided with resources to allow for safety assessments of candidate low-risk plant protection products at the regional scale. As a conclusion, we recognised that in our region sustainable agroecosystem management through feasible and desirable plant protection strategies could not be developed solely by focussing on the efficiency of the tools because the cost-effectiveness and thus the implementation of such tools depended greatly on the simultaneous co-innovation of the socio-technical system. Local stakeholders need to harmonise their vision and standpoints to engender long term socially and environmentally sound objectives providing a base to promote, finance and extensively adopt innovative plant protection strategies within the Skane region. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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34.
  • Swiergiel, Weronika, et al. (author)
  • Productivist or multifunctional: An activity theory approach to the development of organic farming concepts in Sweden
  • 2018
  • In: Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2168-3565 .- 2168-3573. ; 42, s. 210-239
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This study proposes a unit of analysis based on cultural historical activity theory for examining the development of organic farming (OF) concepts. The study investigates whether organic farms are becoming more like conventional farms, with related environmental and social problems. The framework is illustrated with a historical analysis of the Swedish case of organic apple farming. The analysis shows that in Sweden, conventionalization is part of the current dominant "intensive organic farming concept", while an emerging concept, the "ecology of food systems", is attempting to break free from this process. The proposed analytical framework can be used for comparing OF concepts and for guiding future development efforts according to the needs of stakeholders.
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35.
  • Tasin, Marco (author)
  • A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Visualized Experiments. - : MyJove Corporation. - 1940-087X.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study insect chemical ecology. Insects can locate point sources in a three-dimensional environment through the sensory interaction and sophisticated behavior. The quantification of this behavior is a key element in the development of new tools for pest control and decision support. A wind tunnel with a suitable flight section with laminar air flow, visual cues for in-flight feedback and a variety of options for the application of odors can be used to measure complex behaviour which subsequently may allow the identification of attractive or repellent odors, insect flight characteristics, visual-odor interactions and interactions between attractants and odors lingering as background odors in the environment. A wind tunnel holds the advantage of studying the odor mediated behavioural repertoire of an insect in a laboratory setting. Behavioural measures in a controlled setting provide the link between the insect physiology and field application. A wind tunnel must be a flexible tool and should easily support the changes to setup and hardware to fit different research questions. The major disadvantage to the wind tunnel setup described here, is the clean odor background which necessitates special attention when developing a synthetic volatile blend for field application.
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36.
  • Tasin, Marco, et al. (author)
  • Applied chemical ecology; filling the volatile gap
  • 2013
  • In: IOBC-WPRS Bulletin. - 1027-3115. ; 91, s. 155-157
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The use of plant volatiles in integrated pest management (IPM) programs is a challenging topic. Often, much of the knowledge on the mechanisms behind insect host-plant location via volatiles remains confined to the laboratory. A gap is reported when transferring the knowledge gained in laboratory into a natural setting. Our talk offers an example of a combined approach with laboratory and field bioassays to develop an IPM system based on plant volatiles. We predicted that the background odour of the crop and the way of delivery of plant volatiles could be key factors in closing this gap. We tested this hypothesis on the system of Argyresthia conjugella, the apple fruit moth, and its host-plants (Sorbus aucuparia and Malus domestica). Results showed that the delivery system as well as the volatile background had a great influence on attraction of plant volatile lures. Both were relevant to successfully transfer the preliminary data obtained in the laboratory into a field setting. By taking these factors into consideration, a monitoring lure to track the apple fruit moth migration from rowan to apple was developed.
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37.
  • Tasin, Marco (author)
  • Attraction of Chrysotropia ciliata (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) Males to P-Anisaldehyde, a Compound with Presumed Pheromone Function
  • 2020
  • In: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0098-0331 .- 1573-1561. ; 46, s. 597-609
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In a field-trapping experiment with plant volatiles, we observed notably high attraction of green lacewing (Chrysotropia ciliata) males to the compound p-anisaldehyde. Based on this finding, we initiated the present study to elucidate this phenomenon and to investigate the chemical ecology ofC. ciliata.Scanning electron microscopy revealed elliptical glands abundantly distributed on the 2nd to 6th abdominal sternites ofC. ciliatamales, whereas females of the species completely lacked such glands. No p-anisaldehyde was found in extractions of body parts ofC. ciliata.Methyl p-anisate and p-methoxybenzoic acid were identified exclusively in the extract from abdominal segments 2-8 of males. Field-trapping experiments revealed no attraction ofC. ciliatato either methyl p-anisate or p-methoxybenzoic acid. In contrast, males showed marked attraction to p-anisaldehyde in the field and antennae showed strong responses to this compound. Headspace collections in the field from living insects in their natural environment and during their main daily activity period indicated that p-anisaldehyde was emitted exclusively byC. ciliatamales. Our overall results suggest that p-anisaldehyde might serve as a male-produced pheromone that attracts conspecificC. ciliatamales. Here, we discuss hypotheses regarding possible mechanisms involved in regulation of p-anisaldehyde production, including involvement of the compounds methyl p-anisate and p-methoxybenzoic acid, and the potential ecological function of p-anisaldehyde inC. ciliata.
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38.
  • Tasin, Marco, et al. (author)
  • Chemical Ecology and Management of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
  • 2011
  • In: Journal of Economic Entomology. - 0022-0493 .- 1938-291X. ; 104, s. 1125-1137
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The moth Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermuller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) feeds on grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), reducing yield and increasing susceptibility to fungal infections. L. botrana is among the most economically important insects in Europe and has recently been found in vineyards in Chile, Argentina, and California. Here, we review L. botrana biology and behavior in relation to its larval host (the grapevine) and its natural enemies. We also discuss current and future control strategies in light of our knowledge of chemical ecology, with an emphasis on the use of the sex pheromone-based strategies as an environmentally safe management approach. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption is the most promising technique available on grapes and is currently implemented on approximate to 140,000 ha in Europe. Experience from several growing areas confirms the importance of collaboration between research, extension, growers, and pheromone-supply companies for the successful implementation of the mating disruption technique. In the vineyards where mating disruption has been successfully applied as an areawide strategy, the reduction in insecticide use has improved the quality of life for growers, consumers, as well as the public living near wine-growing areas and has thereby reduced the conflict between agricultural and urban communities.
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39.
  • Tasin, Marco (author)
  • Compositions for attracting Tortricidae (fruit moths)
  • 2014
  • Patent (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The present invention relates to the monitoring of pest insects, attracting pest insects and rendering pest insects harmless in order to reduce or prevent infestation of crops. More particular, the present invention relates to the compositions, means and methods useful in monitoring, controlling and preventing infestation of fruit by moths belonging to the order Lepidoptera, such as e.g. Argyresthia conjugella, Cydia pomonella, Hedya nubiferana and Pandemis heparana..
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40.
  • Tasin, Marco (author)
  • Control of the grapevine moth Lobesia botrana through genetic engineering manipulation of host-plant volatiles
  • 2019
  • In: Acta Horticulturae. - 0567-7572 .- 2406-6168. ; 1248, s. 201-206
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, is one of the most important pests of grape. Feeding activity by caterpillars leads to direct damage to reproductive plant tissues (flower buds and berries), and also to indirect damage by promoting secondary infections by microorganisms. Current control systems are based either on the use of insecticides or on mating disruption: while the first is not environmentally friendly, the second is not particularly suitable for non-delimited areas or areas where the pest population is high. Previous studies have shown that a synthetic blend of the three terpenoids (E)-beta-caryophyllene, (E)-beta-farnesene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) was as attractive for the moth as the complete grape odour profile under laboratory conditions. The same studies also showed that the specific ratio of these compounds in the grape bouquet was crucial, because small variations in the proportion of any of the three volatiles resulted in almost complete inhibition of the blend's attractiveness. Here, we report on the creation of stable grapevine transgenic lines with modified (E)-beta-caryophyllene and (E)-beta-farnesene emission and thus with an altered ratio compared with the original plants. When headspace collections from these plants were tested in wind-tunnel behavioural assays, they were less attractive than control extracts. This result was confirmed by testing synthetic blends that imitated the ratios found in natural and transformed plants, as well as by testing the plants themselves. With this evidence, we suggest that a strategy based on volatile ratio modification may also interfere with the host-finding behaviour of L. botrana in the field, paving the way for new pest-control methods.
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41.
  • Tasin, Marco, et al. (author)
  • Early quality assessment lessens pheromone specificity in a moth
  • 2013
  • In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490 .- 0027-8424. ; 110, s. 7377-7382
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Pheromone orientation in moths is an exemplar of olfactory acuity. To avoid heterospecific mating, males respond to female-produced blends with high specificity and temporal resolution. A finely tuned sensory to projection neuron network secures specificity, and this network is thought to assess pheromone quality continually during orientation. We tested whether male moths do indeed evaluate each pheromone encounter and surprisingly found that male European corn borer moths instead generalize across successive encounters. Although initially highly ratio specific, once "locked on" to the pheromone plume the acceptable ratio can vary widely, and even unattractive blends can become attractive. We further found that this "mental shortcut" may be a consequence of the fact that sensory neurons exposed to frequent encounters do not reliably encode blend ratios. Neurons tuned to either of the two pheromone components adapt differentially in plumes containing the preferred blend ratio (97:3) and cause the olfactory sensory signal to "evolve," even in narrowly tuned pheromonal circuits. However, apparently the brain interprets these shifting signals as invariant "gestalts." Generalization in pheromone perception may mitigate stabilizing selection and allow introgression between sympatric strains, such as in the European corn borer, that otherwise appear isolated by pheromonal differences. Generalization may also be important in responses to general odorants, as circuits underlying these display vast sensitivity differences, complex interactions, and temporal intricacies.
  •  
42.
  • Tasin, Marco, et al. (author)
  • Effect of anti-hail nets on Cydia pomonella behavior in apple orchards
  • 2008
  • In: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. - : Wiley. - 1570-7458 .- 0013-8703. ; 129:1, s. 32-36
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Over the last 10 years, the use of nets to protect pome fruit from hailstorms has increased. In this study, we investigated the effect of these nets on the behavior of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major pest of apple, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae). Experiments were carried out in net-covered and uncovered apple orchards treated with conventional insecticides. The number of codling moth males caught in pheromone- and virgin female-baited traps was significantly reduced in net-covered compared to uncovered plots. In addition, inhibition of mating by the net was demonstrated by significant reductions in mating of tethered virgin females. Fruit injury was consistently lower in net-covered plots vs. uncovered plots. Because of the reductions in male trap catch, the reduced female mating frequency, and the lower level of damage, we conclude that flat anti-hail nets have a disruptive effect on the reproductive behavior of the codling moth.
  •  
43.
  • Tasin, Marco (author)
  • Emission of Volatile Compounds from Apple Plants Infested with Pandemis heparana Larvae, Antennal Response of Conspecific Adults, and Preliminary Field Trial
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0098-0331 .- 1573-1561. ; 42, s. 1265-1280
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This study investigated the volatile emission from apple (Malus x domestica Borkh., cv. Golden Delicious) foliage that was either intact, mechanically-damaged, or exposed to larval feeding by Pandemis heparana (Denis and Schiffermuller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Volatiles were collected by closed-loop-stripping-analysis and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in three time periods: after 1 h and again 24 and 48 h later. Volatiles for all treatments also were monitored continuously over a 72-h period by the use of proton transfer reaction - time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). In addition, the volatile samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) using male and female antennae of P. heparana. Twelve compounds were detected from intact foliage compared with 23 from mechanically-damaged, and 30 from P. heparana-infested foliage. Interestingly, six compounds were released only by P. heparana-infested foliage. The emission dynamics of many compounds measured by PTR-ToF-MS showed striking differences according to the timing of herbivory and the circadian cycle. For example, the emission of green leaf volatiles began shortly after the start of herbivory, and increased over time independently from the light-dark cycle. Conversely, the emission of terpenes and aromatic compounds showed a several-hour delay in response to herbivory, and followed a diurnal rhythm. Methanol was the only identified volatile showing a nocturnal rhythm. Consistent GC-EAD responses were found for sixteen compounds, including five aromatic ones. A field trial in Sweden demonstrated that benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetonitrile, and indole lures placed in traps were not attractive to Pandemis spp. adults, but 2-phenylethanol and phenylacetonitrile when used in combination with acetic acid were attractive to both sexes.
  •  
44.
  • Tasin, Marco (author)
  • Fast Direct Injection Mass-Spectrometric Characterization of Stimuli for Insect Electrophysiology by Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight Mass-Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS)
  • 2012
  • In: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220 .- 1424-3210. ; 12, s. 4091-4104
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Electrophysiological techniques are used in insect neuroscience to measure the response of olfactory neurons to volatile odour stimuli. Widely used systems to deliver an olfactory stimulus to a test insect include airstream guided flow through glass cartridges loaded with a given volatile compound on a sorbent support. Precise measurement of the quantity of compound reaching the sensory organ of the test organism is an urgent task in insect electrophysiology. In this study we evaluated the performances of the recent realised proton transfer reaction-time of flight mass-spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) as a fast and selective gas sensor. In particular, we characterised the gas emission from cartridges loaded with a set of volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes and commonly used in electrophysiological experiments. PTR-ToF-MS allowed a fast monitoring of all investigated compounds with sufficient sensitivity and time resolution. The detection and the quantification of air contaminants and solvent or synthetic standards impurities allowed a precise quantification of the stimulus exiting the cartridge. The outcome of this study was twofold: on one hand we showed that PTR-ToF-MS allows monitoring fast processes with high sensitivity by real time detection of a broad number of compounds; on the other hand we provided a tool to solve an important issue in insect electrophysiology.
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45.
  •  
46.
  • Tasin, Marco (author)
  • Hail nets enhance disruption of sexual communication by synthetic pheromone in codling moth
  • 2018
  • In: Entomologia Generalis. - : Schweizerbart. - 0171-8177 .- 2363-7102. ; 37, s. 7-18
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We hypothesized that polyethylene anti-hail nets interact with synthetic pheromone in disrupting the sexual communication of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. We tested this hypothesis through the release and recapture of m ales in field cages. This set-up allowed normalisation of the male population during the treatments. The effect of the net was also estimated through recording additional parameters such as wind speed, temperature within the canopy, and pheromone emissions from mating disruption dispensers. The experiments were carried out in orchards with or without hail nets, and with or without pheromone disruption treatment. In the release and recapture assay the hail net significantly decreased the success of sexual communication in association with the mating disruption treatment. In plots without synthetic pheromone, the net did not affect communication between the sexes. Both wind speed and canopy temperatures were mitigated by the presence of the net. Pheromone emissions from disruption dispensers did not differ for covered and uncovered plots. The increase in communication disruption with the hail net is of practical interest and opens up possibilities for extending the use of mating disruption to orchards where climatic or topographic features currently limit the efficacy of this sustainable method.
  •  
47.
  • Tasin, Marco (author)
  • Large-scale genetic admixture suggests high dispersal in an insect pest, the apple fruit moth
  • 2020
  • In: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 15
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Knowledge about population genetic structure and dispersal capabilities is important for the development of targeted management strategies for agricultural pest species. The apple fruit moth,Argyresthia conjugella(Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae), is a pre-dispersal seed predator. Larvae feed on rowanberries (Sorbus aucuparia), and when rowanberry seed production is low (i.e., inter-masting), the moth switches from laying eggs in rowanberries to apples (Malus domestica), resulting in devastating losses in apple crops. Using genetic methods, we investigated if this small moth expresses any local genetic structure, or alternatively if gene flow may be high within the Scandinavian Peninsula (similar to 850.000 km(2), 55(o)- 69(o)N). Genetic diversity was found to be high (n = 669, mean He = 0.71). For three out of ten tetranucleotide STRs, we detected heterozygote deficiency caused by null alleles, but tests showed little impact on the overall results. Genetic differentiation between the 28 sampling locations was very low (average FST = 0.016, P < 0.000). Surprisingly, we found that all individuals could be assigned to one of two non-geographic genetic clusters, and that a third, geographic cluster was found to be associated with 30% of the sampling locations, with weak but significant signals of isolation-by-distance. Conclusively, our findings suggest wind-aided dispersal and spatial synchrony of both sexes of the apple fruit moth over large areas and across very different climatic zones. We speculate that the species may recently have had two separate genetic origins caused by a genetic bottleneck after inter-masting, followed by rapid dispersal and homogenization of the gene pool across the landscape. We suggest further investigations of spatial genetic similarities and differences of the apple fruit moth at larger geographical scales, through life-stages, across inter-masting, and during attacks by the parasitoid wasp (Microgaster politus).
  •  
48.
  • Tasin, Marco (author)
  • Managing Floral Resources in Apple Orchards for Pest Control: Ideas, Experiences and Future Directions
  • 2019
  • In: Insects. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-4450. ; 10
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Functional biodiversity is of fundamental importance for pest control. Many natural enemies rely on floral resources to complete their life cycle. Farmers need to ensure the availability of suitable and sufficient floral biodiversity. This review summarizes 66 studies on the management of floral biodiversity in apple orchards, published since 1986. Approaches followed different degrees of intervention: short-term practices (mowing regime and weed maintenance, cover crops), establishment of durable ecological infrastructures (perennial flower strips, hedgerows) and re-design of the crop system (intercropping, agroforestry). Although short-term practices did not always target the nutrition of natural enemies by flowering plants, living conditions for them (alternative prey, provision of habitat) were often improved. Perennial flower strips reliably enhanced natural enemies and techniques for their introduction continuously developed. Resident natural enemies and their impact in pest control reacted positively to the introduction of a more diversified vegetation, whereas the response of very mobile organisms was often not directly linked to the measures taken. A careful selection and management of plants with particular traits exploitable by most natural enemies emerged as a key-point for success. Now the elaborated design of such measures needs to be adopted by stakeholders and policy makers to encourage farmers to implement these measures in their orchards.
  •  
49.
  •  
50.
  • Tasin, Marco (author)
  • Semiochemicals: the essence of green pest control
  • 2013
  • In: IOBC-WPRS Bulletin. - 1027-3115. ; 91, s. 195-197
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Traditionally, semiochemicals have been viewed as selective tools for monitoring, detecting or controlling insect pests. Though considered benign with respect to human health, environment and surrounding ecological niche, their uptake has been limited. In a recent IOBC conference held in Bursa Turkey, researchers, extension workers, regulators and producers from more than forty-one countries met to disseminate recent developments in semiochemical research with a view to increasing semiochemical deployment. A brief synopsis of this meeting highlighting some of the major presentations is given below.
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