| 1. |
- Jansson, Håkan, et al.
(author)
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Genetic relationships among species of hagfish revealed by protein electrophoresis
- 1995
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In: Journal of Fish Biology. - : Wiley. - 0022-1112 .- 1095-8649. ; 47:4, s. 599-608
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hagfish species of the genera Myxine, Eptatretus and Pnramyxine were analysed for genetic variation by allozyme electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing of general proteins. Large genetic differences were observed between samples of supposed conspecifics of Myxine circifrons from off the Californian coast, and also within one sample of Paramyxine sp. from Sagami Bay, Japan. The results are convincing evidence of the existence of additional sympatric species in these two areas. In general, the highest genetic identities were found between species within the subfamilies Myxininae and Eptatretinae. Within Eptatretinae, the Japanese species Eptatietus burgeri was genetically more similar to Japanese species of Paramyxine than to American species of Eptatretus. Thus, our data indicate that the generic status of Paramyxine should be reconsidered. (C) 1995 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Anna-Carin, 1970-
(author)
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Postglacial Population History of the Common Shrew (Sorex araneus) in Fennoscandia : Molekylära studier av återkolonisation, könsbundet genflöde och kromosomrasbildning.
- 2004
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The common shrew, Sorex araneus, has one of the most variable karyotypes among mammals, displaying numerous chromosomes races throughout its distribution, which can be categorized into different karyotypic groups. The objective of this thesis was to examine the postglacial population history of Fennoscandian common shrews using autosomal microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and a Y chromosome specific microsatellite (L8Y).Autosomal microsatellites and mtDNA revealed weak genetic structure over a hybrid zone between the karyotypically divergent Northern and Western karyotypic groups. However, the genetic structure displayed by the Y chromosome microsatellite was orders of magnitude higher. Hence, considerable chromosomal differences between the groups do not prevent female gene flow, while male gene flow is reduced (cf. Haldane's rule). Further, the results suggest that the Haldane effect may be caused by the chromosomal differences between the karyotypic groups.No mtDNA differentiation was observed either between chromosome races or between the Northern and Western karyotypic groups in Fennoscandia. The combined pattern of karyotypic and mtDNA variation of Fennoscandian common shrews, suggest bi-directional postglacial recolonisation from a single refugium in Europe. The variation of the Y-linked microsatellite supported this conclusion. In contrast, significant mtDNA structure, discordant with the karyotypic variation, revealed that common shrews in southern Finland belong to a different lineage than remaining Fennoscandian regions, implying postglacial recolonisation from a different source.MtDNA variation of the chromosome races in Sweden supports the hypothesis that three races of the Western karyotypic group have been formed through whole arm reciprocal translocations (WARTs), as suggested by their mutual karyotypic variation. The variation of the molecular markers supports the theory of rapid karyotypic evolution in the common shrew.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, Martin
(author)
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Phylogeography of the Adder, Vipera berus
- 2003
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The phylogeography of a wide ranging temperate species, the adder, Vipera berus, was investigated using several genetic tools, with special emphasis on the post-glacial colonisation pattern of Fennoscandia. The area was colonised from two directions by adder populations representing different glacial refugia. The two populations meet in three places and the main contact zone is situated in Northern Finland. The two other contact zones are the result of dispersal across the Baltic Sea to the Umeå archepelago and South-Western Finland. Asymmetrically distributed nuclear genetic variation compared to mitochondrial DNA in the northern contact zone suggests a skewed gene flow from the east to the west across the zone. This pattern might reflect differences in dispersal among sexes and lineages, or may be accounted for by a selective advantage for nuclear variation of eastern origin among Fennoscandian adders.The phylogeographic pattern for adders across the entire species range was addressed by sequencing part of the mitochondrial genome and scoring microsatellite markers. The adder can be divided into three major genetic groups. One group is confined to the Balkan peninsula harbouring the distribution range of V. b. bosniensis. A second, well differentiated group is restricted to the Southern Alps. These two areas have probably served as refugia for adders during a number of ice ages for the adders. The third group is distributed across the remainder of the species’ range, from extreme Western Europe to Pacific Russia and can be further divided into one ancestral group inhabiting the Carpathians refugial area, and three more recent groups inhabiting areas west, north and east of the Alps. The adder provides an example of a species where the Mediterranean areas are housing endemic populations, rather than the sources for post-glacial continental colonisation. Continent-wide colonisation has instead occurred from up to three cryptic northern refugia.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Gelter, Hans, et al.
(author)
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Evidence from hatching success and DNA fingerprinting for fertility of hybrid pied x collared flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca x albicollis
- 1992
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In: Ibis. - 0019-1019 .- 1474-919X. ; 134:1, s. 62-68
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Pied and Collared Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca and F. albicollis hybridize on the Baltic islands of Oland and Gotland. Field studies of hatching success in clutches from 36 breeding hybrid males indicate that male hybrids reproduce successfully. In comparison, 25 hybrid females had normal clutch sizes but failed to hatch nestlings, suggesting female hybrid sterility. The paternity of seven hybrid males was investigated by DNA fingerprinting using two hypervariable minisatellite probes. Of these hybrid males, six were assessed as fertile. Three of the hybrid male families (43%) contained nestlings with extra-pair paternity and the frequency of extra-pair fertilization among 37 nestlings was 22%. One nestling originated from intraspecific female nest parasitism. The sterility pattern in hybrids between these two flycatchers with sterile female and fertile male hybrids is in agreement with Haldane's rule.
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| 11. |
- Gelter, Hans, et al.
(author)
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Genetic differentiation between two closely related flycatcher species (Muscicapidae)
- 1990
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In: Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. - Wellingto : New Zealand Ornithological Congress Trust Board. - 0959797556 ; , s. 592-599
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The two old world flycatcher species, the Pied and the Collared Flycatcher are ecologically and behaviourally similar except for their song. The species have a predominantly allopatric distribution but hybridize in areas of geographic overlap. The genetic differentiation between the two species detected by protein electrophoresis was low (Nei’s genetic distance 0.0006), and no species-specific alleles were found. Repetitive sequences in nuclear DNA investigated by restriction enzymes were also similar. A comparison of restriction fragment differences in mitochondrial DNA, however, showed a sequence divergence of 10% between the species. The karyotypes of the two species are similar, both possessing 80 chromosomes. Studies of hatching success in combination with DNA-fingerprinting studies of parentage showed that female interspecific hybrids are sterile whereas hybrid males are fertile. Asymmetrical hybrid fertility allows nuclear but prevents mitochondrial gene flow between the species. These results demonstrate the advantage of using a multi-methodological approach for analyzing genetic divergence and speciation.
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| 12. |
- Gelter, Hans, et al.
(author)
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High frequency of extra-pair parternity in Swedish Pied Flycatchers revealed by allozyme electrophoresis and DNA fingerprinting
- 1992
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In: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. - 0340-5443 .- 1432-0762. ; 31:1, s. 1-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We used two genetic techniques to study multiple parentage in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). Allozyme electrophoresis of 131 nestlings from 22 clutches sampled in 1982 and 1987 showed that one nestling had a mismatched allele compared with its putative parents. In one additional nest the devitation from Mendelian inheritance of parental genotypes suggested extra-pair paternity. The calculated probability of detecting multiple paternity from the genetic variation at four loci was 0.115. The estimated population frequency of extra-pair fertilization (EPF) was 13%, based on two mismatches and the probability of detecting multiple paternity. The seven families (n = 38 nestlings) in the 1987 sample were also analyzed by DNA fingerprinting using the M13 and Jeffrey's 33.15 probes. Overall, 24% (n = 9) of the nestlings analyzed were genetically inconsistent with their putative father, with EPF occurring in three (43%) of the seven clutches. One nestling originated by intraspecific brood parasitism. Comparison of the two techniques using the same samples showed that allozyme electrophoresis has a resolution only 11% of that of DNA fingerprinting, close to the calculated probability of detecting multiple paternity (0.115). Both techniques suggest that extra-pair fertilization is relatively common in the Swedish populations investigated compared to the low frequency reported from a Norwegian population
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Gullberg, Annika, et al.
(author)
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DNA fingerprinting reveals multiple paternity in families of Great and Blue Tits (Parus major and P. caeruleus)
- 1992
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In: Hereditas. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0018-0661 .- 1601-5223. ; 117:2, s. 103-108
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Paternity of nestlings in the great tit (Parus major) and blue tit (Parus caeruleus) was studied using DNA fingerprinting. Multiple paternity was found in five out of ten great tit families and two out of seven blue tit families. Among the great and blue tit families 7 out of 47 (15 %) and 3 out of 51 (6 %) of the nestlings, respectively, were the result of extra-pair matings. Thus, extra-pair fertilization was proven not only in the blue tit but also in the great tit, a species regarded to be strictly monogamous. In no case was the whole brood sired by an extra-pair male and no case of intraspecific brood parasitism was detected.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Larsson, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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Intraspecific nest parasitism and adoption of young in the barnacle goose : effects on survival and reproductive performance
- 1995
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In: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier. - 0003-3472 .- 1095-8282. ; 50:5, s. 1349-1360
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- DNA fingerprinting was used to determine the proportion of extra-pair young in a population of barnacle geese, Branta leticopsis, breeding in the Baltic area, Sweden. Of 137 analysed fledged young 17% were found to be extra-pair young. One or more extra-pair young were found in 27% of the 63 analysed families. The proportion of extra-pair young differed between years. No case of extra-pair fertilization was detected. All extra-pair young at fledgling originated either from intraspecific nest parasitism or from adoptions of foreign hatched young. Broods with extra-pair young at fledgling were significantly larger than broods without extra-pair young. However, the number of within-pair young did not differ significantly in broods with and without extra-pair young. Body mass, survival or subsequent reproductive performance did not differ between parents with and without extra-pair fledged young. Post-fledgling survival and age at first breeding were not significantly different between the three analysed classes of fledged young, i.e., within-pair young in families without extra-pair young, within-pair young in families with at least one extra-pair young, and extra-pair young. It is concluded that possible costs or benefits associated with caring for extra-pair fledged young are small or absent in this population.
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| 17. |
- Lundqvist, Anna-Carin, et al.
(author)
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Fennoscandian phylogeography of the common shrew Sorex araneus. Postglacial recolonisation-combining information from chromosomal variation with mitochondrial DNA data
- 2011
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In: Acta Theriologica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0001-7051 .- 2190-3743. ; 56:2, s. 103-116
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examine mtDNA variation of the common shrew in Fennoscandia to explore the incongruence found in previous studies using chromosomal and mitochondrial markers, aiming to reveal post-glacial recolonisation patterns. A total of 241 common shrews from 51 localities in Fennoscandia were analysed. This area includes a secondary contact zone between two groups (the Northern group and the Western group) showing distinct karyotypes. All individuals were sequenced for 447 bp of the mitochondrial control region. No significant differentiation in the mtDNA variation was observed between the two major chromosomal groups in Fennoscandia. The star-like shape of the sequence network for the entire study area shows the most common haplotype A as ancestral in all regions but one, in situ formation of most haplotypes and population expansion. The only significant mtDNA structure observed occurs between south Finland and the rest of Fennoscandia. We propose that the Northern and Western group shared a common refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum but recolonised Fennoscandia via two routes. Karyotypic differences between south and north Finland has led researchers to suggest that both regions originate from the same ancestral population east of Finland. The observed divergence of mtDNA variation between these two regions supports this hypothesis.
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| 18. |
- Madsen, Thomas, et al.
(author)
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Population size and genetic diversity in sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) and adders (Vipera berus)
- 2000
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In: Biological Conservation. - 1873-2917. ; 94:2, s. 257-262
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Because low genetic diversity may threaten the viability of isolated populations, conservation biologists have devoted much effort to quantify genetic variation. Two techniques routinely used involve levels of mini- and microsatellite polymorphism, with the assumption that levels of variation at these parts of the genome will be reflected in levels of variation at other loci. Our data challenge this assumption. We studied six populations of sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) and five populations of adders (Vipera berus), differing considerably in size and degree of isolation. They, therefore, offer an opportunity to examine how population parameters affect genetic variation at different parts of the genome. Relative population size (based on degree of isolation and number of animals) was not correlated with either minisatellite variability or microsatellite heterozygosity. However, our measures of genetic diversity at the Mhc class I loci of both sand lizards and adders revealed a significant correlation between relative population size and Mhc polymorphism: non-isolated/larger populations exhibited higher genetic diversity than did isolated/small populations. Consequently, only the Mhc-based estimates of genetic diversity yielded results in agreement with population genetic theory. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 19. |
- Ruokonen, Minna, et al.
(author)
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Using historical captive stocks in conservation. The case of the lesser white-fronted goose
- 2007
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In: Conservation Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1566-0621 .- 1572-9737. ; 8:1, s. 197-207
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many captive stocks of economically or otherwise valuable species were established before the decline of the wild population. These stocks are potentially valuable sources of genetic variability, but their taxonomic identity and actual value is often uncertain. We studied the genetics of captive stocks of the threatened lesser white-fronted goose Anser erythropus maintained in Sweden and elsewhere in Europe. Analyses of mtDNA and nuclear microsatellite markers revealed that 36% of the individuals had a hybrid ancestry. Because the parental species are closely related it is unlikely that our analyses detected all hybrid individuals in the material. Because no ancestral polymorphism or introgression was observed in samples of wild populations, it is likely that the observed hybridisation has occurred in captivity. As a consequence of founder effect, drift and hybridisation, captive stocks were genetically differentiated from the wild populations of the lesser white-fronted goose. The high level of genetic diversity in the captive stocks is explained at least partially by hybridisation. The present captive stocks of the lesser white-fronted goose are considered unsuitable for further reintroduction, or supplementation: hybridisation has involved three species, the number of hybrids is high, and all the investigated captive stocks are similarly affected. The results highlight the potential shortcomings of using captive-bred individuals in supplementation and reintroduction projects, when the captive stocks have not been pedigreed and bred according to conservation principles.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Tegelström, Håkan, et al.
(author)
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Haldane rule and sex biassed gene flow between two hybridizing flycatcher species : (Ficedula albicollis and F. hypoleuca, Aves: Muscicapidae)
- 1990
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In: Evolution. - : Wiley. - 0014-3820 .- 1558-5646. ; 44:8, s. 2012-2021
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) and the pied flycatcher (F. hypoleuca) hybridize where their geographic ranges overlap. Restriction fragment comparison of 5% of the mitochondrial genome showed a sequence divergence of 10% between these flycatcher species. This degree of sequence divergence between a closely related pair of bird species is unusually high and contrasts with the low level of divergence between F. albicollis and F. hypoleuca in nuclear genes (Nei's D = 0.0006) revealed by enzyme electrophoresis. The low nuclear differentiation is explained by sex biassed gene flow and introgression in nuclear genes (via fertile male hybrids), while the high mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence is preserved by sterility of female hybrids, which prevents mitochondrial introgression. This pattern is in accordance with Haldane's rule and is supported by field data on hybrid fertility. The high mtDNA differentiation could be explained by transfer of mitochondrial DNA from a third species during a past period of hybridization.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Ursenbacher, Sylvain, et al.
(author)
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Phylogeography and Pleistocene refugia of the Adder (Vipera berus) as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence data
- 2006
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In: Molecular Ecology. - 0962-1083 .- 1365-294X. ; 15:11, s. 3425-3437
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In order to contribute to the debate about southern glacial refugia used by temperate species and more northern refugia used by boreal or cold-temperate species, we examined the phylogeography of a widespread snake species (Vipera berus) inhabiting Europe up to the Arctic Circle. The analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation in 1043 bp of the cytochrome b gene and in 918 bp of the noncoding control region was performed with phylogenetic approaches. Our results suggest that both the duplicated control region and cytochrome b evolve at a similar rate in this species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that V. berus is divided into three major mitochondrial lineages, probably resulting from an Italian, a Balkan and a Northern (from France to Russia) refugial area in Eastern Europe, near the Carpathian Mountains. In addition, the Northern clade presents an important substructure, suggesting two sequential colonization events in Europe. First, the continent was colonized from the three main refugial areas mentioned above during the Lower-Mid Pleistocene. Second, recolonization of most of Europe most likely originated from several refugia located outside of the Mediterranean peninsulas (Carpathian region, east of the Carpathians, France and possibly Hungary) during the Mid-Late Pleistocene, while populations within the Italian and Balkan Peninsulas fluctuated only slightly in distribution range, with larger lowland populations during glacial times and with refugial mountain populations during interglacials, as in the present time. The phylogeographical structure revealed in our study suggests complex recolonization dynamics of the European continent by V. berus, characterized by latitudinal as well as altitudinal range shifts, driven by both climatic changes and competition with related species.
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| 29. |
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