| 1. |
- Botvinik-Nezer, Rotem, et al.
(author)
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Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams
- 2020
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 582, s. 84-88
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the effect of this flexibility on the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante hypotheses(1). The flexibility of analytical approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline. Variation in reported results was related to several aspects of analysis methodology. Notably, a meta-analytical approach that aggregated information across teams yielded a significant consensus in activated regions. Furthermore, prediction markets of researchers in the field revealed an overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings, even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset(2-5). Our findings show that analytical flexibility can have substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and identify factors that may be related to variability in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for performing and reporting multiple analyses of the same data. Potential approaches that could be used to mitigate issues related to analytical variability are discussed. The results obtained by seventy different teams analysing the same functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset show substantial variation, highlighting the influence of analytical choices and the importance of sharing workflows publicly and performing multiple analyses.
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| 2. |
- Omar, Faisal, et al.
(author)
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Attitudes towards priority-setting and rationing in healthcare - an exploratory survey of Swedish medical students
- 2009
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : Sage Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 37:2, s. 122-130
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Healthcare priority-setting is inextricably linked to the challenge of providing publicly funded healthcare within a limited budget, which may result in difficult and potentially controversial rationing decisions. Despite priority-settings increasing prominence in policy and academic discussion, it is still unclear what the level of understanding and acceptance of priority-setting is at different levels of health care. Aims: The aim of this study is threefold. First we wish to explore the level of familiarity with different aspects of priority-setting among graduating medical students. Secondly, to gauge their acceptance of both established and proposed Swedish priority-setting principles. Finally to elucidate their attitudes towards healthcare rationing and the role of different actors in decision making, with a particular interest in comparing the attitudes of medical students with data from the literature examining the attitudes among primary care patients in Sweden. Methods: A cross-sectional survey containing 14 multiple choice items about priority-setting in healthcare was distributed to the graduating medical class at Linkoping University. The response rate was 92% (43/47). Results: Less than half of respondents have encountered the notion of open priority-setting, and the majority believed it to be somewhat or very unclear. There is a high degree of awareness and agreement with the established ethical principles for priority-setting in Swedish health care; however respondents are inconsistent in their application of the cost-effectiveness principle. A larger proportion of respondents were more favourable to physicians and other health personnel being responsible for rationing decisions as opposed to politicians. Conclusions: Future discussion about priority-setting in medical education should be contextualized within an explicit and open process. There is a need to adequately clarify the role of the cost-effectiveness principle in priority-setting. Medical students seem to acknowledge the need for rationing in healthcare to a greater extent when compared with previous results from Swedish primary care patients.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Omar, Faisal, et al.
(author)
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Transplant tourism and compensated kidney donation : A survey of opinions amongst Swedish medical students
- 2010
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In: International Journal of Health Promotion & Education. - 1463-5240. ; 48:4, s. 106-112
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Transplant tourism and proposals for regulated compensated donation are reactions to the global scarcity in kidneys. These areas raise unique ethical challenges in medical education and clinical practice. We aimed to elucidate the opinions of soon-to-be physicians on transplant tourism, and compensated donation. We investigated how these opinions are formed, if they are interrelated, and their impact on encounters with patients. Design and Methods: a 14 item survey was developed using cognitive interviewing techniques, and distributed to the graduating class at Linköping Medical University. Spearman's correlation coefficient and Pearson's chi-square test were employed to investigate significant associations. Results: The response rate was 43/47 (92%). The majority were strongly (64%), or somewhat (29%) against transplant tourism. Those with strong negative positions on transplant tourism were significantly (p<0.05) more likely to dissuade patients from pursuing it. More students expressed support for regulated compensation from a clinical perspective (34%) as compared with support from an ethical perspective (15%). Conclusions: The opinions of young physicians on transplant tourism are a significant indicator for their clinical approach. Young physicians balance competing ethical responsibilities such as respect for autonomy against concerns for kidney vendors in the developing world. Clinical and policy scenarios, similar to those used in this survey are useful tools for students to explore challenging ethical issues within their medical education, to provide appropriate guidance for patients and empower them through health education.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Tinghög, Gustav, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Horizontal Inequality in Rationing by Waiting Lists
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Health Services. - : Baywood Publishing Company, Inc.. - 0020-7314 .- 1541-4469. ; 44:1, s. 169-184
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this article was to investigate the existence of horizontal inequality in access to care for six categories of elective surgery in a publicly funded system, when care is rationed through waiting lists. Administrative waiting time data on all elective surgeries (n = 4,634) performed in Östergötland, Sweden, in 2007 were linked to national registers containing variables on socioeconomic indicators. Using multiple regression, we tested five hypotheses reflecting that more resourceful groups receive priority when rationing by waiting lists. Low disposable household income predicted longer waiting times for orthopedic surgery (27%, p < 0.01) and general surgery (34%,p < 0.05). However, no significant differences on the basis of ethnicity and gender were detected. A particularly noteworthy finding was that disposable household income appeared to be an increasingly influential factor when the waiting times were longer. Our findings reveal horizontal inequalities in access to elective surgeries, but only to a limited extent. Whether this is good or bad depends on one's moral inclination. From a policymaker's perspective, it is nevertheless important to recognize that horizontal inequalities arise even though care is not rationed through ability to pay.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Andersson, David
(author)
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Deciding Fast and Slow : How Intuitive and Reflective Thinking Influence Decision Making
- 2016
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Paper I “Intuition and cooperation reconsidered”: Does intuition make people more cooperative? Rand et al. (Rand, Greene, & Nowak, 2012) reported increased cooperation in social dilemmas after forcing individuals to decide quickly. We test the robustness of this finding in a series of five experiments involving about 2,500 subjects in three countries. None of the experiments confirms the Rand et al. (2012) finding, indicating that their result was an artefact of excluding about 50% of the subjects who failed to respond on time.Paper II “Intuition and moral decision-making – the effect of time pressure and cognitive load on moral judgment and altruistic behavior”: Do individuals intuitively favor certain moral actions over others? This study explores the role of intuitive thinking — induced by time pressure and cognitive load — in moral judgment and behavior. Overall we find converging evidence that intuitive states do not influence moral decisions. Across all samples and decision tasks men were more likely to make utilitarian moral judgments and act selfishly compared to women, providing further evidence that there are robust gender differences in moral decision-making.Paper III “Public views on policies involving nudges”: When should nudging be deemed as permissible and when should it be deemed as intrusive to individuals’ freedom of choice? The main objective of this study is to elicit public views on the use of nudges in policy. In particular we investigate attitudes toward two broad categories of nudges that we label pro-self (i.e. focusing on private welfare) and pro-social (i.e. focusing on social welfare) nudges. Results show that the level of acceptance toward nudge-policies was generally high. Nudge polices classified as pro-social had a significantly lower acceptance rate compared to pro-self nudges.Paper IV “The effect of fast and slow decisions on financial risk-taking”: Are individuals financial risk taking influenced by time available? We experimentally compare fast and slow decisions in a series of experiments on financial risk taking in three countries involving over 1,700 subjects. We find that time pressure increases risk aversion for gains and risk taking for losses compared to time delay; implying that time pressure increase the reflection effect of Prospect Theory.Paper V “Incidental effect and financial risk-taking – a neural investigation: This study builds on the results from Paper IV. Here I explore the influence of incidental negative emotions on financial risk-taking in an fMRI environment in order to assess underlying neural mechanisms. I experimentally compare neutral and unpleasant valence framing on gambles involving pure monetary gain and pure monetary loss. I find a significantly increased BOLD response in left amygdala and bilateral visual cortex when contrasting when showing unpleasant pictures, a neural effect which is in line with previous neuroimaging studies on negative emotions. However the neural effect of showing unpleasant pictures did not affect choices in the risk tasks. Consequently, I did not find any support for the hypothesis that the reflection effect of Prospect theory should be more pronounced when making risky choices influenced by incidental negative emotions.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Andersson, Per A., et al.
(author)
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Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies
- 2024
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Research. - 2045-2322. ; 14:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.
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| 12. |
- Andersson, Per A, 1986-
(author)
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Norms in Prosocial Decisions : The Role of Observability, Avoidance, and Conditionality
- 2022
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Prosocial behaviors benefit other people and range from donations to charity to behavior limiting the spread of disease, such as masking and vaccination. The overarching purpose of this thesis was to contribute to our understanding of how social norms and conformity affect prosocial behavior. Here, three norm-related factors that affect such prosocial behavior were investigated: observability, avoidance and conditionality. Observability concerns whether a person is being observed during prosocial decisions, which can typically increase conformity to norms. Avoidance concerns whether a person avoids or seeks out knowledge about prosocial norms. Conditionality concerns the conditional nature of when behavior shifts occur in relation to others behavior. For instance, a person may want to follow a prosocial norm only if a very large majority adheres to it, or only if the goal of the norm is realistic to attain. Paper I focused on observability of prosocial decisions. Making decisions while knowing they would be shown to others increased prosocial behavior in the form of cooperation in a Public Goods Game, and preferences for deontological choices in moral dilemmas, but not donations given to charity. Paper II examined the existence of avoidance behavior regarding social norm about donations. Such norm avoiders appeared to be comprised of both prosocial and less prosocial individuals. Paper III investigated the interplay between descriptive (what people do) and injunctive (what one should do) norms in regards to masking during COVID-19. Paper IV then explored how varying the goal set for a prosocial norm affects willingness to try to achieve the goal, in the context of thresholds for herd immunity and vaccines for COVID-19. Some individuals were demotivated by seeing a higher goal as harder to achieve and others were motivated by believing a higher goal to lead to more people getting vaccinated. Taken together, these papers point to the inherent complexity of how norms relate to prosocial behavior, and suggest relevant aspects to consider when wanting to promote prosocial behavior.
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| 13. |
- Andersson, Per A, 1986-, et al.
(author)
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Prosocial and moral behavior under decision reveal in a public environment
- 2020
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In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - : Elsevier. - 2214-8043 .- 2214-8051. ; 87
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- People may act differently in public environments due to actual reputation concerns, or due to the mere presence of others. Unlike previous studies on the influence of observability on prosocial behavior we control for the latter while manipulating the former, i.e. we control for implicit reputation concerns while manipulating explicit. We show that revealing decisions in public did not affect altruistic behavior, while it increased cooperation and made subjects less likely to make utilitarian judgments in sacrificial dilemmas (i.e., harming one to save many). Our findings are in line with theoretical models suggesting that people, at large, are averse to standing out in both positive and negative ways when it comes to altruistic giving. This "wallflower effect" does however not seem to extend to decisions on cooperation and moral judgments made in public.
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| 14. |
- Andersson, Per, et al.
(author)
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The effect of herd immunity thresholds on willingness to vaccinate
- 2022
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In: Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2662-9992. ; 9:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, media and policymakers openly speculated about the number of immune citizens needed to reach a herd immunity threshold. What are the effects of such numerical goals on the willingness to vaccinate? In a large representative sample (N = 1540) of unvaccinated Swedish citizens, we find that giving a low (60%) compared to a high (90%) threshold has direct effects on beliefs about reaching herd immunity and beliefs about how many others that will get vaccinated. Presenting the high threshold makes people believe that herd immunity is harder to reach (on average about half a step on a seven-point scale), compared to the low threshold. Yet at the same time, people also believe that a higher number of the population will get vaccinated (on average about 3.3% more of the population). Since these beliefs affect willingness to vaccinate in opposite directions, some individuals are encouraged and others discouraged depending on the threshold presented. Specifically, in mediation analysis, the high threshold indirectly increases vaccination willingness through the belief that many others will get vaccinated (B = 0.027, p = 0.003). At the same time, the high threshold also decreases vaccination willingness through the belief that the threshold goal is less attainable (B = -0.053, p < 0.001) compared to the low threshold condition. This has consequences for ongoing COVID-19 vaccination and future vaccination campaigns. One message may not fit all, as different groups can be encouraged or discouraged from vaccination.
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| 15. |
- Arvidsson, Eva, 1959-, et al.
(author)
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Vägen framåt
- 2013
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In: Att välja rättvist. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. ; , s. 207-214
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Som vi visat har utvecklingen av metoder och strukturer för öppna prioriteringar i Sverige kommit långt. Många frågor återstår likväl. Under vårt arbete med denna bok har vi identifierat ett antal förbättringsområden och utmaningar som vi avslutningsvis vill lyfta fram. Det rör sig om vilka som ska delta i prioriteringarna, tydliggörande av värdegrunden, behov av bättre kunskap, baserad på både vetenskaplig metod och erfarenhet, och fortsatt utveckling av prioriteringsprocesser på olika nivåer och i olika sammanhang. Även om vi i Sverige skulle nå en god enighet kring principer och kriterier för prioriteringar så kommer vi alltid finna många olika sätt att praktiskt lösa specifika prioriteringsproblem.
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| 16. |
- Azevedo, Flavio, et al.
(author)
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Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries
- 2023
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In: Scientific Data. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2052-4463. ; 10:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables.
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| 17. |
- Barrafrem, Kinga, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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Behavioral and contextual determinants of different stages of saving behavior
- 2024
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In: Frontiers in Behavioral Economics. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2813-5296.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Saving is a journey, beginning with the critical decision to initiate the process, take that pivotal first deposit step, and persistently commit to ongoing savings. However, a lot of saving plans fail already before any deposit is made, and even if the first deposit is made, long-run success of savings is far from guaranteed. In this study, we investigate both individual and saving-goal-specific determinants of successful savings.Method: We use real-life savings data (N = 2,619 saving goals of 808 individuals) from a FinTech company in Sweden that helps individuals save for their goals. In addition, we collect a wide range of individual characteristics related to financial behavior: individuals' objective and subjective financial knowledge, self-control, and information avoidance.Results and discussion: Our analysis uncovered distinctive patterns at different stages of the saving process. While objective financial knowledge didn't correlate with how much one saves, it was significantly related to the likelihood of making the first deposit. Furthermore, individuals with high self-control exhibited greater savings, though self-control was not related to the initiation of saving. Interestingly, subjective financial literacy and information avoidance showed no significant association with overall savings behavior. Additionally, our study indicated that the attainability of goals plays a crucial role in depositing funds, with more achievable goals having higher deposit likelihoods. Conversely, ambitious goals, despite their challenging nature, tended to attract more substantial savings. Our findings, grounded in real-life data, provide valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms influencing successful saving behaviors, shedding light on the complexities of financial decision-making and goal pursuit.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Barrafrem, Kinga, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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Financial well-being, COVID-19, and the financial better-than-average-effect
- 2020
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In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6350 .- 2214-6369. ; 28
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- At the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak we conducted two surveys in the United Kingdom and Sweden (N=2021) regarding how people assess the near future economic situation within their household, nation, and the world. Together with psychological factors related to information processing we link these prospects to financial well-being. We find that, although generally very pessimistic, a substantial proportion of individuals believes that their households' economy will be doing substantially better than the national and global economy, suggesting a "financial better-than-average" effect. Furthermore, we find that the pessimism regarding future household economic situation and being financially ignorant are associated with decreased financial well-being, while the (inter)national economic situation is not. This study shows how contextual factors and personal aspects shape financial well-being during turbulent and stressful times.
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| 20. |
- Barrafrem, Kinga, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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The arithmetic of outcome editing in financial and social domains
- 2021
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In: Journal of Economic Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0167-4870 .- 1872-7719. ; 86
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Outcome editing refers to a set of mental rules that people apply when deciding whether to evaluate multiple outcomes jointly or separately, which subsequently affects choice. In a large-scale online survey (n = 2062) we investigate whether individuals use the same outcome editing rules for financial outcomes (e.g., a lottery win) and social outcomes (e.g., a party with friends). We also test the role of numeric ability in explaining outcome editing. Our results show that people’s preferences for combining or separating events depend on whether those events are in the financial or the social domain. Specifically, individuals were more likely to segregate social outcomes than monetary outcomes, except for when all outcomes were negative. Moreover, numeric ability was associated with preferences for outcome editing in the financial domain but not in the social domain. Our findings extend the understanding of the arithmetic operations underlying outcome editing and suggest that people rely more on calculations when making choices involving multiple financial outcomes and more on feelings when making choices involving social outcomes.
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| 21. |
- Barrafrem, Kinga, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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Trust in the government increases financial well-being and general well-being during COVID-19
- 2021
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In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance. - : ELSEVIER. - 2214-6350 .- 2214-6369. ; 31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigate the antecedents of subjective financial well-being and general well-being during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In an online survey conducted in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic with over 1000 Swedish participants we found that distrust in the government to cope with financial (but not healthcare) challenges of the pandemic was negatively related to the feeling of financial security. In a structural equation model, we also show that trust in government to deal with financial challenges of COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on general well-being through the mediating channel of financial well-being. In addition, trust in government to deal with healthcare challenges of COVID-19 pandemic has a significant direct impact on individuals’ general well-being. Our findings have important implications for public policy as they highlight the importance of citizens’ trust in well-functioning governmental institutions to help cope with not only healthcare, but also financial challenges of an ongoing pandemic.
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| 22. |
- Bouwmeester, S, et al.
(author)
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Registered Replication Report: Rand, Greene, and Nowak (2012) : Multilab direct replication of: Study 7 from Rand, D. G., Greene, J. D., & Nowak, M. A. (2012) Spontaneous giving and calculated greed. Nature, 489, 427–430.
- 2017
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In: Perspectives on Psychological Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1745-6916 .- 1745-6924. ; 12:3, s. 527-542
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In an anonymous 4-person economic game, participants contributed more money to a common project (i.e., cooperated) when required to decide quickly than when forced to delay their decision (Rand, Greene & Nowak, 2012), a pattern consistent with the social heuristics hypothesis proposed by Rand and colleagues. The results of studies using time pressure have been mixed, with some replication attempts observing similar patterns (e.g., Rand et al., 2014) and others observing null effects (e.g., Tinghög et al., 2013; Verkoeijen & Bouwmeester, 2014). This Registered Replication Report (RRR) assessed the size and variability of the effect of time pressure on cooperative decisions by combining 21 separate, preregistered replications of the critical conditions from Study 7 of the original article (Rand et al., 2012). The primary planned analysis used data from all participants who were randomly assigned to conditions and who met the protocol inclusion criteria (an intent-to-treat approach that included the 65.9% of participants in the time-pressure condition and 7.5% in the forced-delay condition who did not adhere to the time constraints), and we observed a difference in contributions of −0.37 percentage points compared with an 8.6 percentage point difference calculated from the original data. Analyzing the data as the original article did, including data only for participants who complied with the time constraints, the RRR observed a 10.37 percentage point difference in contributions compared with a 15.31 percentage point difference in the original study. In combination, the results of the intent-to-treat analysis and the compliant-only analysis are consistent with the presence of selection biases and the absence of a causal effect of time pressure on cooperation.
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| 23. |
- Bouwmeester, Sjoerd, et al.
(author)
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Registered Replication Report : Rand, Greene, and Nowak (2012)
- 2017
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In: Perspectives on Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1745-6916 .- 1745-6924. ; 12:3, s. 527-542
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In an anonymous 4-person economic game, participants contributed more money to a common project (i.e., cooperated) when required to decide quickly than when forced to delay their decision (Rand, Greene & Nowak, 2012), a pattern consistent with the social heuristics hypothesis proposed by Rand and colleagues. The results of studies using time pressure have been mixed, with some replication attempts observing similar patterns (e.g., Rand et al., 2014) and others observing null effects (e.g., Tinghög et al., 2013; Verkoeijen & Bouwmeester, 2014). This Registered Replication Report (RRR) assessed the size and variability of the effect of time pressure on cooperative decisions by combining 21 separate, preregistered replications of the critical conditions from Study 7 of the original article (Rand et al., 2012). The primary planned analysis used data from all participants who were randomly assigned to conditions and who met the protocol inclusion criteria (an intent-to-treat approach that included the 65.9% of participants in the time-pressure condition and 7.5% in the forced-delay condition who did not adhere to the time constraints), and we observed a difference in contributions of −0.37 percentage points compared with an 8.6 percentage point difference calculated from the original data. Analyzing the data as the original article did, including data only for participants who complied with the time constraints, the RRR observed a 10.37 percentage point difference in contributions compared with a 15.31 percentage point difference in the original study. In combination, the results of the intent-to-treat analysis and the compliant-only analysis are consistent with the presence of selection biases and the absence of a causal effect of time pressure on cooperation.
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| 24. |
- Brodtkorb, Thor-Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Cost-effectiveness of clean air administered to the breathing zone in allergic asthma
- 2010
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In: CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL. - 1752-6981. ; 4:2, s. 104-110
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Airsonett Airshower (AA) is a novel non-pharmaceutical treatment for patients with perennial allergic asthma that uses a laminar airflow directed to the breathing zone of patients during sleep. It has been shown that AA treatment in addition to optimized standard therapy significantly increases asthma-related quality of life among adolescent asthmatics. However, the cost-effectiveness of AA treatment has not yet been assessed. As reimbursement decisions are increasingly guided by results from the cost-effectiveness analysis, such information is valuable for health-care policy-makers. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of adding AA treatment with allergen-free air during night sleep to optimized standard therapy for adolescents with perennial allergic asthma compared with placebo. Materials and Methods: A probabilistic Markov model was developed to estimate costs and health outcomes over a 5-year period. Costs and effects are presented from a Swedish health-care perspective (QALYs). The main outcome of interest was cost per QALY gained. Results: The Airshower strategy resulted in a mean gain of 0.25 QALYs per patient, thus yielding a cost per QALY gained of under 35 000 as long as the cost of Airshower is below 8200. Conclusions: Adding AA treatment to optimized standard therapy for adolescents with perennial allergic asthma compared with placebo is generating additional QALYs at a reasonable cost. However, further studies taking more detailed resource use and events such as exacerbations into account would be needed to fully evaluate the cost-effectiveness of AA treatment. Please cite this paper as: Brodtkorb T-H, Zetterstrom O and Tinghog G. Cost-effectiveness of clean air administered to the breathing zone in allergic asthma.
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| 25. |
- Carlsson, Per, et al.
(author)
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Läkemedel : när är det rimligt att betala själv?
- 2013. - 1
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Samhällets ekonomiska resurser är begränsade och därför finns det ingen möjlighet att offentligt finansiera alla vårdtjänster som har en positiv effekt. Prioritering och ransonering av hälso- och sjukvård är därmed ofrånkomlig. Ett sätt att göra detta på är att låta individen finansiera vissa produkter och tjänster direkt ur egen ficka. Gränsdragningen mellan det individuella och det offentliga ansvaret för finansiering av sjukvård är dock en komplex och politiskt känslig fråga, men den förtjänar likväl en öppen och konstruktiv diskussion. Vår utgångspunkt är att den svenska hälso- och sjukvården under överskådlig tid i huvudsak kommer att förbli offentligt finansierad, men vi konstaterar att en betydande andel av vården idag är privat finansierad. För att personer ska kunna ta ett eget ansvar för finansieringen krävs vissa förutsättningar. Det är därför viktigt att uppmärksamma var, när och hur det är rimligt att individen får ta ett eget ansvar för att finansiera sin vård, och när motsatsen gäller. Denna diskussion kan ta sin utgångspunkt i de etiska principer för prioriteringarsom gäller i Sverige: människovärdesprincipen, behovs-solidaritetsprincipen och kostnadseffektivitetsprincipen.Det övergripande syftet med denna rapport är att analysera och diskutera grunden för egenansvar vid finansiering av vård. Syftet är också att presentera ett ramverk för att bedöma lämpligheten av egenfinansiering och applicera detta ramverk på läkemedelsområdet.Ramverket består av sex kriterier/egenskaper kopplade till den specifika vårdinsatsen/produkten som bör vara delvis eller helt uppfyllda för att egenfinansiering ska bedömas som rimlig.Den aktuella vårdinsatsen/produkten bör vara sådan att flertalet individer har god förmåga att värdera behov och kvalitet både före och efter användning.Den aktuella vårdinsatsen/produkten bör främst utnyttjas av individer som kan betecknas som autonoma och reflekterande i sitt beslutsfattande.Den aktuella vårdinsatsen/produkten bör ge små posi tiva externa effekter.Kostnaden för den aktuella vårdinsatsen/produkten bör vara överkomlig för de flesta som har behov av den.Efterfrågan på den aktuella vårdinsatsen/produkten bör vara tillräckligt omfattande och regelbunden för att en privat marknad ska kunna uppstå.Vårdinsatser/produkter som syftar till att förbättra prestationer, funktion eller utseende, utöver vad som anses normalt snarare än medicinsk nödvändigt, är mer lämpade för privat finansiering.Sammanfattningsvis dras följande slutsatser i rapporten:Det finns idag en inte obetydlig mängd läkemedel som finansieras privat. Motiven för vad som finansieras privat eller offentligt är dock ofta oklara. Det finns också olikheter mellan landsting när det gäller finansiering av vårdtjänster och sjukvårdsprodukter.Det finns två huvudsakliga typer av egenansvar som kan beaktas vid prioriteringsbeslut: Ansvar för egen hälsa som fokuserar på individers tidigare hälsorelaterade livsstilsval. Ansvar för egen vård som fokuserar på vilka sjukvårdstjänster individer faktiskt klarar att ombesörja och finansiera själva.Ansvar för egen vård är den mest policyrelevanta formen av egenansvar eftersom det kan vara svårt att fastställa samband mellan beteende och ohälsa.Tillräcklig kunskap, individuell autonomi, externa effekter, tillräcklig efterfrågan, överkomligt pris och livsstilsförbättring är relevanta faktorer att beakta vid bedömning av egenfinansiering av läkemedel. Den form av egenansvar för finansiering som presenteras i rapporten 11 är i hög grad förenlig med intentionerna i människovärdesprincipen och behovs-solidaritetsprincipen.Det kan uppstå en konflikt mellan det presenterade ramverket och kostnadseffektivitetsprincipen när kostnadseffektiva läkemedel möjliggör egenansvar och därför med fördel kan finansieras privat trots en god kostnadseffektivitet.Mycket dyra läkemedel som inte är kostnadseffektiva är inte heller lämpliga för egenansvar. Samtidigt har samhället svårt att neka personer tillgång till verksamma läkemedel vid svår sjukdom. För att lösa detta dilemma bör man överväga möjligheten att samhället betalar för sådana läkemedel upp till den nivå där dessa bedöms kostnadseffektiva. Kostnaden därutöver skulle patienten kunna få möjlighet att finansiera själv. Sådana lösningar innebär antagligen en rad komplikationer som behöver utredas noga.För att egenansvar ska kunna tillämpas systematiskt och öppet vidprio riteringar behöver antagligen ett tidigare förslag från Socialstyrelsen till regeringen om att genomföra en översyn av den etiska plattformen aktualiseras på nytt.Det är angeläget att studera i vilken utsträckning privat finansiering leder till ökade skillnader i konsumtion och hälsa inom olika socioekonomiska grupper.Det finns inga perfekta lösningar för hur samhället ska dra gränsen för det offentliga åtagandet. Olika värden måste alltid balanseras mot varandra i syfte att uppnå en hälso- och sjukvård som är både rättvis och effektiv.
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| 26. |
- Carlsson, Per, et al.
(author)
-
Nationellt system för utvärdering, prioritering och införandebeslut av icke-farmakologiska sjukvårdsteknologier : en förstudie
- 2010
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Behovet av ett system för nationella utvärderingar för andra sjukvårdsteknologier än läkemedel har aktualiserats. Det finns flera förslag om att införa en typ av ”behandlingsförmånsnämnd”. Socialstyrelsen, Läkemedelsverket, SBU och TLV har gemensamt uppdragit åt Centrum för utvärdering av medicinsk teknologi (CMT) vid Linköpings universitet att genomföra en förstudie som belyser problem och analyserar förutsättningarna för nationella utvärderingar inom området. Förstudien ska ge underlag för myndigheternas ställningstagande till om det finns behov av att ta ytterligare utredningsinitiativ.Förstudiens övergripande syfte är att skapa en bakgrundsbeskrivning för hur utvärdering, prioritering och införandebeslut av nya icke-farmakologiska sjukvårdsteknologier genomförs i Sverige och andra länder idag. Underliggande frågeställningar som undersöks är: Hur kan man i syfte att avgränsa införandebeslut, definiera och kategorisera icke-farmakologiska teknologier?Hur är det nuvarande systemet för utvärdering, prioritering och införandebeslut i Sverige uppbyggt med fokus på SBU, Läkemedelsverket, Socialstyrelsen och TLV?Hur har andra länder organiserat sina system för utvärdering, prioritering och införandebeslut av icke-farmakologiska teknologier?Inom ramen för projektet har det inte varit möjligt att studera andra länders sjukvårdssystem i detalj på plats. Vi har varit hänvisade till beskrivningar av systemen i andra länder baserade på vetenskapliga artiklar, rapporter samt olika organisationers officiella dokument etc. som finns tillgängliga på Internet. Detta har i vissa fall kompletterats med intervjuer med nyckelpersoner. Samma sak gäller för beskrivningen av de svenska myndigheterna. Information om förekomsten av olika typer av teknologier har hämtats från officiella sammanställningar och registerdata. Vi redovisar information från sex länder där vi funnit tillräckligt med information för att preliminärt kunna besvara de frågor vi formulerat i förväg. Dessa länder är Australien, Nya Zeeland, England, Spanien, Italien, Kanada och USA.Vi drar följande slutsatser från förstudien:Det är relativt komplicerat att definiera vad vi menar med andra sjukvårdsteknologier än de som är baserade på läkemedel och avgränsa de teknologier som kan tänkas bli föremål för en reglering. Vårt praktiska försök att beskriva de teknologier som SBU Alert utvärderat visar:att kirurgiska åtgärder och medicinska åtgärder dominerar men även förhållandevis många screeningprogram har blivit utvärderade,att bland insatsfaktorerna dominerar medicinteknisk utrustning tillsammans med läkemedel. Aktiva implantat och biologiska produkter är också relativt vanligt förekommande. Hjälpmedel och dentala produkter ingår nästan inte alls som primär insatsfaktor,att de allra flesta teknologier används primärt i behandlande syfte. Diagnostiska teknologier är också relativt vanliga.När vi tar bort läkemedel ur sammanställningen och kombinerar åtgärd och insatsfaktor bildas 18 olika kategorier av sjukvårdteknologier som SBU Alert utvärderat. Här dominerar kombinationen kirurgisk åtgärd och medicinteknisk utrustning. Därefter följer kirurgisk åtgärd och insättning av aktivt implantat. Vi föreslår i rapporten ett sätt att definiera och klassificera teknologier som vi funnit användbart för ändamålet. Denna utesluter inte läkemedel utan läkemedel ingår som en insatsfaktor bland flera.Ett annat syfte var att skapa en bakgrundsbeskrivning för hur utvärdering, prioritering och införandebeslut av nya icke-farmakologiska teknologier genomförs i Sverige och andra länder idag. Vi har identifierat ett antal centrala komponenter som vi anser är värda att beakta vid en utformning av ett nationellt system för utvärdering, prioritering och införandebeslut av nya ickefarmakologiska sjukvårdsteknologier. Dessa komponenter är:Organisatorisk nivå - På vilken organisatorisk nivå bör införandebeslut avicke-farmakologiska sjukvårdsteknologier ske?Omfattning- Bör man vara allomfattande eller selektiv vid inklusion/urval avsjukvårdsteknologier för utvärdering?Baspaket - Bör det finnas en baslista som visar vad som finansieras medoffentliga medel eller är det tillräckligt att enbart redovisa nya beslut påmarginalen?Mångfald av aktörer - Bör det vara en eller många aktörer som svarar förutvärdering, prioritering och beslut om finansiering?Faktaproducent - Vem är lämpligast att tillhandahålla faktaunderlaget?Öppenhet - Hur öppen bör man vara i sin redovisning av beslutsprocess ochresultat?Politisk involvering - Hur politiskt oberoende bör besluten vara?Budgetansvar - Bör det finnas ett budgetansvar hos den enhet som rekommenderar eller fattar införandebeslut?Nytt och gammalt - Bör besluten gälla både införande av nya teknologier och tmönstring av gamla?Värdegrund – Bör det finnas en explicit värdegrund för prioriteringar och hur bör den utformas?Omprövning - Bör det finnas en mekanism för omprövning av beslut?Sammanfattningsvis ser vi en utveckling i andra länder som går i riktning mot en ökad grad av utvärdering och prioritering vid beslut avseende införande av andra sjukvårdsteknologier än läkemedel. Vårt preliminära intryck är att i stort sett samtliga system vi studerat fortfarande är under utveckling och att de ännu inte funnit sina former. I t.ex. Australien och Nya Zeeland känner vi till att pågår det utredningar som föreslår eller ska komma med förslag till förbättringar.Våra än så länge begränsade studier av olika länders system har visat att det inte finns något perfekt system att kopiera direkt. Sättet på vilket de olika systemen är uppbyggda hänger delvis samman med hur respektive lands sjukvård är organiserad och hur mycket resurser som man har valt att avsätta för detta ändamål. Resultatet från förstudien visar emellertid att det finns ett antal länder som har större erfarenhet av ”godkännande” av icke-läkemedelsbaserade teknologier än vad vi har i Sverige. De mest intressanta länderna är England, Nya Zeeland, Kanada och Australien. Möjligen kan Spanien också vara av intresse. Det finns därför stor anledning att överväga hur man på bästa sätt kan fördjupa sig i dessa länders system och komplettera med erfarenheter från ytterligare några länder som vi inte haft möjlighet att studera i förstudien. Dit hör Nederländerna, Israel, Frankrike och Norge.För att kunna bli skarpare i analysen av andra system vid ett eventuellt fortsatt arbete bör man antagligen utgå från en eller flera modeller för en svensk mekanism. För att komma fram till en eller flera sådana tentativa modeller bör landstingen involveras i arbetet. Detta kan ske genom att arrangera en workshop med representanter från myndigheter, landstingen och yrkesförbund som tillsammans tar ställning till och vidareutvecklar preliminära modeller som sedan kan analyseras och diskuteras i ljuset av erfarenheter från andra länder.
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| 27. |
- Carlsson, Per, et al.
(author)
-
Vilken vård bör vi betala själva?
- 2013
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In: Svenska Dagbladet. - 1101-2412.
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Det saknas tydliga principer i vården för att avgöra vad som ska finansieras privat respektive offentligt. Därför blir besluten ofta godtyckliga. Varför ska vi till exempel betala privat för glasögon medan hörapparater står det offentliga för?
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| 28. |
- Eriksson, Thérèse, et al.
(author)
-
Samhällskostnader för hudcancer 2011
- 2014
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- BakgrundUnder senare år har antalet nya fall av hudcancer kraftigt ökat. I Sverige har antalet dödsfall till följd av hudcancer ökat med 38 procent mellan åren 1997 och 2011. Denna utveckling leder inte enbart till ökat mänskligt lidande i samband med sjukdom utan också till en ökad ekonomisk börda för samhället. Det är därför av stor vikt att motverka denna oroande utveckling för att undvika en allt tyngre samhällsbörda till följd av hudcancer.SyfteI denna rapport presenteras förekomsten av olika hudcancerdiagnoser i Sverige 2011 samt samhällskostnaderna relaterat till dessa diagnoser. Dessutom redovisas en sammanställning av genomförda hälsoekonomiska utvärderingar av preventiva insatser mot hudcancer som finns publicerat internationellt.Resultatet från studien utgör även ett viktigt kunskapsunderlag i uppföljningen och vid måluppfyllelsebedömningen av miljökvalitetsmåletSäker strålmiljö.ResultatDe totala kostnaderna för hudcancer i Sverige år 2011 beräknas till 1,58 miljarder kronor. Direkta kostnader (dvs. sjukvårdskostnader) uppgick till 909 miljoner kronor (58 procent), medan indirekta kostnader(dvs. produktionsbortfall) uppgick till 671 miljoner kronor (42 procent). Malignt melanom är den enskilda hudcancerdiagnos som står för de största samhällskostnaderna, 830 miljoner kronor. Det är framförallt kostnaderna kopplade till produktionsbortfall vid dödsfall som bidrar till att malignt melanom är den samhällsekonomiskt mest belastande hudcancerformen. Icke melanom hudcancer står dock för de största sjukvårdskostnaderna, 348 miljoner kronor. Detta beror främst på att dessa cancertyper sammantaget är betydligt vanligare förekommande än malignt melanom. Kostnaderna som presenteras i rapporten visar på en ökning med 331 miljoner kronor jämfört med de kostnader som presenterades år 2005 i en rapport av Tinghög et al på uppdrag av Statens strålskyddsinstitut (SSI).KonklusionerDen sammantagna slutsatsen baserad på litteraturöversikten av hälsoekonomiska utvärderingar av preventiva metoder mot hudcancer är att det idag saknas studier relevanta för den svenska kontexten där kostnadseffe - tiviteten bedömts. Svårigheten att kunna genomföra randomiserade kontrollerade studier är en bidragande orsak till detta. Framöver bör initiativ för att beräkna kostnadseffektivi eten av preventiva åtgärder efterlysas.
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| 29. |
- Eriksson, Therese, et al.
(author)
-
Societal Cost of Skin Cancer in Sweden in 2011
- 2015
-
In: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. - : Society for the Publication of Acta Dermato - Venereologica. - 0001-5555 .- 1651-2057. ; 95:3, s. 347-348
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 30. |
- Erlandsson, Arvid, 1982-, et al.
(author)
-
Bullshit-sensitivity predicts prosocial behavior
- 2018
-
In: PLOS ONE. - San Francisco, United States : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 13:7
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bullshit-sensitivity is the ability to distinguish pseudo-profound bullshit sentences (e.g. “Your movement transforms universal observations”) from genuinely profound sentences (e.g. “The person who never made a mistake never tried something new”). Although bullshit-sensitivity has been linked to other individual difference measures, it has not yet been shown to predict any actual behavior. We therefore conducted a survey study with over a thousand participants from a general sample of the Swedish population and assessed participants’ bullshit-receptivity (i.e. their perceived meaningfulness of seven bullshit sentences) and profoundness-receptivity (i.e. their perceived meaningfulness of seven genuinely profound sentences), and used these variables to predict two types of prosocial behavior (self-reported donations and a decision to volunteer for charity). Despite bullshit-receptivity and profoundness-receptivity being positively correlated with each other, logistic regression analyses showed that profoundness-receptivity had a positive association whereas bullshit-receptivity had a negative association with both types of prosocial behavior. These relations held up for the most part when controlling for potentially intermediating factors such as cognitive ability, time spent completing the survey, sex, age, level of education, and religiosity. The results suggest that people who are better at distinguishing the pseudo-profound from the actually profound are more prosocial.
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| 31. |
- Erlandsson, Arvid, et al.
(author)
-
Donations to Outgroup Charities, but Not Ingroup Charities, Predict Helping Intentions Toward Street-Beggars in Sweden
- 2019
-
In: Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. - : SAGE Publications. - 0899-7640 .- 1552-7395. ; 48:4, s. 814-838
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article investigates how donation behavior to charitable organizations and helping intentions toward begging European Union (EU)-migrants are related. This question was tested by analyzing survey responses from 1,050 participants sampled from the general Swedish population. Although the overall results suggested that donations to charitable organizations were positively related to helping intentions toward beggars, the results differed substantially as a function of whether the organization was perceived to focus its efforts on outgroup victims or on ingroup victims. Specifically, whereas donation behavior toward outgroup-focused organizations clearly predicted more helping intentions toward beggars (also when controlling for demographics, education, income, religiosity, and political inclination), donation behavior toward ingroup-focused organizations predicted slightly less helping intentions toward beggars. We conclude that the type of charitable organization a person donates to might tell us more about his or her values and preferences than merely whether or not he or she donates at all.
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| 32. |
- Gartner, Manja, et al.
(author)
-
Affect and prosocial behavior : The role of decision mode and individual processing style
- 2022
-
In: Judgment and Decision Making. - : Society for Judgment and Decision Making. - 1930-2975. ; 17:1, s. 1-13
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the effects of experimental manipulation of decision mode (rational "brain" vs. affective "heart") and individual difference in processing styles (intuition vs. deliberation) on prosocial behavior. In a survey experiment with a diverse sample of the Swedish population (n = 1,828), we elicited the individuals processing style and we experimentally manipulated reliance on affect or reason, regardless of subjects preferred mode. Prosocial behavior was measured across a series of commonly used and incentivized games (prisoners dilemma game, public goods game, trust game, dictator game). Our results show that prosocial behavior increased for the affective ("heart") decision mode. Further, individual differences in processing style did not predict prosocial behavior and did not interact with the experimental manipulation.
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| 33. |
- Gråd, Erik, et al.
(author)
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Do nudges crowd out prosocial behavior?
- 2024
-
In: Behavioural Public Policy. - : Cambridge University Press. - 2398-063X .- 2398-0648. ; 8, s. 107-120
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Both theory on motivational crowding and recent empirical evidence suggest that nudging may sometimes backfire and actually crowd out prosocial behavior, due to decreased intrinsic motivation and warm glow. In this study, we tested this claim by investigating the effects of three types of nudges (default nudge, social norm nudge, and moral nudge) on donations to charity in a preregistered online experiment (N = 1098). Furthermore, we manipulated the transparency of the nudges across conditions by explicitly informing subjects of the nudges that were used. Our results show no indication that nudges crowd out prosocial behavior; instead, all three nudges increased donations. The positive effects of the nudges were driven by the subjects who did not perceive the nudges as attempts to manipulate their behavior, while donations among subjects who felt that the nudges were manipulative remained unaffected. Subjects’ self-reported happiness with their choice also remained unaffected. Thus, we find no indication that nudges crowded out warm glow when acting altruistically. Generally, our results are good news for the proponents of nudges in public policy, since they suggest that concerns about unintended motivational crowding effects on prosocial behavior have been overstated.
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| 34. |
- Gustavsson, Erik, 1982-, et al.
(author)
-
Needs and cost-effectiveness in health care priority setting
- 2020
-
In: Health and Technology. - : Springer. - 2190-7188 .- 2190-7196. ; 10:3, s. 611-619
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- How to balance the maximization of health and concerns for the worse off remains a challenge for health care decision makers when setting priorities. In regulatory guidelines these concerns are typically specified in terms of priority setting according to needs and priority setting according to cost-effectiveness. Still, it is often unclear when and why needs and cost-effectiveness diverge or overlap as guiding priority setting principles in practice. We conduct a comparative analysis of need and cost-effectiveness in the context of health care priority setting. Based on theories of distributive justice we specify three normative interpretations of need and explicate how these relate to the normative basis for cost-effectiveness analysis. Using priority-setting dilemmas we then move on to explicate when and why need and cost-effectiveness diverge as priority-setting principles. We find that: (i) although principles of need and cost-effectiveness may recommend the same allocation of resources the underlying reason for an allocation is different; (ii) while they both may give weight to patients who are worse off they do so in different ways and to different degree; and (iii) whereas cost-effectiveness clearly implies the aggregation of benefits across individuals principles of needs give no guidance with regard to if, and if so, how needs should be aggregated. Priority setting according to needs or cost-effectiveness does not necessarily recommend different allocations of resources. Thus, the normative conflict between them, often highlighted in practice, seems exaggerated. For health policy this is important knowledge because unclear conceptions may obstruct an informed public discussion. Moreover, if decision-makers are to properly account for both principles they need to recognize the inconsistencies as well as similarities between the two.
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| 35. |
- Gärtner, Manja, et al.
(author)
-
Decision-making traits and states as determinants of risky choices
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We test the effects of dual processing differences in both individual traits and decision states on risk taking. In an experiment with a large representative sample (N = 1,832), we vary whether risky choices are induced to be based on either emotion or reason, while simultaneously measuring individual decision-making traits. Our results show that decision-making traits are strong and robust determinants of risk taking: a more intuitive trait is associated with more risk taking, while a more deliberative trait is associated with less risk taking. Experimentally induced states, on the other hand, have no effect on risk taking. A test of state-trait interactions shows that the association between an intuitive trait and risk taking becomes weaker in the emotion-inducing state and in the loss domain. In contrast, the association between a deliberative trait and risk taking is stable across states. These findings highlight the importance of considering state-trait interactions when using dual processing theories to predict individual differences in risk taking.
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| 36. |
|
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| 37. |
- Hagger, Martin S., et al.
(author)
-
A Multilab Preregistered Replication of the Ego-Depletion Effect
- 2016
-
In: Perspectives on Psychological Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1745-6916 .- 1745-6924. ; 11:4, s. 546-573
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Good self-control has been linked to adaptive outcomes such as better health, cohesive personal relationships, success in the workplace and at school, and less susceptibility to crime and addictions. In contrast, self-control failure is linked to maladaptive outcomes. Understanding the mechanisms by which self-control predicts behavior may assist in promoting better regulation and outcomes. A popular approach to understanding self-control is the strength or resource depletion model. Self-control is conceptualized as a limited resource that becomes depleted after a period of exertion resulting in self-control failure. The model has typically been tested using a sequential-task experimental paradigm, in which people completing an initial self-control task have reduced self-control capacity and poorer performance on a subsequent task, a state known as ego depletion. Although a meta-analysis of ego-depletion experiments found a medium-sized effect, subsequent meta-analyses have questioned the size and existence of the effect and identified instances of possible bias. The analyses served as a catalyst for the current Registered Replication Report of the ego-depletion effect. Multiple laboratories (k = 23, total N = 2,141) conducted replications of a standardized ego-depletion protocol based on a sequential-task paradigm by Sripada et al. Meta-analysis of the studies revealed that the size of the ego-depletion effect was small with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that encompassed zero (d = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.15]. We discuss implications of the findings for the ego-depletion effect and the resource depletion model of self-control.
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| 38. |
- Hagman, William, 1987-, et al.
(author)
-
Motivated Down-Regulation of Emotion and Compassion Collapse Revisited
- 2022
-
In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Compassion collapse is a phenomenon where feelings and helping behavior decrease as the number of needy increases. But what are the underlying mechanisms for compassion collapse? Previous research has attempted to pit two explanations: Limitations of the feeling system vs. motivated down-regulation of emotion, against each other. In this article, we critically reexamine a previous study comparing these two accounts published in 2011 and present new data that contest motivated down-regulation of emotion as the primary explanation for compassion collapse.
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| 39. |
- Hagman, William, 1987-, et al.
(author)
-
Public Views on Policies Involving Nudges
- 2015
-
In: Review of Philosophy and Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1878-5158 .- 1878-5166. ; 6:3, s. 439-453
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When should nudging be deemed as permissible and when should it be deemed as intrusive to individuals’ freedom of choice? Should all types of nudges be judged the same? To date the debate concerning these issues has largely proceeded without much input from the general public. The main objective of this study is to elicit public views on the use of nudges in policy. In particular we investigate attitudes toward two broad categories of nudges that we label pro-self (i.e. focusing on private welfare) and pro-social (i.e. focusing on social welfare) nudges. In addition we explore how individual differences in thinking and feeling influence attitudes toward nudges. General population samples in Sweden and the United States (n=952) were presented with vignettes describing nudge-policies and rated acceptability and intrusiveness on freedom of choice. To test for individual differences, measures on cultural cognition and analytical thinking were included. Results show that the level of acceptance toward nudge-policies was generally high in both countries, but were slightly higher among Swedes than Americans. Somewhat paradoxically a majority of the respondents also perceived the presented nudge-policies as intrusive to freedom of choice. Nudge- polices classified as pro-social had a significantly lower acceptance rate compared to pro-self nudges (p<.0001). Individuals with a more individualistic worldview were less likely to perceive nudges as acceptable, while individuals more prone to analytical thinking were less likely to perceive nudges as intrusive to freedom of choice. To conclude, our findings suggest that the notion of “one-nudge- fits-all” is not tenable. Recognizing this is an important aspect both for successfully implementing nudges as well as nuancing nudge theory.
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| 40. |
- Hagman, William, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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The effect of paternalistic alternatives on attitudes toward default nudges
- 2022
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In: Behavioural Public Policy. - : Cambridge University Press. - 2398-0648 .- 2398-063X. ; 6:1, s. 95-118
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nudges are increasingly being proposed and used as a policy tool around the world. The success of nudges depends on public acceptance. However, several questions about what makes a nudge acceptable remain unanswered. In this paper, we examine whether policy alternatives to nudges influence the public's acceptance of these nudges: Do attitudes change when the nudge is presented alongside either a more paternalistic policy alternative (legislation) or a less paternalistic alternative (no behavioral intervention)? In two separate samples drawn from the Swedish general public, we find a very small effect of alternatives on the acceptability of various default nudges overall. Surprisingly, we find that when the alternative to the nudge is legislation, acceptance decreases and perceived intrusiveness increases (relative to conditions where the alternative is no regulation). An implication of this finding is that acceptance of nudges may not always automatically increase when nudges are explicitly compared to more paternalistic alternatives.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Hansson, Kajsa, et al.
(author)
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Losing sense of fairness: How information about a level playing field reduces selfish behavior
- 2021
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In: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier. - 0167-2681 .- 1879-1751. ; 190, s. 66-75
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Inaccurate beliefs about procedural fairness often motivate people to act in self-serving and selfish manners. We investigate whether information about a level playing field might mitigate such behaviors. In a pre-registered behavioral experiment ( n = 4 4 4), using a competitive and real-effort task, we manipulate whether participants are informed about the fairness of a competition or not. Following the competition, participants (who either won or lost the competition) decided how to distribute earnings between themselves and their opponent. We show that informing participants about the fairness of the competition reduces selfish behavior among losers, while behavior among winners remains unaffected. Moreover, we show that losers who were not informed about the fairness of the competition incorrectly viewed it as having been unfairly stacked against them (i.e., believing that they encountered significantly more difficult tasks than their opponents). Our findings suggest that information about a level playing field reduces selfish behavior and is important for understanding when and why motivated reasoning about procedural fairness helps people uphold a positive self-image. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )
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| 43. |
- Hansson, Kajsa, 1991-
(author)
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Moral Illusions
- 2022
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Just as optical illusions can trick our visual senses, our moral sense can be misguided by moral illusions. In this thesis, I investigate whether moral illusions can arise from mental shortcuts (availability bias), cognitive biases (attribution bias), contextual factors (possibility to avoid information), and decision rules (democratic decision-making).The results in the thesis provide two main findings. First, I find that moral illusions occur in competitive situations where many people compete for the same reward. In Essay I, I find that inaccurate beliefs about procedural fairness can motivate people to act selfishly, and that simple information cues about procedural fairness can reduce such behavior. In Essay II, I demonstrate that increased confidence has polarizing effects on meritocratic beliefs and that success (as opposed to failure) decreases preferences for redistribution. Second, the results show that moral behavior can be surprisingly similar across contextual factors. In Essay III, I find that the possibility to avoid information about other people’s the efforts has limited effects on selfish behavior. In Essay IV, the results show no evidence that democratic decision-making, as opposed to individual decision making, increases selfish and immoral behavior.The results in the thesis suggest that our moral sense have many similarities with our visual perception. In most cases, it is not significantly affected by contextual factors. However, when the information is vague or uncertain, the brain sometimes fills in missing information and creates images that does not match with reality. The analogy between optical illusions and moral illusion can help us to better understand our own, and others’, moral behavior. We may not always agree with everyone’s interpretations of reality, but we can understand where they come from.
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| 44. |
- Hansson, Kajsa, 1991-, et al.
(author)
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Voting and (im)moral behavior
- 2022
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In: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Due to diffusion of responsibility, majority voting may induce immoral and selfish behavior because voters are rarely solely responsible for the outcome. Across three behavioral experiments (two preregistered; n = 1983), we test this hypothesis in situations where there is a conflict between morality and material self-interest. Participants were randomly assigned to make decisions about extracting money from a charity either in an experimental referendum or individually. We find no evidence that voting induces immoral behavior. Neither do we find that people self-servingly distort their beliefs about their responsibility for the outcome when they vote. If anything, the results suggest that voting makes people less immoral.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Karlsson, Hanna, et al.
(author)
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Acute effects of alcohol on social and personal decision making
- 2022
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In: Neuropsychopharmacology. - : SPRINGERNATURE. - 0893-133X .- 1740-634X. ; 47:4, s. 824-831
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Social drinking is common, but it is unclear how moderate levels of alcohol influence decision making. Most prior studies have focused on adverse long-term effects on cognitive and executive function in people with alcohol use disorders (AUD). Some studies have investigated the acute effects of alcohol on decision making in healthy people, but have predominantly used small samples and focused on a narrow selection of tasks related to personal decision making, e.g., delay or probability discounting. Here, we conducted a large (n = 264), preregistered randomized placebo-controlled study (RCT) using a parallel group design, to systematically assess the acute effects of alcohol on measures of decision making in both personal and social domains. We found a robust effect of a 0.6 g/kg dose of alcohol on both moral judgment and altruistic behavior, but no effects on several measures of risk taking or waiting impulsivity. These findings suggest that alcohol at low to moderate doses selectively moderates decision making in the social domain, and promotes utilitarian decisions over those dictated by rule-based ethical principles (deontological). This is consistent with existing theory that emphasizes the dual roles of shortsighted information processing and salient social cues in shaping decisions made under the influence of alcohol. A better understanding of these effects is important to understand altered social functioning during alcohol intoxication.
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| 47. |
- Kienzler, Mario, et al.
(author)
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Individual differences in susceptibility to financial bullshit
- 2022
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In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6350 .- 2214-6369. ; 34
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- What is the effect of seemingly impressive verbal financial assertions that are presented as true and meaningful but are actually meaningless; that is, financial pseudo-profound bullshit? We develop and validate a novel measurement scale to assess consumers ability to detect and distinguish financial bullshit. We show that this financial bullshit scale captures a unique construct that is only moderately correlated with related constructs such as financial knowledge, numeracy, and cognitive reflection. Consumers particular vulnerable to financial bullshit are more likely to be young, male, have a higher income, and be overconfident with regards to their own financial knowledge. The ability to detect and distinguish financial bullshit also predicts financial well-being while being less predictive of consumers self-reported financial behavior, suggesting that susceptibility to financial bullshit is linked to affective rather than behavioral reactions. Our findings have implications for the understanding of how financial communication impacts consumer decision making and financial well-being.
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| 48. |
- Kirchler, Michael, 1977, et al.
(author)
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The effect of fast and slow decisions on risk taking
- 2017
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In: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 54:1, s. 37-59
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We experimentally compare fast and slow decisions in a series of experiments on financial risk taking in three countries involving over 1700 subjects. To manipulate fast and slow decisions, subjects were randomly allocated to responding within 7 seconds (time pressure) or waiting for at least 7 or 20 seconds (time delay) before responding. To control for different effects of time pressure and time delay on measurement noise, we estimate separate parameters for noise and risk preferences within a random utility framework. We find that time pressure increases risk aversion for gains and risk taking for losses compared to time delay, implying that time pressure increases the reflection effect of Prospect Theory. The results for gains are weaker and less robust than the results for losses. We find no significant difference between time pressure and time delay for loss aversion (tested in only one of the experiments). Time delay also leads to less measurement noise than time pressure and unconstrained decisions, and appears to be an effective way of decreasing noise in experiments.
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| 49. |
- Koppel, Lina, et al.
(author)
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No Effect of Ego Depletion on Risk Taking
- 2019
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In: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigated the effect of ego depletion on risk taking. Specifically, we conducted three studies (total n= 1,716) to test the prediction that ego depletion results in decisions that are more strongly in line with prospect theory, i.e., that ego depletion reduces risk taking for gains, increases risk taking for losses, and increases loss aversion. Ego depletion was induced using two of the most common manipulations from previous literature: the letter e task (Studies 1 and 3) and the Stroop task (Study 2). Risk taking was measured using a series of standard, incentivized economic decision-making tasks assessing risk preferences in the gain domain, risk preferences in the loss domain, and loss aversion. None of the studies revealed a significant effect of ego depletion on risk taking. Our findings cast further doubts about the ability of ego-depletion manipulations to affect actual behavior in experimental settings.
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| 50. |
- Koppel, Lina, 1988-
(author)
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Pain, Touch, and Decision Making : Behavioral and Brain Responses to Affective Somatosensory Stimulation
- 2020
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Stimulation of sensory nerves can give rise to powerful affective experiences. Noxious stimuli can give rise to pain, an unpleasant experience which, in turn, causes suffering and constitutes a major societal burden. Touch, on the other hand, can feel pleasant and plays an important role in social relationships and well-being. Slow, gentle stroking of the skin in particular has been shown to activate C-tactile (CT) afferents, which are thought to signal affective and socially relevant aspects of touch. However, little is known about how pain and affective touch influence everyday decision making.In Paper I, we investigated the effect of acute physical pain on risk taking and intertemporal choice. Participants (n = 109) performed a series of economic decision-making tasks, once while experiencing acute thermal pain and once in a no-pain control condition. Results indicated that pain increased risk taking for monetary gains but not for equivalent losses, and increased impatience.In Paper II, we investigated the effect of affective touch on betrayal aversion, altruism, and risk taking. Participants (n = 120) performed a series of economic decision-making tasks, once while being stroked on the forearm at CT-optimal speed using a soft painter’s brush and once in a no-touch control condition. Results indicated no effect of affective touch on any of the outcome measures.In Paper III, we investigated how the ability to affect an upcoming painful event via voluntary action influences cortical processing of ongoing somatosensory stimulation. fMRI data was collected from 30 participants while they performed a task that involved pressing a response button to reduce the duration of upcoming thermal stimuli. Whole-brain analyses revealed no significant task-related effects in brain regions typically involved in pain, except activation in a cluster in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was greater when upcoming stimulation was painful than when it was nonpainful. However, region-of-interest analyses in anterior insula (AI) and midcingulate cortex (MCC) indicated that the noxious nature of the upcoming stimulation, as well as the ability to affect it, influenced processing of ongoing stimulation in both of these regions. Activation in MCC, but not AI, also correlated with response times.Taken together, these studies contribute to the broader understanding of everyday decision making, and of how affective experiences such as pain and touch shape everyday decisions and behaviors.
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