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- Rider, Jennifer R., et al.
(author)
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iNOS expression and lethal prostate cancer in patients with localized disease
- 2017
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In: Cancer Research. - : American Association for Cancer Research. - 0008-5472 .- 1538-7445. ; :22S
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has demonstrated both tumor-promoting and tumor-inhibiting effects in prostate cancer. However, the relationship between iNOS protein expression and long-term prostate cancer outcomes is unclear. We evaluated iNOS expression in tumor epithelia and stroma in 300 men with localized tumors diagnosed incidentally by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in Sweden. In this extreme case-control design, cases (N=132) died of prostate cancer and controls (N=168) survived at least 8 years following diagnosis without death from prostate cancer or a competing cause. Immunohistochemistry was undertaken with a polyclonal rabbit anti-human NOS2 antibody (Abcam) and the Ventana (Roche) semi-automated staining system. Two observers individually scored the staining according to intensity and number of positive cells from 0-3. The median value across cores in each patient were then categorized as <1, >1-<2, and >2, separately for epithelial and stromal compartments. Odds ratios for lethal prostate cancer were estimated with logistic regression controlling for the matching factors (age, calendar year of diagnosis), as well as tumor stage, Gleason score, and percent tumor. iNOS was expressed by stromal-associated M1 macrophages and fibroblasts, as well as tumor cells. Gleason score was positively associated with both stromal and epithelial iNOS staining. In the stroma, there was no statistically significant association between iNOS expression and lethal prostate cancer after adjustment for clinical covariates. However, the odds of lethal prostate cancer increased with tumor expression of iNOS in the fully adjusted model. Compared to patients with the lowest category of iNOS expression, the odds ratios for lethal prostate cancer were 2.96 (95% CI: 1.26-6.96) for patients in the second category and 3.80 (95% CI: 1.45-9.97) for patients in the top category. These results suggest that iNOS may help to identify patients with aggressive prostate cancer at the time of diagnosis, or may be a therapeutic target. Given previously reported in vitro data suggesting that iNOS promotes proliferation of androgen-independent prostate tumors, future analyses will investigate association between iNOS expression and time to castration-resistant prostate cancer in this patient population.
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| 2. |
- Zhao, Lin, 1995-, et al.
(author)
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Study of different steering feedback models influence during remote driving
- 2021
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In: Proceedings of the 27th IAVSD Symposium on Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks. - Cham : Springer International Publishing.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Steering feedback is one essential aspect to provide real world information, and can influence driving performance during remote driving. In this work, the classical feedback models based on physical characteristics (Physical Model) and modular characteristics (Modular Model) of the steering system are constructed separately, and the influences of it on the remote drivers are studied. Objective and subjective measurement methods are separately used for evaluating the performance of the feedback models. In the subjective assessment, a multi-level assessment method is used for studying the influence of steering models on driver’s intuitive feeling. In the objective assessment, lane following accuracy, steering reversal rates, vehicle speed, time consumption, and throttle engagement are studied for different feedback models and scenarios. Moreover, the human biological information of electroencephalogram and heart rate variability are measured for studying the workload differences. The results showed that the physical model gave drivers a better steering characteristic feel and confidence in remote driving while the modular model could provide better real world feel. Returnability was an important parameter in remote driving, and the level of feedback force and returnability speed could be lower in remote driving compared to real car driving. It was also found that drivers had a higher workload in remote driving compared to real car driving.
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