SwePub - search: WFRF:(Wang Guangwei)

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1.	Wang, Qi, et al. (author) Combustion behaviors and kinetics analysis of coal, biomass and plastic 2018 In: Thermochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6031 .- 1872-762X. ; 669, s. 140-148 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper, thermal analysis method (TGA) was adopted to describe the combustion behavior of bituminous coal(GC), anthracite(LC), biomass(PS) and plastic(PVC).The structure characteristics of these samples were carried out using Raman spectroscope followed by peak deconvolution and data analysis. The kinetic parameters and combustion reaction mechanism were obtained by fitting experimental data with the random nucleation nuclei growth model (RNGM) and volume model (VM) in order to ﬁnd out the kinetics characteristics responsible for the combustion of the samples. The results indicate that signiﬁcant difference between combustion process of these samples are mainly attributed to their differences structures, the combustion reactivity of PS is better than GC duo to the catalysis of alkali matter in biomass ash. RNGM model is better than VM model for simulating the combustion process, and TRNGM model plays a good performance in depicting the combustion process of PVC with three reaction stages.
2.	Hernandez, Marisa, et al. (author) Evaluation of utilising ingelia hydrochar produced from organic residues for blast furnaces injection comparison with anthracite and bituminous coal 2018 In: European Biomass Conf. Exhib. Proc.. ; , s. 1560-1568 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Large amounts of wood charcoal have been used in the past as feedstock for many industry sector, (energy, metallurgy, C extraction) but it has been replaced year by year by fossil coal, coke and synthetic materials. This trend characterised by coal consumption growth contributed rapidly to a wide range of damaging effects influencing European population and environment health (Global warming, ecosystem loss and degradation, loss of air, water pollution, respiratory admissions, etc..). All in the name of cost reduction. In fact, virgin forestry wood, usually consumed for charcoal production, is a high quality material with several valuable applications like construction, domestic heating, paper industry. For this reason, virgin wood is now traded at a cost of no less than 80 €/ton. Consequently, wood charcoal market price is not set below 250 €/t. This high market price avoids the use of wood charcoal in large market sectors where high amount of carbon, at low cost, are consumed, and where fossil coal has now fully replaced charcoal. One of these sectors is the Metallurgy and Steel industry. The development of new technologies recently brought to a big change in the renewable solid carbon sources. In particular, hydrothermal carbonisation technology, developed by INGELIA SL, demonstrated to be able to process wet low value biowaste streams, like municipal biowaste and food waste, producing a new biocoal, named hydrochar, which could represent an unlimited source of renewable carbon, at competitive price, for even large industry sectors. This study is focused on the characterisation, basic and process performances of three hydrochar samples obtained from INGELIA industrial Hydrothermal Carbonisation plant, from Green Waste (GW), Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OF) and Orange Peel (OP). USTB executed performance tests on these three hydrochar samples, comparing them with two fossil coals: a typical bituminous coal, and anthracite, in order to evaluate the potential use of hydrochar as renewable fuel for the blast furnace injection.
3.	Liang, Wang, et al. (author) Life cycle assessment of blast furnace ironmaking processes : A comparison of fossil fuels and biomass hydrochar applications 2023 In: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 345 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The impact of the iron and steel production process on the ecological environment cannot be ignored. This study aims to assess the impact of life cycle assessment on the traditional fossil fuel blast furnace ironmaking process and the biomass hydrochar blast furnace ironmaking process. The Simapro v9.0 software is used to comprehensively evaluate the life cycle impacts of biomass hydrochar in the blast furnace ironmaking process. The results show that the life cycle impact categories of the blast furnace ironmaking process mainly include global warming, non-renewable energy and respiratory inorganics. The global warming impact of the ironmaking process using hydrochar is 2054.00 kg CO2 eq, which is 420.61 kg CO2 eq less than that of traditional blast furnace ironmaking process. The global warming impact is mainly reflected in the emission of CO2 gas, and the main source is the generation of blast furnace gas and the use of sinter. The respiratory inorganics impact is mainly manifested in the emission of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and particulates, which mainly comes from the mining of iron ore and the production of sinter. The non-renewable energy impact mainly comes from the coal resources, and the use of other renewable energy such as biomass energy is an important way to reduce the impact. Therefore, biomass hydrochar used in the metallurgical process is more suitable for sustainable devel-opment of the ecological environment.
4.	Liu, Zengjian, et al. (author) Study on CO2 Gasification Reactivity and Structure Characteristics of Carbonaceous Materials from the Corex Furnace 2018 In: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 32:5, s. 6155-6166 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The gasification reactivities of four pretreated carbonaceous materials from the Corex furnace, including one coal char, two metallurgical cokes, and one recycling dust, were investigated by a thermogravimetric analyzer, in which the recycling dust came mainly from two metallurgical cokes and accounted for a mass fraction of 71.3%. The physicochemical properties of the different samples were tested systematically. The results showed that the recycling dust had a gasification reactivity similar to the coal char, of which the value was higher than those of the two metallurgical cokes. The structure analysis ascertained that the main factor that affected the gasification reactivity was the carbonaceous structure. Moreover, to characterize the reactive behavior of the different samples, three nth-order typical gas-solid reaction models were employed in this study. It has been found that the random pore model was the best model. The activation energies of different chars were in the range of 181.1-202.3 kJ/mol.
5.	Lu, Chunyang, et al. (author) Life cycle assessment of carbonaceous pellets used in blast furnaces in the context of “double carbon” 2024 In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 935 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract As the sole carbonaceous renewable energy source, biomass is distinguished by its abundant yield, widespread distribution, and carbon neutrality. It is integral to the achievement of zero and negative carbon production via conventional carbonaceous pellet technology. This study introduces a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment methodology for biomass preparation in carbonaceous pellets. We prepare high-quality biochar through a process combining hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolytic carbonization. Biomass high molecular weight extracts are obtained via organic pyrolytic extraction, while biomass high-temperature binders result from the modification and treatment of biochar. Biomass carbonaceous pellets are then formed using hot press technology. The ReCiPe model facilitates a comprehensive life cycle assessment of biomass carbonaceous pellets used in blast furnace production. The study leverages two comprehensive evaluation indicators - renewability, and environmental performance - to enhance the environmental performance of the process system and to maximize energy-saving and emission reduction potential.
6.	Mao, Rui, et al. (author) Thermal behavior and kinetics analysis of co-combustion of petroleum coke and paper sludge-derived hydrochar 2022 In: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 153, s. 405-414 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The co-combustion reactivity and kinetics of petroleum coke (PC) and paper sludge-derived hydrochar (PS) were investigated via thermogravimetric analysis. The physical and chemical structure features were also systemati-cally tested. The results show that the combustion process of PS could be divided into three stages, while for PC only one stage could be clarified. Due to high volatile content, developed pore structure and low carbon-order degree, the combustion reactivity of PS was higher than that of PC. Although the ignition property of the blends could be significantly improved by addition of PS, it changed little for the burnout temperature and as a result the combustion intensity was deteriorated. For the samples with addition of PS from 20 % to 80 %, the comprehensive combustion index decreased from 3.69 x 10-15 to 2.12 x 10-15. The Kissinger AkahiraSunose model-free method was used in the co-combustion reaction of PC and PS, and good fitting results were obtained. For different samples with varying addition of PS, the activation energies were in the range of 107.51-198.44 kJ/ mol, with the lowest value obtained at 20 % of PS, which was also the optimum proportion for co-combustion of PC and PS.
7.	Song, Tengfei, et al. (author) Effect of carbonization conditions on the property and structure of bamboo char for injection in blast furnace 2019 In: ISIJ International. - : Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. - 0915-1559 .- 1347-5460. ; 59:3, s. 442-449 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract To evaluate the effect of carbonization conditions on the bamboo, the relationship between carbonization parameter and physicochemical characteristics was studied. The results indicated that the volatile matter drastically decreased with the increase of carbonization temperature, while the fixed carbon and fuel ratio (fixed carbon/volatile matter) increased. Excellent linearity between the fuel ratio and carbonization temperature was obtained. The energy yield decreased gradually when rising the carbonization temperature, whereas the change of heating value was not obvious. A new calculation model of higher heating value (HHV) was developed, and it could be used to predict HHV of the bamboo char more precisely at temperatures above 300°C. The positive impact of functional groups, specific surface area as well as catalysis of alkali metal may contribute to the combustion of bamboo char. The results showed that there is a feasible operating condition for the transformation of bamboo into char with the carbonization parameter at 400°C for 30 min.
8.	Wang, Guangwei, et al. (author) Hydrothermal carbonization mechanism of agricultural waste under different conditions : An experimental and ReaxFF molecular dynamics study 2023 In: Journal of the Energy Institute. - : Elsevier BV. - 1743-9671 .- 1746-0220. ; 110 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Different hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) conditions will affect the yield, physicochemical properties and application of agricultural waste hydrochar. The hydrochar prepared under different HTC conditions was systematically studied through various experimental methods, and the experimental results were further verified and explained by ReaxFF molecular dynamics method. The results show that the higher HTC temperature, higher liquid-solid ratio and longer reaction time can reduce the yield of solid product. The volatile content of rice straw (RS) hydrochar decreased with the progresses of HTC, but the fixed carbon content increased. The HTC process is accompanied by the breakage of C-H bonds, C-O bonds, C-C bonds and O-H bonds, with C-O bond breaks comprising the most. The HTC process is also accompanied by the C-C bonds regeneration, indicating that decomposition and polymerization reactions coexist in the HTC process. At higher HTC temperature and longer reaction time, RS hydrochar showed lower specific surface area and porosity. The effect of the HTC temperature is the largest, while the effect of holding time is the smallest. Therefore, to expand the potential use of RS hydrochar, it is important to thoroughly investigate the influence of HTC conditions on the physicochemical properties of RS.
9.	Ye, Lian, et al. (author) Feasibility analysis of plastic and biomass hydrochar for blast furnace injection 2023 In: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 263 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology upgrades combustible waste (CW) to high-quality fuel known as hydrochar. However, there is a research gap regarding the application limit of hydrochar instead of fossil fuels in blast furnaces. In this study, the physical, chemical, and metallurgical properties of hydrochar were thoroughly analyzed. The results showed that gross calorific value, grindability, ignition temperature, explosivity, combustion and gasification all improved by HTC process compared with the waste feedstocks. Moreover, the HTC process can effectively remove harmful elements (K, Na, Cl, and S) from feedstocks into liquid and gas phase without adding other reagents, reducing harmful effects in the blast furnace. Removal rates by HTC were >80% for alkali metals and >73.9% for Cl (reaching 98.18% for polyvinyl chloride hydrochar). The environmental benefit calculation shows that the CO2 emission reduction of replacing bituminous coal with 40% HTC-treated maize straw can reach 94.7 kg/tHM. The annual CO2 reduction can reach 1.7 x 107 kg and the annual coal reduction is 1.5 x 107 kg of a blast furnace. The results showed that hydrochar is a clean energy source compared with fossil fuel alternatives and meets the blast furnace injection requirements.
10.	Wang, Chuan, et al. (author) A Pilot Trial Investigation of Using Hydrochar Derived from Biomass Residues for EAF Process 2023 In: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. - Cham : Springer Nature. - 2367-1181 .- 2367-1696. ; , s. 153-163 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Biocarbon will play an important role to achieve a carbon neutral and sustainable steel industry. In this study, three hydrochars (one type of biocoal produced via the hydrothermal carbonization process) derived from orange peel, green waste and rice husk were tested in a 10-ton test-bed EAF (electric arc furnace). These hydrochars were added to EAF via injection and top-charge as carburizer to substitute anthracite. The obtained liquid slag composition after scrap meltdown is favorable for the desulphrization process. Moreover, a higher carburization yield was achieved by top charging of hydrochar into EAF at the beginning of the heat. The final P and S of liquid steel with addition of hydrochars were controlled to acceptable levels. Some perspectives of using hydrochar for EAF steelmaking are also presented.
11.	Wang, Guangwei, et al. (author) Application of catalysts in biomass hydrothermal carbonization for the preparation of high-quality blast furnace injection fuel 2023 In: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 283 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The low energy density of biomass is a crucial limitation for their application in the steel industry. This study used catalyst-catalysed hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to prepare higher-quality hydrochar from biomass. The effects of acid-base homogeneous catalysts (Fe(NO3)3·9H2O and CaO), liquid phase product (circulating water) and carbonization temperatures on the physicochemical properties and microscopic morphology of hydrochars were investigated. The results showed that higher carbonization temperature, circulating water and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O all raised the higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochar. When 4% of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O was added, the HHV of hydrochar reached 30.05 MJ/kg, which was 1.15 times higher than without catalysts. The above three conditions can also make the ordering degree in the carbonaceous structure lower ordered and enhance the reaction performance of the hydrochar. Meanwhile, the addition of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O at 240 °C can reduce the hydrochar ignition and burnout temperatures and enhance the combustion performance. Moreover, it was demonstrated that circulating water promoted the HTC more than deionized water. In conclusion, adding Fe(NO3)3·9H2O or circulating water to the HTC process can produce higher-quality hydrochar.
12.	Wang, Guangwei, et al. (author) Co-hydrothermal carbonization of polyvinyl chloride and pyrolysis carbon black for the preparation of clean solid fuels 2024 In: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 361 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Large quantities of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and waste tires generated daily have the disadvantage of high content of harmful elements. They cannot be directly applied to blast furnace ironmaking. In this study, Cl in PVC and Zn in pyrolysis products of waste tires (pyrolysis carbon black, CB) were effectively removed by co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC). The results indicated the dechlorination and dezincification efficiencies of co-HTC were improved by 2.78 % and 64.69 %, respectively, compared to HTC. Compositional analysis shows that the ash content of co-HTC is reduced by at least 7.67 % compared to conventional HTC. The hydrochar produced by co-HTC has an higher heating value (HHV) ranging from 30.67 to 34.13 MJ/kg. Results of physical and chemical characteristics analysis showed increasing the proportion of CB can reduce the C–H and -CHCl- functional groups and improve the carbon orderliness of the hydrochar. Combustion characteristics and kinetic analyses show that the combustibility of hydrochar increases with an increase in the proportion of PVC added to the co-HTC. The thermal stability and activation energy of the hydrochar increase with the addition of CB. Overall, this study has removed major harmful elements from PVC and CB through co-HTC, converting both into high-quality solid fuels that can be utilised in blast furnace ironmaking.
13.	Wang, Guangwei, et al. (author) Preparation of Biomass Hydrochar and Application Analysis of Blast Furnace Injection 2023 In: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 16:3 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology was used to carbonize and improve biomass raw material to obtain hydrochar. The effects of HTC temperature and holding time on the yield, composition, structure, combustion behavior, and safety of hydrochar were studied systematically. In addition, the results show that with the increase in HTC temperature and the prolongation of holding time, the yield of hydrochar gradually reduces, the fixed carbon content of hydrochar increases, the volatile content decreases, and a large number of ash and alkali metals enter the liquid phase and are removed. Further, the analysis of the combustion properties and the structure of hydrochar can be observed in that, as the HTC process promotes the occurrence of polymerization reactions, the specific surface area gradually reduces, the degree of carbon ordering increases, and the combustion curve moves toward the high-temperature zone and gradually approaches bituminous coal. Since biomass hydrochar has the characteristic of being carbon neutral, blast furnace injection hydrochar can reduce CO2 emissions, and every 1 kg/tHM of biomass hydrochar can reduce CO2 emissions by 1.95 kg/tHM.
14.	Wang, Guangwei, et al. (author) Structural features and gasification reactivity of biomass chars pyrolyzed in different atmospheres at high temperature 2018 In: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 147, s. 25-35 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the gasification properties of biomass chars obtained under different conditions by using non-isotherm thermogravimetric method. The physical and chemical structure features were also systematically studied. It shows that the gasification reactivities decrease with increasing pyrolysis temperature, and the gasification reactivities for the chars obtained under different atmosphere conditions are in the order of N2 char > CO2 char > CO char > H2 char. The gasification reactivities of the chars are mostly depend on the carbonaceous structure. Three nth-order represented gas-solid models, i.e. Random pore model (RPM), Unreaction core model (URCM) and Volumetric model (VM), were used to describe the reactive behaviors, and it indicates that the RPM is more suitable than the other two models.
15.	Wu, Jianlong, et al. (author) Study on Direct Reduction in Carbon-Bearing Pellets Using Biochar 2023 In: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 15:24 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract As a renewable, carbon-neutral raw material, the application of biomass in steel production is conducive to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving green and sustainable development in the steel industry. The heating and reduction process of a rotary hearth furnace was simulated under laboratory conditions to roast and reduce biochar carbon-bearing pellets with coke powder and anthracite carbon-bearing pellets as a comparison. This was conducted to investigate the impact of biochar as a reducing agent on the direct reduction in carbon-bearing pellets. Under various reduction temperatures, carbon/oxygen ratios, and reduction times, tests were conducted on the compressive strength and metallization rate of carbon-bearing pellets made using typical binder bentonite. Results show that with the increase in reduction temperature, the metallization rate of pellets increases, while the compressive strength initially decreases and then increases, reaching the lowest point at 900 degrees C and 1000 degrees C. When the ratio of carbon to oxygen is between 0.7 and 0.9 and the reduction time is between 15 and 25 min, carbon-bearing pellets meet the requirements of both the metallization rate and the strength, with the metallization rate above 80%. However, severe volume swelling and low strength were observed in biochar carbon-bearing pellets at 900 degrees C and 1000 degrees C, which negatively impacted multi-layered charging and heat transfer efficiency in the blast furnace. Therefore, a novel laboratory-prepared binder was introduced in the preparation process of biochar carbon-bearing pellets at an appropriate addition ratio of 5-8%. Without producing any swelling concerns, the inclusion of this binder considerably improved the compression strength and metallization rate of the pellets, enabling them to fulfill the standards for raw materials in the blast furnace.
16.	Zhang, Nan, et al. (author) Physicochemical characteristics of three-phase products of low-rank coal by hydrothermal carbonization : experimental research and quantum chemical calculation 2022 In: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 261 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper, the distribution characteristics of gas, liquid, and solid products of low-rank coal by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at different temperatures are studied. Advanced testing methods are used to explore changing rules of physicochemical characteristics. Reaction properties of different regions are explained based on the mechanism of quantum chemistry. Experimental results showed that as the temperature increases, the volatile content decreases, the fixed carbon content increases, and impurities are removed in the form of gas or ions. The coal aliphatic properties are reduced, whereas the aromatization degree is significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, the specific surface area after upgrading is reduced, but the average pore diameter is increased, and the pore structure density is enhanced. The content of carbon-containing groups increases but that of carbon-oxygen groups decreases, which corresponds to the O/C ratio. Theoretical calculation results demonstrate that the more negative and positive areas of the surface electrostatic potential (ESP), the smaller distribution proportion. The ESP value in the vicinity of oxygen-containing group is relatively negative, indicating that it is more reactive, which is a good proof of the experiment's conclusions. In summary, low-rank coal obtained after HTC meets the blast furnace injection requirements and can be used for injection.
17.	Zhang, Nan, et al. (author) Study of the comprehensive properties of low-rank coal using quantum chemical methods 2024 In: Fuel. - : Elsevier. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 375 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the molecular structural characteristics of low-rank coal and predicted its chemical properties. Using quantum chemistry and wave function analysis, we extensively discussed electrostatic potential surfaces, spectral characteristics, electronic structure, and orbital composition of coal. Our findings reveal that regions exhibiting negative electrostatic potential display increased reactivity during reactions. Oxygen-containing groups in coal molecules exhibit strong hydrophilicity upon interaction with water, primarily through medium-strength and weak hydrogen bonds. Hydrophobic sites are predominantly located near the aliphatic side chains and aromatic core groups of the coal molecules. Additionally, oxygen and carbon atom orbitals dominate regions of lower energy density, correlating with volatile substances that undergo initial decomposition during coal heating. These results provide fundamental insights into the physical and chemical properties of low-rank coal from a molecular perspective.
18.	Chen, Yulong, et al. (author) Hypercysteinemia promotes atherosclerosis by reducing protein S-nitrosylation. 2015 In: Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1950-6007 .- 0753-3322. ; 70, s. 253-259 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Protein S-nitrosylation plays important role in the regulation of cardiovascular functions in nitric oxide (NO) Pathway. Hypercysteinemia (HHcy) is an independently risk factor for atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that HHcy promotes atherosclerosis by reducing level of vascular protein S-nitrosylation. The aim of present study is to investigate effect of HHcy on vascular protein S-nitrosylation. A total of 45 male apoE-/- mice were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was fed a Western-type diet. The HHcy group was fed a diet containing 4.4% l-methionine, and the HHcy+NONOate group was fed a diet containing 4.4% l-methionine and administrated NONOate (ip). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were performed for in vitro experiment. Plasma lipids were measured every 4 weeks. After 12 weeks, aortic atherosclerotic lesion areas were detected as well as cellular components. The levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and NO were measured. S-nitrosylation was detected using immunofluorescence, and further confirmed by biotin switch method. We found that compared with the control group, Hcy levels, and atherosclerotic plaque, and content of vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages in lesions significantly increased, and levels of NO significantly decreased in the HHcy group. However, NONOate reverses this effect. In addition, Hcy significantly reduced protein S-nitrosylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. This reduction of protein S-nitrosylation was accompanied by reduced levels of NO. Our results suggested that Hcy promoted atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular protein S-nitrosylation.
19.	Li, Junhao, et al. (author) Full-color enhanced second harmonic generation using rainbow trapping in ultrathin hyperbolic metamaterials 2021 In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Though metamaterials enhance nonlinear light-matter interactions due to their resonant features, these materials typically show a narrow spectral bandwidth. Here, the authors report broadband enhanced second-harmonic generation in patterned multilayer hyperbolic metamaterial arrays. Metasurfaces have provided a promising approach to enhance the nonlinearity at subwavelength scale, but usually suffer from a narrow bandwidth as imposed by sharp resonant features. Here, we counterintuitively report a broadband, enhanced second-harmonic generation, in nanopatterned hyperbolic metamaterials. The nanopatterning allows the direct access of the mode with large momentum, rendering the rainbow light trapping, i.e. slow light in a broad frequency, and thus enhancing the local field intensity for boosted nonlinear light-matter interactions. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, we fabricated a nanostructured Au/ZnO multilayer, and enhanced second harmonic generation can be observed within the visible wavelength range (400-650 nm). The enhancement factor is over 50 within the wavelength range of 470-650 nm, and a maximum conversion efficiency of 1.13x10(-6) is obtained with a pump power of only 8.80 mW. Our results herein offer an effective and robust approach towards the broadband metasurface-based nonlinear devices for various important technologies.
20.	Xu, Guangwei, et al. (author) Synthesis, properties, and top-gated metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors of p-type GaSb nanowires 2013 In: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 3:43, s. 19834-19839 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract High-quality GaSb nanowires (NWs) have been synthesized via chemical vapor deposition. The as-synthesized NWs have a zinc-blende structure with growth direction along a < 011 > direction. Raman spectrum of the GaSb NWs consists of two peaks, corresponding to the LO and TO phonon modes, respectively. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence spectra shows a blue-shift as the temperature decreases from 300 to 13 K. The electrical properties of the GaSb NWs are investigated over a wide range of temperatures from 25 mK to 291 K. The results show that the GaSb NWs exhibit excellent p-type transistor performance at low temperatures (<40 K). The room-temperature hole density and mobility were found to be similar to 2.2 x 10(18) cm(-3) and similar to 14.2 cm(2) V-1 s(-1), respectively. The Schottky contact characteristics were observed and the barrier height was found to be similar to 14 meV. Our results show that the GaSb NWs could be used as building blocks for emerging p-type nanoelectronic devices in extremely low temperature environments.

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