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- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(author)
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Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2021
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In: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 20:10, s. 795-820
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates increased by 15.0% (12.0-18.0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3.6 (3.5-3.8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3.7 (3.5-3.9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62.4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7.63 million [6.57-8.96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27.9% (3.41 million [2.97-3.91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9.7% (1.18 million [1.01-1.39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79.6 million [67.7-90.8] DALYs or 55.5% [48.2-62.0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34.9 million [22.3-48.6] DALYs or 24.3% [15.7-33.2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28.9 million [19.8-41.5] DALYs or 20.2% [13.8-29.1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28.7 million [23.4-33.4] DALYs or 20.1% [16.6-23.0]), and smoking (25.3 million [22.6-28.2] DALYs or 17.6% [16.4-19.0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.
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- Liu, Bokai, et al.
(author)
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Multiscale modeling of thermal properties in Polyurethane incorporated with phase change materials composites : a case study
- 2023
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In: Healthy buildings Europe 2023. - Red Hook, NY : Curran Associates, Inc.. - 9781713877158 ; , s. 923-929
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Polyurethane (PU) is an ideal thermal insulation material due to its excellent thermal properties. The incorporation of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) capsules into Polyurethane (PU) has been shown to be effective in building envelopes. This design can significantly increase the stability of the indoor thermal environment and reduce the fluctuation of indoor air temperature. We develop a multiscale model of a PU-PCM foam composite and study the thermal conductivity of this material. Later, the design of materials can be optimized by obtaining thermal conductivity. We conduct a case study based on the performance of this optimized material to fully consider the thermal comfort of the occupants of a building envelope with the application of PU-PCMs composites in a single room. At the same time, we also predict the energy consumption of this case. All the outcomes show that this design is promising, enabling the passive design of building energy and significantly improving occupants' comfort.
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- Wang, Xiaoyue, et al.
(author)
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Biomineralization at Titanium Revealed by Correlative 4D Tomographic and Spectroscopic Methods
- 2018
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In: Advanced Materials Interfaces. - : Wiley. - 2196-7350. ; 5:14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- At an implant biointerface, where an engineered material merges into a biological environment, complex biophysicochemical interactions occur. One typical biointerface is the bond between human bone and dental or orthopedic implants, which is based on the biomineralization of essential bone components such as hydroxyapatite, at the implant surface. However, the exact bonding mechanism between bone and implants is still unclear. The distribution of both the mineralized and organic components of bone at the interface, and their origins, requires improved characterization. Here, the first correlative characterization is reported using multiple-length-scale tomography and spectroscopy techniques to probe the chemical structure of the biointerface between human bone and commercial titanium dental implant down to the atomic scale in four dimensions (4D). The existence of an intervening transition zone bonding mature bone tissue is demonstrated to implant at multiple length scales, where the phase of bone mineral differs immediately adjacent to the implant and atomic-scale osseointegration is confirmed. The correlative 4D electron energy loss spectroscopy tomography and atom probe tomography workflow established herein is transferable to other applications in materials or biological sciences.
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- Zhang, Lei, et al.
(author)
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Discovery of a radio jet in the Cloverleaf quasar at z = 2.56
- 2023
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In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 524:3, s. 3671-3682
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The fast growth of supermassive black holes and their feedback to the host galaxies play an important role in regulating the evolution of galaxies, especially in the early Universe. However, due to cosmological dimming and the limited angular resolution of most observations, it is difficult to resolve the feedback from the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to their host galaxies. Gravitational lensing, for its magnification, provides a powerful tool to spatially differentiate emission originating from AGN and host galaxy at high-redshifts. Here, we report a discovery of a jet-like radio structure in a strongly lensed starburst quasar, H1413+117 or Cloverleaf at redshift z = 2.56, based on observational data at optical, submillimetre, and radio wavelengths. With both parametric and non-parametric lens models and with reconstructed images in the source plane, we find a well-separated, kpc-scaled, single-sided radio jet located at projected to the north-west of the host galaxy in the source plane. This could indicate the co-existence of feedback from the AGN by both wind and jet in the Cloverleaf quasar.
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