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1.
  • Beal, Jacob, et al. (author)
  • Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
  • 2020
  • In: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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  • 2019
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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  • Kristanl, Matej, et al. (author)
  • The Seventh Visual Object Tracking VOT2019 Challenge Results
  • 2019
  • In: 2019 IEEE/CVF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION WORKSHOPS (ICCVW). - : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. - 9781728150239 ; , s. 2206-2241
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2019 is the seventh annual tracker benchmarking activity organized by the VOT initiative. Results of 81 trackers are presented; many are state-of-the-art trackers published at major computer vision conferences or in journals in the recent years. The evaluation included the standard VOT and other popular methodologies for short-term tracking analysis as well as the standard VOT methodology for long-term tracking analysis. The VOT2019 challenge was composed of five challenges focusing on different tracking domains: (i) VOT-ST2019 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB, (ii) VOT-RT2019 challenge focused on "real-time" short-term tracking in RGB, (iii) VOT-LT2019 focused on long-term tracking namely coping with target disappearance and reappearance. Two new challenges have been introduced: (iv) VOT-RGBT2019 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB and thermal imagery and (v) VOT-RGBD2019 challenge focused on long-term tracking in RGB and depth imagery. The VOT-ST2019, VOT-RT2019 and VOT-LT2019 datasets were refreshed while new datasets were introduced for VOT-RGBT2019 and VOT-RGBD2019. The VOT toolkit has been updated to support both standard short-term, long-term tracking and tracking with multi-channel imagery. Performance of the tested trackers typically by far exceeds standard baselines. The source code for most of the trackers is publicly available from the VOT page. The dataset, the evaluation kit and the results are publicly available at the challenge website(1).
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8.
  • Fenstermacher, M.E., et al. (author)
  • DIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy
  • 2022
  • In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 62:4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L-H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at ∼8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-I p beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate β N in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.
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9.
  • Luo, Yifei, et al. (author)
  • Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors
  • 2023
  • In: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society. - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 17:6, s. 5211-5295
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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11.
  • Aad, G, et al. (author)
  • 2015
  • swepub:Mat__t
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12.
  • Bentham, James, et al. (author)
  • A century of trends in adult human height
  • 2016
  • In: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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13.
  • Bentham, James, et al. (author)
  • A century of trends in adult human height
  • 2016
  • In: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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  • 2017
  • swepub:Mat__t
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17.
  • An, Junghwa, et al. (author)
  • Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 October 2009-30 November 2009
  • 2010
  • In: Molecular Ecology Resources. - : Wiley. - 1755-098X .- 1755-0998. ; 10:2, s. 404-408
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This article documents the addition of 411 microsatellite marker loci and 15 pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Acanthopagrus schlegeli, Anopheles lesteri, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Branchiostoma japonicum, Branchiostoma belcheri, Colias behrii, Coryphopterus personatus, Cynogolssus semilaevis, Cynoglossus semilaevis, Dendrobium officinale, Dendrobium officinale, Dysoxylum malabaricum, Metrioptera roeselii, Myrmeciza exsul, Ochotona thibetana, Neosartorya fischeri, Nothofagus pumilio, Onychodactylus fischeri, Phoenicopterus roseus, Salvia officinalis L., Scylla paramamosain, Silene latifo, Sula sula, and Vulpes vulpes. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Aspergillus giganteus, Colias pelidne, Colias interior, Colias meadii, Colias eurytheme, Coryphopterus lipernes, Coryphopterus glaucofrenum, Coryphopterus eidolon, Gnatholepis thompsoni, Elacatinus evelynae, Dendrobium loddigesii Dendrobium devonianum, Dysoxylum binectariferum, Nothofagus antarctica, Nothofagus dombeyii, Nothofagus nervosa, Nothofagus obliqua, Sula nebouxii, and Sula variegata. This article also documents the addition of 39 sequencing primer pairs and 15 allele specific primers or probes for Paralithodes camtschaticus.
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  • Bixby, H., et al. (author)
  • Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
  • 2019
  • In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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20.
  • Chen, David, et al. (author)
  • CHANGE-POINT ALTERATIONS OF EXTREME WATER LEVELS AND UNDERLYING CAUSES IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA, CHINA
  • 2009
  • In: Rivers Research and Applications. - : Wiley. - 1535-1459 .- 1535-1467. ; 25, s. 1153-1168
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this paper, the Bayesian model and Lepage test were used to detect change point and to analyse associated statistical properties of high/low water levels in summer (June, July and August (JJA)) and winter (December, January and February (DJF)) months across the PRD (Pearl River Delta). The results indicate that: (1) two time intervals, that is 1979-1981 and 1988-1995, witness abrupt changes of SmH/SmL (summer mean high water level/summer mean low water level). The lower PRD is dominated by increased mean and coefficient of variation (Cv) of SmH. Increased mean but decreased Cv of SmL can be observed in the Mainstem Pearl River; (2) WmL (winter mean low water level) and WmH (winter mean high water level) of about 74% of the total stations have two change points occurred roughly during 1969-1971 and 1993-1995. First change points of WmH are mainly characterized by increased mean and Cv, but decreased mean and increased Cv of WmL can be observed across major parts of the PRD. The driving factors causing abrupt changes of water levels are various. Intensive human activities cannot be ignored, for example in-channel dredging and reallocation of the streamflow within the river channels due to human-induced topographical changes of river channel. Different responses of high/low water levels to externally influencing factors and interactions between influencing factors make the alterations of the water levels across the PRD more complicated. The findings of this paper will be helpful for the management of the PRD and human mitigation to natural hazards under the changing environment. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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22.
  • Fisher, Rosie A., et al. (author)
  • Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models : A review of progress and priorities
  • 2018
  • In: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 24:1, s. 35-54
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Numerous current efforts seek to improve the representation of ecosystem ecology and vegetation demographic processes within Earth System Models (ESMs). These developments are widely viewed as an important step in developing greater realism in predictions of future ecosystem states and fluxes. Increased realism, however, leads to increased model complexity, with new features raising a suite of ecological questions that require empirical constraints. Here, we review the developments that permit the representation of plant demographics in ESMs, and identify issues raised by these developments that highlight important gaps in ecological understanding. These issues inevitably translate into uncertainty in model projections but also allow models to be applied to new processes and questions concerning the dynamics of real-world ecosystems. We argue that stronger and more innovative connections to data, across the range of scales considered, are required to address these gaps in understanding. The development of first-generation land surface models as a unifying framework for ecophysiological understanding stimulated much research into plant physiological traits and gas exchange. Constraining predictions at ecologically relevant spatial and temporal scales will require a similar investment of effort and intensified inter-disciplinary communication.
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23.
  • Karlsson, Max, et al. (author)
  • Genome-wide annotation of protein-coding genes in pig
  • 2022
  • In: BMC Biology. - : Springer Nature. - 1741-7007. ; 20:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: There is a need for functional genome-wide annotation of the protein-coding genes to get a deeper understanding of mammalian biology. Here, a new annotation strategy is introduced based on dimensionality reduction and density-based clustering of whole-body co-expression patterns. This strategy has been used to explore the gene expression landscape in pig, and we present a whole-body map of all protein-coding genes in all major pig tissues and organs. Results: An open-access pig expression map (www.rnaatlas.org ) is presented based on the expression of 350 samples across 98 well-defined pig tissues divided into 44 tissue groups. A new UMAP-based classification scheme is introduced, in which all protein-coding genes are stratified into tissue expression clusters based on body-wide expression profiles. The distribution and tissue specificity of all 22,342 protein-coding pig genes are presented. Conclusions: Here, we present a new genome-wide annotation strategy based on dimensionality reduction and density-based clustering. A genome-wide resource of the transcriptome map across all major tissues and organs in pig is presented, and the data is available as an open-access resource (www.rnaatlas.org), including a comparison to the expression of human orthologs.
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24.
  • Kristan, Matej, et al. (author)
  • The Sixth Visual Object Tracking VOT2018 Challenge Results
  • 2019
  • In: Computer Vision – ECCV 2018 Workshops. - Cham : Springer Publishing Company. - 9783030110086 - 9783030110093 ; , s. 3-53
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2018 is the sixth annual tracker benchmarking activity organized by the VOT initiative. Results of over eighty trackers are presented; many are state-of-the-art trackers published at major computer vision conferences or in journals in the recent years. The evaluation included the standard VOT and other popular methodologies for short-term tracking analysis and a “real-time” experiment simulating a situation where a tracker processes images as if provided by a continuously running sensor. A long-term tracking subchallenge has been introduced to the set of standard VOT sub-challenges. The new subchallenge focuses on long-term tracking properties, namely coping with target disappearance and reappearance. A new dataset has been compiled and a performance evaluation methodology that focuses on long-term tracking capabilities has been adopted. The VOT toolkit has been updated to support both standard short-term and the new long-term tracking subchallenges. Performance of the tested trackers typically by far exceeds standard baselines. The source code for most of the trackers is publicly available from the VOT page. The dataset, the evaluation kit and the results are publicly available at the challenge website (http://votchallenge.net).
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25.
  • Kristan, Matej, et al. (author)
  • The Visual Object Tracking VOT2016 Challenge Results
  • 2016
  • In: COMPUTER VISION - ECCV 2016 WORKSHOPS, PT II. - Cham : SPRINGER INT PUBLISHING AG. - 9783319488813 - 9783319488806 ; , s. 777-823
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2016 aims at comparing short-term single-object visual trackers that do not apply pre-learned models of object appearance. Results of 70 trackers are presented, with a large number of trackers being published at major computer vision conferences and journals in the recent years. The number of tested state-of-the-art trackers makes the VOT 2016 the largest and most challenging benchmark on short-term tracking to date. For each participating tracker, a short description is provided in the Appendix. The VOT2016 goes beyond its predecessors by (i) introducing a new semi-automatic ground truth bounding box annotation methodology and (ii) extending the evaluation system with the no-reset experiment.
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26.
  • Leebens-Mack, James H., et al. (author)
  • One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants
  • 2019
  • In: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 574:7780, s. 679-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Green plants (Viridiplantae) include around 450,000-500,000 species(1,2) of great diversity and have important roles in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Here, as part of the One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative, we sequenced the vegetative transcriptomes of 1,124 species that span the diversity of plants in a broad sense (Archaeplastida), including green plants (Viridiplantae), glaucophytes (Glaucophyta) and red algae (Rhodophyta). Our analysis provides a robust phylogenomic framework for examining the evolution of green plants. Most inferred species relationships are well supported across multiple species tree and supermatrix analyses, but discordance among plastid and nuclear gene trees at a few important nodes highlights the complexity of plant genome evolution, including polyploidy, periods of rapid speciation, and extinction. Incomplete sorting of ancestral variation, polyploidization and massive expansions of gene families punctuate the evolutionary history of green plants. Notably, we find that large expansions of gene families preceded the origins of green plants, land plants and vascular plants, whereas whole-genome duplications are inferred to have occurred repeatedly throughout the evolution of flowering plants and ferns. The increasing availability of high-quality plant genome sequences and advances in functional genomics are enabling research on genome evolution across the green tree of life.
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27.
  • Li, Wei, et al. (author)
  • Heat transfer to aviation kerosene flowing upward in smooth tubes at supercritical pressures
  • 2015
  • In: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0017-9310. ; 85, s. 1084-1094
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This study experimentally investigated convective heat transfer performances of China RP-3 kerosene flowing in a vertical upward tube under supercritical pressures. Effects of mass flux, heat flux, pressure and inlet temperature on the heat transfer performance were given in detail. The influences of buoyancy and flow acceleration under different flow conditions were discussed as well. It was found that the inner wall temperature varies non-linearly at different mass fluxes. Heat transfer is improved when the fuel temperature is around the critical temperature. The heat transfer coefficient increases as heat flux or inlet temperature increases, while increase in inlet pressure reduces heat transfer coefficient. Besides, as nanofluids generally have higher thermal conductivity compared to their corresponding base fluids (i.e. kerosene), the heat transfer characteristics of Fe3O4-kerosene nanofluid was also investigated. It was found that the addition of nanoparticles tends to deteriorate the heat transfer performance of nanofluids flowing in a vertical tube under supercritical pressure. As the particle content increases, the heat transfer coefficient decreases due to the modification of the inner wall surface by the nanoparticles. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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  • Lind, Lars, et al. (author)
  • Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
  • 2021
  • In: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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29.
  • Luo, Yiqi, et al. (author)
  • Toward more realistic projections of soil carbon dynamics by Earth system models
  • 2016
  • In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. - 0886-6236. ; 30:1, s. 40-56
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Soil carbon (C) is a critical component of Earth system models (ESMs), and its diverse representations are a major source of the large spread across models in the terrestrial C sink from the third to fifth assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Improving soil C projections is of a high priority for Earth system modeling in the future IPCC and other assessments. To achieve this goal, we suggest that (1) model structures should reflect real-world processes, (2) parameters should be calibrated to match model outputs with observations, and (3) external forcing variables should accurately prescribe the environmental conditions that soils experience. First, most soil C cycle models simulate C input from litter production and C release through decomposition. The latter process has traditionally been represented by first-order decay functions, regulated primarily by temperature, moisture, litter quality, and soil texture. While this formulation well captures macroscopic soil organic C (SOC) dynamics, better understanding is needed of their underlying mechanisms as related to microbial processes, depth-dependent environmental controls, and other processes that strongly affect soil C dynamics. Second, incomplete use of observations in model parameterization is a major cause of bias in soil C projections from ESMs. Optimal parameter calibration with both pool- and flux-based data sets through data assimilation is among the highest priorities for near-term research to reduce biases among ESMs. Third, external variables are represented inconsistently among ESMs, leading to differences in modeled soil C dynamics. We recommend the implementation of traceability analyses to identify how external variables and model parameterizations influence SOC dynamics in different ESMs. Overall, projections of the terrestrial C sink can be substantially improved when reliable data sets are available to select the most representative model structure, constrain parameters, and prescribe forcing fields.
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30.
  • Mishra, A, et al. (author)
  • Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
  • 2023
  • In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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31.
  • Qi, Qibin, et al. (author)
  • FTO genetic variants, dietary intake and body mass index : insights from 177 330 individuals
  • 2014
  • In: Human Molecular Genetics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0964-6906 .- 1460-2083. ; 23:25, s. 6961-6972
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • FTO is the strongest known genetic susceptibility locus for obesity. Experimental studies in animals suggest the potential roles of FTO in regulating food intake. The interactive relation among FTO variants, dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) is complex and results from previous often small-scale studies in humans are highly inconsistent. We performed large-scale analyses based on data from 177 330 adults (154 439 Whites, 5776 African Americans and 17 115 Asians) from 40 studies to examine: (i) the association between the FTO-rs9939609 variant (or a proxy single-nucleotide polymorphism) and total energy and macronutrient intake and (ii) the interaction between the FTO variant and dietary intake on BMI. The minor allele (A-allele) of the FTO-rs9939609 variant was associated with higher BMI in Whites (effect per allele = 0.34 [0.31, 0.37] kg/m(2), P = 1.9 × 10(-105)), and all participants (0.30 [0.30, 0.35] kg/m(2), P = 3.6 × 10(-107)). The BMI-increasing allele of the FTO variant showed a significant association with higher dietary protein intake (effect per allele = 0.08 [0.06, 0.10] %, P = 2.4 × 10(-16)), and relative weak associations with lower total energy intake (-6.4 [-10.1, -2.6] kcal/day, P = 0.001) and lower dietary carbohydrate intake (-0.07 [-0.11, -0.02] %, P = 0.004). The associations with protein (P = 7.5 × 10(-9)) and total energy (P = 0.002) were attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for BMI. We did not find significant interactions between the FTO variant and dietary intake of total energy, protein, carbohydrate or fat on BMI. Our findings suggest a positive association between the BMI-increasing allele of FTO variant and higher dietary protein intake and offer insight into potential link between FTO, dietary protein intake and adiposity.
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33.
  • Song, Guohe, et al. (author)
  • TIMP1 is a prognostic marker for the progression and metastasis of colon cancer through FAK-PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathway
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. - London, United Kingdom : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1756-9966. ; 35:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) plays a vital role in carcinogenesis, yet its precise functional roles and regulation remain unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate its biological function and clinical significance in human colon cancer.Methods: We analyzed the expression of TIMP1 in both public database (Oncomine and TCGA) and 94 cases of primary colon cancer and matched normal colon tissue specimens. The underlying mechanisms of altered TIMP1 expression on cell tumorigenesis, proliferation, and metastasis were explored in vitro and in vivo.Results: TIMP1 was overexpressed in colon tumorous tissues and lymph node metastasis specimens than in normal tissues. The aberrant expression of TIMP1 was significantly associated with the regional lymph node metastasis (p = 0.033), distant metastasis (p = 0.039), vascular invasion (p = 0.024) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage (p = 0.026). Cox proportional hazards model showed that TIMP1 was an independent prognostic indicator of disease-free survival (HR = 2.603, 95 % CI: 1.115-6.077, p = 0.027) and overall survival (HR = 2.907, 95 % CI: 1.254-6.737, p = 0.013) for patients with colon cancer. Consistent with this, our findings highlight that suppression of TIMP1 expression decreased proliferation, and metastasis but increased apoptosis by inducing TIMP1 specific regulated FAK-PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathway.Conclusion: TIMP1 might play an important role in promoting tumorigenesis and metastasis of human colon cancer and function as a potential prognostic indicator for colon cancer.
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34.
  • Tang, J, et al. (author)
  • Cancer cells escape p53's tumor suppression through ablation of ZDHHC1-mediated p53 palmitoylation
  • 2021
  • In: Oncogene. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5594 .- 0950-9232. ; 40:35, s. 5416-5426
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes contributes heavily to oncogenesis. The mutation of TP53 has been well-studied and recognized as a major factor in the development of tumors. Yet other means of p53 inactivation has not been well-elucidated. We previously identified a hypermethylated gene ZDHHC1 that suppresses tumor growth when the expression was restored, but the specific mechanism was yet to be found. The protein product of ZDHHC1 is an S-palmitoyltransferase and we have identified p53 as a substrate for ZDHHC1-mediated palmitoylation, specifically at the C135, C176, and C275 residues. The novel form of post-translational modification of p53 is required for the nuclear translocation of the tumor suppressor. p53 recruited DNMT3A to ZDHHC1 promoter and is responsible for the hypermethylation of ZDHHC1. The epigenetic feedback loop formed by ZDHHC1 and p53 sheds light on the inactivation of p53 without the presence of genetic mutations.
  •  
35.
  • Tian, Yu-Peng, et al. (author)
  • Investigations and facile synthesis of a series of novel multi-functional two-photon absorption materials
  • 2007
  • In: Journal of Materials Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0959-9428 .- 1364-5501. ; 17:34, s. 3646-3654
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Six centrosymmetric D-(pi-A)(3) structural triphenylamine derivatives that can be used as two- photon photopolymerization and optical data storage chromophores, tris[ 4-( 4- pyridylethenyl) phenyl] amine ( 1), tris[ 4-( 2- pyridylethenyl) phenyl] amine ( 2), tris( 4- cyanoethenylphenyl) amine ( 3), tris[ 4- butylacrylatephenyl] amine ( 4), tris[ 4- methylacrylatephenyl] amine ( 5) and tris[ 4- acrylicethenylphenyl] amine ( 6), have been successfully synthesized via a triple palladium-catalyzed Heck coupling reaction, and the novel chromophores were fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H-NMR and ESIMS. The structure for 3 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction study. One- and two-photon absorption and fluorescence in various solvents were experimentally investigated. Two-photon initiated polymerization microfabrication and optical data recording experiments were carried out under 780 nm laser radiation, and the possible polymerization mechanism is discussed based on theoretical calculations. All the six chromophores have relatively large two-photon absorption crosssections, and exhibit optical memory and highly efficient two-photon initiated polymerization abilities.
  •  
36.
  • Wang, Si-Yu, et al. (author)
  • Kaempferia galanga L. : Progresses in Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Ethnomedicinal Uses
  • 2021
  • In: Frontiers in Pharmacology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1663-9812. ; 12
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • K. galanga is an aromatic medicinal herb. It is locally to India and distributed in China, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. K. galanga is a Traditional Chinese Herb Medicine (TCHM), which has been applied to treat cold, dry cough, toothaches, rheumatism, hypertension and so on. In addition, it has been used widely as spices since its highly aromas. The aim of this review is to compile and update the current progresses of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of K. galanga. All the data on K. galanga were based on different classical literary works, multiple electronic databases including SciFinder, Web of Science, PubMed, etc. The results showed that ninety-seven compounds have been identified from rhizome of K. galanga, including terpenoids, phenolics, cyclic dipeptides, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, fatty acids and esters. Modern pharmacology studies revealed that extracts or secondary metabolites of the herb possessed anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumorous, anti-bacterial, and anti-angiogenesis effects, which were closely related to its abundant ethnomedicinal uses. In conclusion, although previous research works have provided various information of K. galanga, more in-depth studies are still necessary to systemically evaluate phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity and quality control of this herb.
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37.
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38.
  • Xu, Guangwei, et al. (author)
  • Synthesis, properties, and top-gated metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors of p-type GaSb nanowires
  • 2013
  • In: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 3:43, s. 19834-19839
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • High-quality GaSb nanowires (NWs) have been synthesized via chemical vapor deposition. The as-synthesized NWs have a zinc-blende structure with growth direction along a < 011 > direction. Raman spectrum of the GaSb NWs consists of two peaks, corresponding to the LO and TO phonon modes, respectively. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence spectra shows a blue-shift as the temperature decreases from 300 to 13 K. The electrical properties of the GaSb NWs are investigated over a wide range of temperatures from 25 mK to 291 K. The results show that the GaSb NWs exhibit excellent p-type transistor performance at low temperatures (<40 K). The room-temperature hole density and mobility were found to be similar to 2.2 x 10(18) cm(-3) and similar to 14.2 cm(2) V-1 s(-1), respectively. The Schottky contact characteristics were observed and the barrier height was found to be similar to 14 meV. Our results show that the GaSb NWs could be used as building blocks for emerging p-type nanoelectronic devices in extremely low temperature environments.
  •  
39.
  • Xu, Tao, et al. (author)
  • A pillar-array based 2-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity
  • 2009
  • In: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 94, s. 241110-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Experimental results are presented for a high quality factor cavity based on pillar arrays. The cavityis formed from a square lattice of silicon pillars of finite height. The quality factor of the fundamental mode is about 7300 when the cavity is in air and 7800 when it is immersed in water.Since a pillar array has a large percent of connected void space and confines TM modes effectively,it has great promise for use in numerous areas including biochemical sensing and quantum cascade lasers.
  •  
40.
  • Xu, Tao, et al. (author)
  • Pillar-array based optical sensor
  • 2010
  • In: Optics Express. - 1094-4087. ; 18:6, s. 5420-5425
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • An optical microcavity based on pillar arrays has been fabricated in Si/SiO2 material system. Transmission measurement was taken and a quality factor as high as 27,600 was observed. This cavity was tested for sensing applications by immersing into optical fluids with accurate refractive indices. For refractive index change of 0.01, a resonance peak wavelength shift of 3.5 nm was measured. We also compare cavities consisting of pillars with different aspect ratios.
  •  
41.
  • Xu, Tao, et al. (author)
  • Silicon-on-insulator nanopillar-array optical sensor
  • 2011
  • In: Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 9780819484451
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Pillar-array based optical cavities have unique properties, e.g., having a large and connected low dielectric index space (normally air space), having a large percent of electric field energy in air and standing on a substrate. These properties make them well suitable to make ultra compact and highly sensitive label-free optical sensors to detect bio-/chemical reactions. We designed, fabricated, and measured a silicon-on-insulator pillar array microcavity that possesses a quality factor as high as 27,600. We studied its sensitivity for both bulk index change and surface index modification. As a bulk index sensor, for environmental refractive index change of 0.01, a resonance peak wavelength shift of 3.5 nm was measured. As a surface index sensor, the simulations show, for a coating with thickness of 1 nm, the resonance wavelength shifts as large as 2.86 nm. Combining with a sharp 0.06 nm wide resonance peak, our pillar-array sensor is able to resolve ultra small bulk and surface refractive index changes caused by target molecules.
  •  
42.
  • Xu, Weidong, et al. (author)
  • Precisely Controlling the Grain Sizes with an Ammonium Hypophosphite Additive for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
  • 2018
  • In: Advanced Functional Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 28:33
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A facile approach to precisely control the perovskite grain sizes is proposed and demonstrated for high-performance photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. With the introduction of various amounts of NH4H2PO2 (AHP) additives into the PbI2/CH3NH3I precursors, the grain scale of CH3NH3PbI3 films can be finely turned from hundreds of nanometer to micrometer scale, allowing evaluating the effects of crystalline grain boundary on trap densities, charge recombination, and PV device performance. The X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that the formation of intermediates plays a key role in assisting the perovskite crystal growth. The optimized devices show much larger open-circuit voltages (V-OC) up to 1.10 +/- 0.02 V and significantly enhance power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 16.5 +/- 0.7%, as compared to the control devices with PCE of 9.4 +/- 1.0% and V-OC of 1.00 +/- 0.03 V. Further investigations confirm that the boosted PV performance origins from the decreased defect densities due to enlarged grain sizes. It is also demonstrated that the approach is general and applicable to other perovskite systems, e.g., HC(NH2)(2)PbI3. The results suggest the promising application of AHP in achieving high-performance perovskite PV devices, and shed light on understanding the grain boundary effects on perovskite optoelectronics.
  •  
43.
  • Yan, Weirong, et al. (author)
  • ISS - An Electronic Syndromic Surveillance System for Infectious Disease in Rural China
  • 2013
  • In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:4, s. e62749-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: syndromic surveillance system has great advantages in promoting the early detection of epidemics and reducing the necessities of disease confirmation, and it is especially effective for surveillance in resource poor settings. However, most current syndromic surveillance systems are established in developed countries, and there are very few reports on the development of an electronic syndromic surveillance system in resource-constrained settings. Objective: this study describes the design and pilot implementation of an electronic surveillance system (ISS) for the early detection of infectious disease epidemics in rural China, complementing the conventional case report surveillance system. Methods: ISS was developed based on an existing platform 'Crisis Information Sharing Platform' (CRISP), combining with modern communication and GIS technology. ISS has four interconnected functions: 1) work group and communication group; 2) data source and collection; 3) data visualization; and 4) outbreak detection and alerting. Results: As of Jan. 31st 2012, ISS has been installed and pilot tested for six months in four counties in rural China. 95 health facilities, 14 pharmacies and 24 primary schools participated in the pilot study, entering respectively 74256, 79701, and 2330 daily records into the central database. More than 90% of surveillance units at the study sites are able to send daily information into the system. In the paper, we also presented the pilot data from health facilities in the two counties, which showed the ISS system had the potential to identify the change of disease patterns at the community level. Conclusions: The ISS platform may facilitate the early detection of infectious disease epidemic as it provides near real-time syndromic data collection, interactive visualization, and automated aberration detection. However, several constraints and challenges were encountered during the pilot implementation of ISS in rural China.
  •  
44.
  • Yang, Tao, et al. (author)
  • A spatial assessment of hydrologic alteration caused by dam construction in the middle and lower Yellow River, China
  • 2008
  • In: Hydrological Processes. - : Wiley. - 0885-6087 .- 1099-1085. ; 22:18, s. 3829-3843
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The ‘range of variability approach’ (RVA) and mapping technique are used to investigate the spatial variability of hydrologic alterations (HA) due to dam construction along the middle and lower Yellow River, China, over the past live decades. The impacts of climate variability oil hydrological process have been removed during wet and dry periods and the focus IS Oil the impacts of human activities, Such as dam construction, on hydrological processes. Results indicate the following: (1) The impacts of the Sanmenxia reservoir oil the hydrologic alteration are relatively slight with a mean HA value of 0.48, ranking in the last place among the four large reservoirs. (2) Xiaolangdi reservoir has significantly changed the natural flow regime downstream with mean HA value of 0.56, ranking it in first place among the large reservoirs. (3) The results of ranked median degrees of 33 hydrologic alteration indicators for 10 stations in the Yellow River show that the hydrologic alteration of Huayuankou ranks the highest among 10 stream gauges. (4) Impacts of reservoirs on hydrological processes downstream of the dams are closely associated with the regulating activities of the reservoirs. At the same time, alterations of streamflow regimes resulting from climatic changes (e.g. precipitation variability) make the situation more complicated and more hydrological observations will be necessary for further analysis. The results of the current study will be greatly beneficial to the regional water resources management and restoration of eco-environmental systems in the middle and lower Yellow River characterized by intensified dam construction under a changing environment. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  •  
45.
  • Yang, Tao, et al. (author)
  • Assessing the impact of human activities on hydrological and sediment changes (1953–2000) in nine major catchments of the Loess Plateau, China
  • 2010
  • In: Rivers Research and Applications. - : Wiley. - 1535-1459 .- 1535-1467. ; 26:3, s. 322-340
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Range of Variability Approach (RVA) is employed to investigate the variability and spatial patterns of hydrological and sediment changes (1953-2000) induced by intensified human activities, i.e. the implementation of water and soil conservation measures, in nine major catchments of the Loess Plateau, China. Results indicate that: (1) streamflow and sediment load regimes were greatly changed by the implementation of conservation measures; (2) similar spatial patterns of high hydrological and sediment changes resulting from the intensive implementation of conservation measures are observed in most catchments of the middle Yellow River. However, slightly different behaviours of changes exist due to the unique complexity of hydrological and sediment processes in this region and (3) the impacts of various conservation measures on hydrological and sediment processes are closely associated with the extent and types of these measures. Engineering works have a quite immediate impact on streamflow and sediment regimes. Considerable vegetation controls are recognized as additional important driving forces for high hydrological and sediment alterations among various soil conservation measures. In vegetation controls, afforestation is the major factor causing the changes of runoff and sediment processes in these nine catchments. The results of the current study will be greatly beneficial to the regional water resources management and restoration of eco-environmental system in the middle Yellow River basin characterized by intensified soil-conservation measures under the changing environment. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  •  
46.
  • Zhang, Hanzhi, et al. (author)
  • Quantitative estimation of the contribution of dustsources to Chinese loess using detrital zircon U-Pbage patterns
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface. - 2169-9003 .- 2169-9011. ; 121:11, s. 2085-2099
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The origin and provenance of the loess deposits of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) are stilldebated. In order to pinpoint the dust sources, surface samples from the piedmont of the NortheasternTibetan Plateau, the Gobi Altai Mountains, and modern eolian dunes from the Tengger desert and Mu Ussand field were analyzed by using the detrital zircon dating technique. In order to quantitatively discriminatethe content of different potential sources, zircon grains of different ages were grouped according to theirtectonic origin. Zircon grains aged from 1300 to 550 Ma were assigned to the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau,and grains aged from 550 to 0 Ma to the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau or the Gobi Altai Mountains, or to acombination of the two. Zircon ages of around 2.8 Ga to 1.3 Ga may be a mixture of sources from theNortheastern Tibetan Plateau, Gobi Altai Mountains, or North China Craton. Sediments from the Tenggerdesert and Mu Us sand field consist of a mixture of the three sources and exhibit a high degree of spatialvariability in terms of their source. In the northern part of the two deserts, 43–83% of the sediments arederived from the Gobi Altai Mountains, while in the south, material from the Northeastern Tibetan Plateaucomprises 51–98% of the sediments. Loess deposits from the CLP also comprise a mixture of the threedifferent sources, with material from the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau making the dominant contribution(65–100%), with material from the North China Craton and the Gobi Altai Mountains comprising 0–35% and0–40% of the loess deposits, respectively. The contributions from the three sources to the loess deposits onCLP vary spatially. Application of the novel statistical method of provenance group analysis demonstratesthat the loess deposits comprise a mixture of material from a broad region of northern China and that theNortheastern Tibetan Plateau material makes the dominant contribution.
  •  
47.
  • Zhang, Qiang, et al. (author)
  • Climate changes and their impacts on water resources in the arid regions : a case study of the Tarim River basin, China
  • 2010
  • In: Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment (Print). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-3240 .- 1436-3259. ; 24:3, s. 349-358
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Streamflow series of five hydrological stations were analyzed with aim to indicate variability of water resources in the Tarim River basin. Besides, impacts of climate changes on water resources were investigated by analyzing daily precipitation and temperature data of 23 meteorological stations covering 1960-2005. Some interesting and important results were obtained: (1) the study region is characterized by increasing temperature, however, only temperature in autumn is in significant increasing trend; (2) precipitation changes present different properties. Generally, increasing precipitation can be detected. However, only the precipitation in the Tienshan mountain area is in significant increasing trend. Annual streamflow of major rivers of the Tarim River basin are not in significant trends, except that of the Akesu River which is in significantly increasing trend. Due to the geomorphologic properties of the Tienshan mountain area, precipitation in this area demonstrates significant increasing trend and which in turn leads to increasing streamflow of the Akesu River. Due to the fact that the sources of streamflow of the rivers in the Tarim River basin are precipitation and melting glacial, both increasing precipitation and accelerating melting ice has the potential to cause increasing streamflow. These results are of practical and scientific merits in basin-scale water resource management in the arid regions in China under the changing environment.
  •  
48.
  • Zhang, Qi, et al. (author)
  • Muscle-like Artificial Molecular Actuators for Nanoparticles
  • 2018
  • In: Chem. - : Cell Press. - 2451-9308 .- 2451-9294. ; 4:11, s. 2670-2684
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Muscle tissue performs crucial contraction/extension motions that generate mechanical force and work by consuming chemical energy. Inspired by this naturally created biomolecular machine, artificial molecular muscles are designed and synthesized to undertake linear actuation functions. However, most of these muscle-like actuators are performed at large ensembles, while to realize the nanoscale actuation at the single-to few-molecule level remains challenging. Herein, we developed an artificial muscle-like molecular actuator that can reversibly control the proximity of the attached nano-objects, gold nanoparticles, within the single-molecule length level by its stimuli-responsive muscle-like linear contraction/extension motion. The molecular actuation motion is accompanied by an optical signal output resulting from the plasmonic resonance properties of gold nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the thermal noise of the muscle-like molecular actuator can be overcome by integrating the optical signal over a sufficiently long period.
  •  
49.
  • Zhang, Zhao Yang, et al. (author)
  • Photochemical Phase Transitions Enable Coharvesting of Photon Energy and Ambient Heat for Energetic Molecular Solar Thermal Batteries That Upgrade Thermal Energy
  • 2020
  • In: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5126 .- 0002-7863. ; 142:28, s. 12256-12264
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Discovering physicochemical principles for simultaneous harvesting of multiform energy from the environment will advance current sustainable energy technologies. Here we explore photochemical phase transitions - a photochemistry-thermophysics coupled regime - for coharvesting of solar and thermal energy. In particular, we show that photon energy and ambient heat can be stored together and released on demand as high-temperature heat, enabled by room-temperature photochemical crystal↔liquid transitions of engineered molecular photoswitches. Integrating the two forms of energy in single-component molecular materials is capable of providing energy capacity beyond that of traditional solar or thermal energy storage systems based solely on molecular photoisomerization or phase change, respectively. Significantly, the ambient heat that is harvested during photochemical melting into liquid of the low-melting-point, metastable isomer can be released as high-temperature heat by recrystallization of the high-melting-point, parent isomer. This reveals that photon energy drives the upgrading of thermal energy in such a hybrid energy system. Rationally designed small-molecule azo switches achieve high gravimetric energy densities of 0.3-0.4 MJ/kg with long-term storage stability. Rechargeable solar thermal battery devices are fabricated, which upon light triggering provide gravimetric power density of about 2.7 kW/kg and temperature increases of >20 °C in ambient environment. We further show their use as deicing coatings. Our work demonstrates a new concept of energy utilization - combining solar energy and low-grade heat into higher-grade heat - which unlocks the possibility of developing sustainable energy systems powered by a combination of natural sunlight and ambient heat.
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50.
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