| 1. |
- Namkoong, H, et al.
(author)
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DOCK2 is involved in the host genetics and biology of severe COVID-19
- 2022
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 609:7928, s. 754-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Identifying the host genetic factors underlying severe COVID-19 is an emerging challenge1–5. Here we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 2,393 cases of COVID-19 in a cohort of Japanese individuals collected during the initial waves of the pandemic, with 3,289 unaffected controls. We identified a variant on chromosome 5 at 5q35 (rs60200309-A), close to the dedicator of cytokinesis 2 gene (DOCK2), which was associated with severe COVID-19 in patients less than 65 years of age. This risk allele was prevalent in East Asian individuals but rare in Europeans, highlighting the value of genome-wide association studies in non-European populations. RNA-sequencing analysis of 473 bulk peripheral blood samples identified decreased expression of DOCK2 associated with the risk allele in these younger patients. DOCK2 expression was suppressed in patients with severe cases of COVID-19. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis (n = 61 individuals) identified cell-type-specific downregulation of DOCK2 and a COVID-19-specific decreasing effect of the risk allele on DOCK2 expression in non-classical monocytes. Immunohistochemistry of lung specimens from patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia showed suppressed DOCK2 expression. Moreover, inhibition of DOCK2 function with CPYPP increased the severity of pneumonia in a Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, characterized by weight loss, lung oedema, enhanced viral loads, impaired macrophage recruitment and dysregulated type I interferon responses. We conclude that DOCK2 has an important role in the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of severe COVID-19, and could be further explored as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target.
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| 7. |
- Bao, Min, et al.
(author)
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Physical properties of the southwest outflow streamer in the starburst galaxy NGC 253 with ALCHEMI
- 2024
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In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 687
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims . The physical properties of galactic molecular outflows are important as they could constrain outflow formation mechanisms. In this work, we study the properties of the southwest (SW) outflow streamer including gas kinematics, optical depth, dense gas fraction, and shock strength through molecular emission in the central molecular zone of the starburst galaxy NGC 253. Methods . We imaged the molecular emission in NGC 253 at a spatial resolution of 1.600(∼27 pc at D ∼ 3.5 Mpc) based on data from the ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory (ALCHEMI) large program. We traced the velocity and velocity dispersion of molecular gas with the CO(1–0) line and studied the molecular spectra in the region of the SW streamer, the brightest CO streamer in NGC 253. We constrained the optical depth of the CO emission with the CO/13CO(1–0) ratio, the dense gas fraction with the HCN/CO(1–0), H13CN/13CO(1–0) and N2H+/13CO(1–0) ratios, as well as the shock strength with the SiO(2–1)/13CO(1–0) and CH3OH(2k–1k)/13CO(1–0) ratios. Results . The CO/13CO(1–0) integrated intensity ratio is ∼21 in the SW streamer region, which approximates the C/13C isotopic abundance ratio. The higher integrated intensity ratio compared to the disk can be attributed to the optically thinner environment of CO(1–0) emission inside the SW streamer. The HCN/CO(1–0) and SiO(2–1)/13CO(1–0) integrated intensity ratios both approach ∼0.2 in three giant molecular clouds (GMCs) at the base of the outflow streamers, which implies a higher dense gas fraction and strength of fast shocks in those GMCs than in the disk, while the HCN/CO(1–0) integrated intensity ratio is moderate in the SW streamer region. The contours of those two integrated intensity ratios are extended in the directions of outflow streamers, which connect the enhanced dense gas fraction and shock strength with molecular outflow. Moreover, the molecular gas with an enhanced dense gas fraction and shock strength located at the base of the SW streamer shares the same velocity as the outflow. Conclusions . The enhanced dense gas fraction and shock strength at the base of the outflow streamers suggest that star formation inside the GMCs can trigger shocks and further drive the molecular outflow. The increased CO/13CO(1–0) integrated intensity ratio coupled with the moderate HCN/CO(1–0) integrated intensity ratio in the SW streamer region are consistent with the picture that the gas velocity gradient inside the streamer may decrease the optical depth of CO(1–0) emission, as well as the dense gas fraction in the extended streamer region.
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| 8. |
- Butterworth, Joshua, et al.
(author)
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Molecular isotopologue measurements toward super star clusters and the relation to their ages in NGC 253 with ALCHEMI
- 2024
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In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 686
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Context. Determining the evolution of the CNO isotopes in the interstellar medium (ISM) of starburst galaxies can yield important constraints on the ages of super star clusters (SSCs), or on other aspects and factors contributing to their evolution, such as the initial mass function (IMF). Due to the time-dependent nature of the abundances of isotopes within the ISM -as they are supplied from processes such as nucleosynthesis or chemical fractionation -, this provides the opportunity to test whether or not isotope ratios trace the ages of highly star-forming regions, such as SSCs. Aims. The goal of this study is to investigate whether the isotopic variations in SSC regions within NGC 253 are correlated with their different ages as derived from stellar population modelling. Methods. We measured abundance ratios of CO, HCN, and HCO+ isotopologues in six regions containing SSCs within NGC 253 using high-spatial-resolution (1.6″, ~28 pc) data from the ALCHEMI (ALma Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory) ALMA Large program. We then analysed these ratios using RADEX radiative transfer modelling, with the parameter space sampled using the nested sampling Monte Carlo algorithm MLFriends. These abundance ratios were then compared to ages predicted in each region via the fitting of observed star-formation tracers (such as Brγ) to Starburst99 starburst stellar population evolution models. Results. We determined the isotopic column density ratios across multiple regions of SSC activity in NGC 253 using non-LTE radiative transfer modelling. We do not find any significant trend with age for the CO and HCN isotopologue ratios on timescales of the ages of the SSC∗ regions observed. However, HCO+ may show a correlation with age over these timescales in 12C/13C. Conclusions. The driving factors of these ratios within SSCs could be the IMF or fractionation effects. To further probe these effects in SSCs over time, a larger sample of SSCs must be observed spanning a larger age range.
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| 9. |
- Harada, N., et al.
(author)
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The ALCHEMI Atlas: Principal Component Analysis Reveals Starburst Evolution in NGC 253
- 2024
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In: Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series. - 1538-4365 .- 0067-0049. ; 271:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Molecular lines are powerful diagnostics of the physical and chemical properties of the interstellar medium (ISM). These ISM properties, which affect future star formation, are expected to differ in starburst galaxies from those of more quiescent galaxies. We investigate the ISM properties in the central molecular zone of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 using the ultrawide millimeter spectral scan survey from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Large Program ALCHEMI. We present an atlas of velocity-integrated images at a 1.″6 resolution of 148 unblended transitions from 44 species, including the first extragalactic detection of HCNH+ and the first interferometric images of C3H+, NO, and HCS+. We conduct a principal component analysis (PCA) on these images to extract correlated chemical species and to identify key groups of diagnostic transitions. To the best of our knowledge, our data set is currently the largest astronomical set of molecular lines to which PCA has been applied. The PCA can categorize transitions coming from different physical components in NGC 253 such as (i) young starburst tracers characterized by high-excitation transitions of HC3N and complex organic molecules versus tracers of on-going star formation (radio recombination lines) and high-excitation transitions of CCH and CN tracing photodissociation regions, (ii) tracers of cloud-collision-induced shocks (low-excitation transitions of CH3OH, HNCO, HOCO+, and OCS) versus shocks from star formation-induced outflows (high-excitation transitions of SiO), as well as (iii) outflows showing emission from HOC+, CCH, H3O+, CO isotopologues, HCN, HCO+, CS, and CN. Our findings show these intensities vary with galactic dynamics, star formation activities, and stellar feedback.
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| 10. |
- Hasegawa, Y., et al.
(author)
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Role of Mfa5 in Expression of Mfa1 Fimbriae in Porphyromonas gingivalis
- 2016
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In: Journal of Dental Research. - : International & American Associations for Dental Research. - 0022-0345 .- 1544-0591. ; 95:11, s. 1291-1297
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fimbriae are protein-based filamentous appendages that protrude from the bacterial cell surface and facilitate host adhesion. Two types of fimbriae, FimA and Mfa1, of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis are responsible for adherence to other bacteria and to host cells in the oral cavity. Both fimbrial forms are composed of 5 proteins, but there is limited information about their polymerization mechanisms. Here, the authors evaluated the function of Mfa5, one of the Mfa1 fimbrial accessory proteins. Using mfa5 gene disruption and complementation studies, the authors revealed that Mfa5 affects the incorporation of other accessory proteins, Mfa3 and Mfa4, into fibers and the expression of fimbriae on the cell surface. Mfa5 is predicted to have a C-terminal domain (CTD) that uses the type IX secretion system (T9SS), which is limited to this organism and related Bacteroidetes species, for translocation across the outer membrane. To determine the relationship between the putative Mfa5 CTD and the T9SS, mutants were constructed with in-frame deletion of the CTD and deletion of porU, a C-terminal signal peptidase linked to T9SS-mediated secretion. The ∆CTD-expressing strain presented a similar phenotype to the mfa5 disruption mutant with reduced expression of fimbriae lacking all accessory proteins. The ∆porU mutants and the ∆CTD-expressing strain showed intracellular accumulation of Mfa5. These results indicate that Mfa5 function requires T9SS-mediated translocation across the outer membrane, which is dependent on the CTD, and subsequent incorporation into fibers. These findings suggest the presence of a novel polymerization mechanism of the P. gingivalis fimbriae.
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| 11. |
- Martin, S., et al.
(author)
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ALCHEMI, an ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory: Survey presentation and first results from the ACA array
- 2021
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In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 656
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Context. The interstellar medium is the locus of physical processes affecting the evolution of galaxies which drive or are the result of star formation activity, supermassive black hole growth, and feedback. The resulting physical conditions determine the observable chemical abundances that can be explored through molecular emission observations at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. Aims. Our goal is to unveiling the molecular richness of the central region of the prototypical nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 at an unprecedented combination of sensitivity, spatial resolution, and frequency coverage. Methods. We used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), covering a nearly contiguous 289 GHz frequency range between 84.2 and 373.2 GHz, to image the continuum and spectral line emission at 1.6″(∼28 pc) resolution down to a sensitivity of 30 - 50 mK. This article describes the ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory (ALCHEMI) large program. We focus on the analysis of the spectra extracted from the 15″ (∼255 pc) resolution ALMA Compact Array data. Results. We modeled the molecular emission assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium with 78 species being detected. Additionally, multiple hydrogen and helium recombination lines are identified. Spectral lines contribute 5 to 36% of the total emission in frequency bins of 50 GHz. We report the first extragalactic detections of C2H5OH, HOCN, HC3HO, and several rare isotopologues. Isotopic ratios of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and silicon were measured with multiple species. Concluison. Infrared pumped vibrationaly excited HCN, HNC, and HC3N emission, originating in massive star formation locations, is clearly detected at low resolution, while we do not detect it for HCO+. We suggest high temperature conditions in these regions driving a seemingly "carbon-rich"chemistry which may also explain the observed high abundance of organic species close to those in Galactic hot cores. The Lvib/LIR ratio was used as a proxy to estimate a 3% contribution from the proto super star cluster to the global infrared emission. Measured isotopic ratios with high dipole moment species agree with those within the central kiloparsec of the Galaxy, while those derived from 13C/18O are a factor of five larger, confirming the existence of multiple interstellar medium components within NGC 253 with different degrees of nucleosynthesis enrichment. The ALCHEMI data set provides a unique template for studies of star-forming galaxies in the early Universe.
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| 12. |
- Tanaka, Kunihiko, et al.
(author)
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Volume Density Structure of the Central Molecular Zone NGC 253 through ALCHEMI Excitation Analysis
- 2024
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In: Astrophysical Journal. - 1538-4357 .- 0004-637X. ; 961:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present a spatially resolved excitation analysis for the central molecular zone (CMZ) of the starburst galaxy NGC 253 using the data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory, whereby we explore parameters distinguishing NGC 253 from the quiescent Milky Way’s Galactic center (GC). Non-LTE analyses employing a hierarchical Bayesian framework are applied to Band 3-7 transitions from nine molecular species to delineate the position-position-velocity distributions of column density ( N H 2 ), volume density ( n H 2 ), and temperature (T kin) at 27 pc resolution. Two distinct components are detected: a low-density component with ( n H 2 , T kin ) ∼ ( 10 3.3 cm − 3 , 85 K ) and a high-density component with ( n H 2 , T kin ) ∼ ( 10 4.4 cm − 3 , 110 K ) , separated at n H 2 ∼ 10 3.8 cm − 3 . NGC 253 has ∼10 times the high-density gas mass and ∼3 times the dense-gas mass fraction of the GC. These properties are consistent with their HCN/CO ratio but cannot alone explain the factor of ∼30 difference in their star formation efficiencies (SFEs), contradicting the dense-gas mass to star formation rate scaling law. The n H 2 histogram toward NGC 253 exhibits a shallow declining slope up to n H 2 ∼ 10 6 cm − 3 , while that of the GC steeply drops in n H 2 ≳ 10 4.5 cm − 3 and vanishes at 105 cm−3. Their dense-gas mass fraction ratio becomes consistent with their SFEs when the threshold n H 2 for the dense gas is taken at ∼104.2−4.6 cm−3. The rich abundance of gas above this density range in the NGC 253 CMZ, or its scarcity in the GC, is likely to be the critical difference characterizing the contrasting star formation in the centers of the two galaxies.
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| 13. |
- Behrens, E., et al.
(author)
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Tracing Interstellar Heating: An ALCHEMI Measurement of the HCN Isomers in NGC 253
- 2022
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In: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 1538-4357 .- 0004-637X. ; 939:2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyze HCN and HNC emission in the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 to investigate its effectiveness in tracing heating processes associated with star formation. This study uses multiple HCN and HNC rotational transitions observed using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array via the ALCHEMI Large Program. To understand the conditions and associated heating mechanisms within NGC 253's dense gas, we employ Bayesian nested sampling techniques applied to chemical and radiative transfer models, which are constrained using our HCN and HNC measurements. We find that the volume density n H 2 and cosmic-ray ionization rate (CRIR) ζ are enhanced by about an order of magnitude in the galaxy’s central regions as compared to those further from the nucleus. In NGC 253's central giant molecular clouds (GMCs), where observed HCN/HNC abundance ratios are the lowest, n ∼ 105.5 cm−3 and ζ ∼ 10−12 s−1 (greater than 104 times the average Galactic rate). We find a positive correlation in the association of both density and CRIR with the number of star formation-related heating sources (supernova remnants, H ii regions, and super hot cores) located in each GMC, as well as a correlation between CRIRs and supernova rates. Additionally, we see an anticorrelation between the HCN/HNC ratio and CRIR, indicating that this ratio will be lower in regions where ζ is higher. Though previous studies suggested HCN and HNC may reveal strong mechanical heating processes in NGC 253's CMZ, we find cosmic-ray heating dominates the heating budget, and mechanical heating does not play a significant role in the HCN and HNC chemistry.
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| 14. |
- Huang, K. Y., et al.
(author)
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Reconstructing the shock history in the CMZ of NGC 253 with ALCHEMI
- 2023
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In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 675
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Context. HNCO and SiO are well-known shock tracers and have been observed in nearby galaxies, including the nearby (D = 3.5 Mpc) starburst galaxy NGC 253. The simultaneous detection of these two species in regions where the star-formation rate is high may be used to study the shock history of the gas. Aims. We perform a multi-line molecular study of NGC 253 using the shock tracers SiO and HNCO and aim to characterize its gas properties. We also explore the possibility of reconstructing the shock history in the central molecular zone (CMZ) of the galaxy. Methods. Six SiO transitions and eleven HNCO transitions were imaged at high resolution 1.·6 (28 pc) with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) as part of the ALCHEMI Large Programme. Both non local thermaldynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) radiative transfer analysis and chemical modeling were performed in order to characterize the gas properties and investigate the chemical origin of the emission. Results. The nonLTE radiative transfer analysis coupled with Bayesian inference shows clear evidence that the gas traced by SiO has different densities and temperatures than that traced by HNCO, with an indication that shocks are needed to produce both species. Chemical modeling further confirms such a scenario and suggests that fast and slow shocks are responsible for SiO and HNCO production, respectively, in most GMCs. We are also able to infer the physical characteristics of the shocks traced by SiO and HNCO for each GMC. Conclusions. Radiative transfer and chemical analysis of the SiO and HNCO in the CMZ of NGC 253 reveal a complex picture whereby most of the GMCs are subjected to shocks. We speculate on the possible shock scenarios responsible for the observed emission and provide potential history and timescales for each shock scenario. Observations of higher spatial resolution for these two species are required in order to quantitatively differentiate between the possible scenarios.
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| 15. |
- Humire, Pedro, et al.
(author)
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Methanol masers in NGC 253 with ALCHEMI
- 2022
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In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 663
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Context. Methanol masers of Class I (collisionally pumped) and Class II (radiatively pumped) have been studied in great detail in our Galaxy in a variety of astrophysical environments such as shocks and star-forming regions and are they are helpful to analyze the properties of the dense interstellar medium. However, the study of methanol masers in external galaxies is still in its infancy. Aims. Our main goal is to search for methanol masers in the central molecular zone (CMZ; inner 500 pc) of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC253. Methods. Covering a frequency range between 84 and 373 GHz (λ = 3.6-0.8 mm) at high angular (1."6 ∼ 27 pc) and spectral (∼8-9 km s-1) resolution with ALCHEMI (ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory), we have probed dierent regions across the CMZ of NGC253. In order to look for methanol maser candidates, we employed the rotation diagram method and a set of radiative transfer models. Results.We detect for the first time masers above 84 GHz in NGC253, covering an ample portion of the J-1 (J-1)0-E line series (at 84, 132, 229, and 278 GHz) and the J0 (J-1)1 A series (at 95, 146, and 198 GHz). This confirms the presence of the Class I maser line at 84 GHz, which was already reported, but now being detected in more than one location. For the J-1 (J-1)0-E line series, we observe a lack of Class I maser candidates in the central star-forming disk. Conclusions. The physical conditions for maser excitation in the J-1 (J-1)0-E line series can be weak shocks and cloud-cloud collisions as suggested by shock tracers (SiO and HNCO) in bi-symmetric shock regions located in the outskirts of the CMZ. On the other hand, the presence of photodissociation regions due to a high star-formation rate would be needed to explain the lack of Class I masers in the very central regions.
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| 16. |
- Laporte, N., et al.
(author)
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ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: A strongly lensed multiply imaged dusty system at z ≥ 6
- 2021
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In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 505:4, s. 4838-4846
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report the discovery of an intrinsically faint, quintuply-imaged, dusty galaxy MACS0600-z6 at a redshift z = 6.07 viewed through the cluster MACSJ0600.1–2008 (z = 0.46). A ≃ 4σ dust detection is seen at 1.2mm as part of the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey (ALCS), an on-going ALMA Large programme, and the redshift is secured via [C II] 158 μm emission described in a companion paper. In addition, spectroscopic follow-up with GMOS/Gemini-North shows a break in the galaxy’s spectrum, consistent with the Lyman break at that redshift. We use a detailed mass model of the cluster and infer a magnification μ ≳ 30 for the most magnified image of this galaxy, which provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe the physical properties of a sub-luminous galaxy at the end of cosmic reionization. Based on the spectral energy distribution, we infer lensing-corrected stellar and dust masses of 2.9-2.3+115 × 109 and 4.8-3.4+45 × 106 M☉, respectively, a star formation rate of 9.7-6.6+220 M☉ yr−1, an intrinsic size of 0.54-0.14+026 kpc, and a luminosity-weighted age of 200 ± 100 Myr. Strikingly, the dust production rate in this relatively young galaxy appears to be larger than that observed for equivalent, lower redshift sources. We discuss if this implies that early supernovae are more efficient dust producers and the consequences for using dust mass as a probe of earlier star formation.
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| 17. |
- Nakajima, K., et al.
(author)
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Enhanced diagnostic accuracy for quantitative bone scan using an artificial neural network system: A Japanese multi-center database project
- 2013
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In: EJNMMI Research. - 2191-219X. ; 3:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Artificial neural network (ANN)-based bone scan index (BSI), a marker of the amount of bone metastasis, has been shown to enhance diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility but is potentially affected by training databases. The aims of this study were to revise the software using a large number of Japanese databases and to validate its diagnostic accuracy compared with the original Swedish training database. Methods The BSI was calculated with EXINIbone (EB; EXINI Diagnostics) using the Swedish training database (n = 789). The software using Japanese training databases from a single institution (BONENAVI version 1, BN1, n = 904) and the revised version from nine institutions (version 2, BN2, n = 1,532) were compared. The diagnostic accuracy was validated with another 503 multi-center bone scans including patients with prostate (n = 207), breast (n = 166), and other cancer types. The ANN value (probability of abnormality) and BSI were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and net reclassification improvement (NRI) analyses were performed. Results The ROC analysis based on the ANN value showed significant improvement from EB to BN1 and BN2. In men (n = 296), the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.877 for EB, 0.912 for BN1 (p = not significant (ns) vs. EB) and 0.934 for BN2 (p = 0.007 vs. EB). In women (n = 207), the AUC was 0.831 for EB, 0.910 for BN1 (p = 0.016 vs. EB), and 0.932 for BN2 (p < 0.0001 vs. EB). The optimum sensitivity and specificity based on BN2 was 90% and 84% for men and 93% and 85% for women. In patients with prostate cancer, the AUC was equally high with EB, BN1, and BN2 (0.939, 0.949, and 0.957, p = ns). In patients with breast cancer, the AUC was improved from EB (0.847) to BN1 (0.910, p = ns) and BN2 (0.924, p = 0.039). The NRI using ANN between EB and BN1 was 17.7% (p = 0.0042), and that between EB and BN2 was 29.6% (p < 0.0001). With respect to BSI, the NRI analysis showed downward reclassification with total NRI of 31.9% (p < 0.0001). Conclusion In the software for calculating BSI, the multi-institutional database significantly improved identification of bone metastasis compared with the original database, indicating the importance of a sufficient number of training databases including various types of cancers. © 2013 Nakajima et al.
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| 21. |
- Haasler, D., et al.
(author)
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First extragalactic detection of a phosphorus-bearing molecule with ALCHEMI: Phosphorus nitride (PN)
- 2022
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In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 659
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Context. Phosphorus (P) is a crucial element for life given its central role in several biomolecules. P-bearing molecules have been discovered in different regions of the Milky Way, but not yet towards an extragalactic environment. Aims. We searched for P-bearing molecules outside the Milky Way towards the nearby starburst Galaxy NGC 253. Methods. Using observations from the ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory (ALCHEMI) project, we used the MAdrid Data CUBe Analysis package to model the emission of P-bearing molecules assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions. We also performed a non-LTE analysis using SpectralRadex. Results. We report the detection of a P-bearing molecule, phosphorus nitride (PN), for the first time in an extragalactic environment, towards two giant molecular clouds (GMCs) of NGC 253. The LTE analysis yields total PN beam-averaged column densities N = (1.20 +/- 0.09) x 10(13) cm(-2) and N = (6.5 +/- 1.6) x 10(12) cm(-2), which translate into abundances with respect to H-2 of chi = (8.0 +/- 1.0) x 10(-12) and chi = (4.4 +/- 1.2) x 10(-12). We derived a low excitation temperature of T-ex = (4.4 +/- 1.3) K towards the GMC with the brightest PN emission, which indicates that PN is sub-thermally excited. The non-LTE analysis results in column densities consistent with the LTE values. We also searched for other P-bearing molecules (PO, PH3, CP, and CCP), and upper limits were derived. The derived PO/PN ratios are < 1.3 and < 1.7. The abundance ratio between PN and the shock-tracer SiO derived towards NGC 253 follows the same trend previously found towards Galactic sources. Conclusions. Comparison of the observations with chemical models indicates that the derived molecular abundances of PN in NGC 253 can be explained by shock-driven chemistry followed by cosmic-ray-driven photochemistry.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Harada, N., et al.
(author)
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ALCHEMI Finds a “Shocking” Carbon Footprint in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 253
- 2022
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In: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 1538-4357 .- 0004-637X. ; 938:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The centers of starburst galaxies may be characterized by a specific gas and ice chemistry due to their gas dynamics and the presence of various ice desorption mechanisms. This may result in a peculiar observable composition. We analyse the abundances of CO2, a reliable tracer of ice chemistry, from data collected as part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array large program ALCHEMI, a wide-frequency spectral scan toward the starburst galaxy NGC 253 with an angular resolution of 1.″6. We constrain the CO2 abundances in the gas phase using its protonated form HOCO+. The distribution of HOCO+ is similar to that of methanol, which suggests that HOCO+ is indeed produced from the protonation of CO2 sublimated from ice. The HOCO+ fractional abundances are found to be (1-2) × 10−9 at the outer part of the central molecular zone (CMZ), while they are lower (∼10−10) near the kinematic center. This peak fractional abundance at the outer CMZ is comparable to that in the Milky Way CMZ, and orders of magnitude higher than that in Galactic disk, star-forming regions. From the range of HOCO+/CO2 ratios suggested from chemical models, the gas-phase CO2 fractional abundance is estimated to be (1-20) × 10−7 at the outer CMZ, and orders of magnitude lower near the center. We estimate the CO2 ice fractional abundances at the outer CMZ to be (2-5) × 10−6 from the literature. A comparison between the ice and gas CO2 abundances suggests an efficient sublimation mechanism. This sublimation is attributed to large-scale shocks at the orbital intersections of the bar and CMZ.
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| 24. |
- Holdship, Jonathan, et al.
(author)
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The distribution and origin of C 2 H in NGC 253 from ALCHEMI
- 2021
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In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 654
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Context. Observations of chemical species can provide insights into the physical conditions of the emitting gas however it is important to understand how their abundances and excitation vary within different heating environments. C2H is a molecule typically found in PDR regions of our own Galaxy but there is evidence to suggest it also traces other regions undergoing energetic processing in extragalactic environments. Aims. As part of the ALCHEMI ALMA large program, we map the emission of C2H in the central molecular zone of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 at 1.6″ (28 pc) resolution and characterize it to understand its chemical origins. Methods. We used spectral modeling of the N = 1-0 through N = 4-3 rotational transitions of C2H to derive the C2H column densities towards the dense clouds in NGC 253. We then use chemical modeling, including photodissociation region (PDR), dense cloud, and shock models to investigate the chemical processes and physical conditions that are producing the molecular emission. Results. We find high C2H column densities of ∼1015 cm-2 detected towards the dense regions of NGC 253. We further find that these column densities cannot be reproduced if it is assumed that the emission arises from the PDR regions at the edge of the clouds. Instead, we find that the C2H abundance remains high even in the high visual extinction interior of these clouds and that this is most likely caused by a high cosmic-ray ionization rate.
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| 25. |
- Huang, Liping, et al.
(author)
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The impact of baseline potassium intake on the dose-response relation between sodium reduction and blood pressure change : systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.
- 2021
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In: Journal of Human Hypertension. - : Springer Nature. - 0950-9240 .- 1476-5527. ; 35:11, s. 946-957
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sodium and potassium appear to interact with each other in their effects on blood pressure with potassium supplementation having a greater blood pressure lowering-effect when sodium intake is high. Whether the effect of sodium reduction on blood pressure varies according to potassium intake levels is unclear. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the impact of baseline potassium intake on blood pressure response to sodium reduction in randomized trials in adult populations, with sodium and potassium intake estimated from 24-h urine samples. We included 68 studies involving 5708 participants and conducted univariable and multivariable meta-regression. The median intake of baseline potassium was 67.7 mmol (Interquartile range: 54.6-76.4 mmol), and the mean reduction in sodium intake was 128 mmol (95% CI: 107-148). Multivariable meta-regression that included baseline 24-h urinary potassium excretion, age, ethnicity, baseline blood pressure, change in 24-h urinary sodium excretion, as well as the interaction between baseline 24-h urinary potassium excretion and change in 24-h urinary sodium excretion did not identify a significant association of baseline potassium intake levels with the blood pressure reduction achieved with a 50 mmol lowering of sodium intake (p > 0.05 for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure). A higher starting level of blood pressure was consistently associated with a greater blood pressure reduction from reduced sodium consumption. However, the nonsignificant findings may subject to the limitations of the data available. Additional studies with more varied potassium intake levels would allow a more confident exclusion of an interaction.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Kanis, J A, et al.
(author)
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Previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk: a meta-analysis to update FRAX.
- 2023
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In: Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. - : Springer Nature. - 1433-2965 .- 0937-941X. ; 34:12, s. 2027-2045
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A large international meta-analysis using primary data from 64 cohorts has quantified the increased risk of fracture associated with a previous history of fracture for future use in FRAX.The aim of this study was to quantify the fracture risk associated with a prior fracture on an international basis and to explore the relationship of this risk with age, sex, time since baseline and bone mineral density (BMD).We studied 665,971 men and 1,438,535 women from 64 cohorts in 32 countries followed for a total of 19.5 million person-years. The effect of a prior history of fracture on the risk of any clinical fracture, any osteoporotic fracture, major osteoporotic fracture, and hip fracture alone was examined using an extended Poisson model in each cohort. Covariates examined were age, sex, BMD, and duration of follow-up. The results of the different studies were merged by using the weighted β-coefficients.A previous fracture history, compared with individuals without a prior fracture, was associated with a significantly increased risk of any clinical fracture (hazard ratio, HR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.72-2.07). The risk ratio was similar for the outcome of osteoporotic fracture (HR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.69-2.07), major osteoporotic fracture (HR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.63-2.06), or for hip fracture (HR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.62-2.06). There was no significant difference in risk ratio between men and women. Subsequent fracture risk was marginally downward adjusted when account was taken of BMD. Low BMD explained a minority of the risk for any clinical fracture (14%), osteoporotic fracture (17%), and for hip fracture (33%). The risk ratio for all fracture outcomes related to prior fracture decreased significantly with adjustment for age and time since baseline examination.A previous history of fracture confers an increased risk of fracture of substantial importance beyond that explained by BMD. The effect is similar in men and women. Its quantitation on an international basis permits the more accurate use of this risk factor in case finding strategies.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Pierot, L, et al.
(author)
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Standards of Practice in Acute Ischemic Stroke Intervention International Recommendations
- 2019
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In: The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0317-1671 .- 2057-0155. ; 46:3, s. 269-274
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- After five positive randomized controlled trials showed benefit of mechanical thrombectomy in the management of acute ischemic stroke with emergent large-vessel occlusion, a multi-society meeting was organized during the 17th Congress of the World Federation of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology in October 2017 in Budapest, Hungary. This multi-society meeting was dedicated to establish standards of practice in acute ischemic stroke intervention aiming for a consensus on the minimum requirements for centers providing such treatment. In an ideal situation, all patients would be treated at a center offering a full spectrum of neuroendovascular care (a level 1 center). However, for geographical reasons, some patients are unable to reach such a center in a reasonable period of time. With this in mind, the group paid special attention to define recommendations on the prerequisites of organizing stroke centers providing medical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke, but not for other neurovascular diseases (level 2 centers). Finally, some centers will have a stroke unit and offer intravenous thrombolysis, but not any endovascular stroke therapy (level 3 centers). Together, these level 1, 2, and 3 centers form a complete stroke system of care. The multi-society group provides recommendations and a framework for the development of medical thrombectomy services worldwide.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Rodrigues, Ian A., et al.
(author)
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Defining a Minimum Set of Standardized Patient-centered Outcome Measures for Macular Degeneration
- 2016
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In: American Journal of Ophthalmology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9394 .- 1879-1891. ; 168, s. 1-12
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PURPOSE: To define a minimum set of outcome measures for tracking, comparing, and improving macular degeneration care.DESIGN: Recommendations from a working group of international experts in macular degeneration outcomes registry development and patient advocates, facilitated by the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM).METHODS: Modified Delphi technique, supported by structured teleconferences, followed by online surveys to drive consensus decisions. Potential outcomes were identified through literature review of outcomes collected in existing registries and reported in major clinical trials. Outcomes were refined by the working group and selected based on impact on patients, relationship to good clinical care, and feasibility of measurement in routine clinical practice.
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| 37. |
- Sasaki, S, et al.
(author)
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Dexterous finger movements in primate without monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal excitation
- 2004
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In: Journal of Neurophysiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0022-3077 .- 1522-1598. ; 92:5, s. 3142-3147
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is generally accepted that the precision grip and independent finger movements (IFMs) in monkey and man are controlled by the direct (monosynaptic) corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway. This view is based on previous observations that pyramidotomy causes near permanent deficits of IFMs. However, in addition to the direct CM pathway, pyramidotomy interrupts several corticofugal connections to the brain stem and upper cervical segments. Indirect (oligosynaptic) CM pathways, which are phylogenetically older, have been considered to be of little or no importance in prehension. In three adult macaque monkeys, complete transection of the direct CM pathway was made in C4/C5, which is rostral to the forelimb segments (C6–Th1). Electrophysiological recordings revealed lack of the direct lateral corticospinal tract (LCST) volley, monosynaptic extracellular field potentials in the motor nuclei, and monosynaptic CM excitation. However, a disynaptic volley, disynaptic field potentials and disynaptic CM excitation mediated via C3–C4 propriospinal neurons remained after the lesion. Thus the lesion interrupted the monosynaptic CM pathway and oligosynaptic LCST pathways mediated by interneurons in the forelimb segments. Precision grip and IFMs were observed already after 1–28 days postoperatively. Weakness in force and deficits in preshaping remained for an observation period of 3 mo. Indirect CM pathways may be important for neuro-rehabilitation.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Vandenput, L., et al.
(author)
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A meta-analysis of previous falls and subsequent fracture risk in cohort studies
- 2024
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In: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer Nature. - 0937-941X .- 1433-2965. ; 35:3, s. 469-494
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Summary: The relationship between self-reported falls and fracture risk was estimated in an international meta-analysis of individual-level data from 46 prospective cohorts. Previous falls were associated with an increased fracture risk in women and men and should be considered as an additional risk factor in the FRAX® algorithm. Introduction: Previous falls are a well-documented risk factor for subsequent fracture but have not yet been incorporated into the FRAX algorithm. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an international meta-analysis, the association between previous falls and subsequent fracture risk and its relation to sex, age, duration of follow-up, and bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: The resource comprised 906,359 women and men (66.9% female) from 46 prospective cohorts. Previous falls were uniformly defined as any fall occurring during the previous year in 43 cohorts; the remaining three cohorts had a different question construct. The association between previous falls and fracture risk (any clinical fracture, osteoporotic fracture, major osteoporotic fracture, and hip fracture) was examined using an extension of the Poisson regression model in each cohort and each sex, followed by random-effects meta-analyses of the weighted beta coefficients. Results: Falls in the past year were reported in 21.4% of individuals. During a follow-up of 9,102,207 person-years, 87,352 fractures occurred of which 19,509 were hip fractures. A previous fall was associated with a significantly increased risk of any clinical fracture both in women (hazard ratio (HR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33–1.51) and men (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.41–1.67). The HRs were of similar magnitude for osteoporotic, major osteoporotic fracture, and hip fracture. Sex significantly modified the association between previous fall and fracture risk, with predictive values being higher in men than in women (e.g., for major osteoporotic fracture, HR 1.53 (95% CI 1.27–1.84) in men vs. HR 1.32 (95% CI 1.20–1.45) in women, P for interaction = 0.013). The HRs associated with previous falls decreased with age in women and with duration of follow-up in men and women for most fracture outcomes. There was no evidence of an interaction between falls and BMD for fracture risk. Subsequent risk for a major osteoporotic fracture increased with each additional previous fall in women and men. Conclusions: A previous self-reported fall confers an increased risk of fracture that is largely independent of BMD. Previous falls should be considered as an additional risk factor in future iterations of FRAX to improve fracture risk prediction.
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| 40. |
- Vandenput, Liesbeth, 1974, et al.
(author)
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Update of the fracture risk prediction tool FRAX : a systematic review of potential cohorts and analysis plan
- 2022
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In: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer. - 0937-941X .- 1433-2965. ; 33:10, s. 2103-2136
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Summary: We describe the collection of cohorts together with the analysis plan for an update of the fracture risk prediction tool FRAX with respect to current and novel risk factors. The resource comprises 2,138,428 participants with a follow-up of approximately 20 million person-years and 116,117 documented incident major osteoporotic fractures.Introduction: The availability of the fracture risk assessment tool FRAX® has substantially enhanced the targeting of treatment to those at high risk of fracture with FRAX now incorporated into more than 100 clinical osteoporosis guidelines worldwide. The aim of this study is to determine whether the current algorithms can be further optimised with respect to current and novel risk factors.Methods: A computerised literature search was performed in PubMed from inception until May 17, 2019, to identify eligible cohorts for updating the FRAX coefficients. Additionally, we searched the abstracts of conference proceedings of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, European Calcified Tissue Society and World Congress of Osteoporosis. Prospective cohort studies with data on baseline clinical risk factors and incident fractures were eligible.Results: Of the 836 records retrieved, 53 were selected for full-text assessment after screening on title and abstract. Twelve cohorts were deemed eligible and of these, 4 novel cohorts were identified. These cohorts, together with 60 previously identified cohorts, will provide the resource for constructing an updated version of FRAX comprising 2,138,428 participants with a follow-up of approximately 20 million person-years and 116,117 documented incident major osteoporotic fractures. For each known and candidate risk factor, multivariate hazard functions for hip fracture, major osteoporotic fracture and death will be tested using extended Poisson regression. Sex- and/or ethnicity-specific differences in the weights of the risk factors will be investigated. After meta-analyses of the cohort-specific beta coefficients for each risk factor, models comprising 10-year probability of hip and major osteoporotic fracture, with or without femoral neck bone mineral density, will be computed.Conclusions: These assembled cohorts and described models will provide the framework for an updated FRAX tool enabling enhanced assessment of fracture risk (PROSPERO (CRD42021227266)).
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| 41. |
- Yamada, Y., et al.
(author)
-
Antidazzle effect of switchable mirrors prepared on substrates with rough surface
- 2008
-
In: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 92:12, s. 1617-1620
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To examine the antidazzle effect of switchable mirrors, mirrors based on a magnesium-nickel alloy were prepared on three kinds of transparent substrates with different surface roughness. The mirrors prepared using a direct-current magnetron sputtering method have nearly the same surface morphology and roughness as the underlying substrates. The diffuse fraction of the total reflectance of the mirrors increases with surface roughness of the mirrors. Thus. by utilizing substrates with rough surfaces, the specular reflectance of the mirrors decreases and consequently it is possible to prepare switchable mirrors with an antidazzle effect.
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| 42. |
- Yamada, Y., et al.
(author)
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Dehydrogenation process of Mg-Ni based switchable mirrors analyzed by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry
- 2012
-
In: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 99:SI, s. 84-87
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The dehydrogenation process of hydrogenated switchable mirrors using magnesium-nickel alloy thin film was studied in situ using spectroscopic ellipsometry. Ellipsometric angles Psi and Delta of the switchable mirrors varied drastically as a result of dehydrogenation, which is a transformation from transparent to reflective states. The process was analyzed by dividing into the following three phases. The first phase was the dehydrogenation process of a thin Mg4Ni layer with several nanometers at a hydrogenated Pcl/Mg4Ni interface. The second phase was the dehydrogenation processes of the hydrogenated Mg4Ni layer, which proceeded from the Pd/Mg4Ni interface to the substrate. The final phase was the desorption process of hydrogen, which was absorbed in Mg4Ni as solid solution and the dehydrogenation process was terminated.
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| 43. |
- Yamada, Y., et al.
(author)
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Estimation of the amount of the proton injected into tungsten oxide thin films during deposition using spectroscopic ellipsometry
- 2007
-
In: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 515:7-8, s. 3825-3829
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tungsten oxide thin films injected with protons (HxWO3) during deposition were prepared on glass substrates using reactive direct-current magnetron sputtering in a mixture of argon, oxygen, and hydrogen gases. The as-deposited films were bronze. The amount of injected protons, namely the x-value in HxWO3, was estimated using the dispersion of the extinction coefficient (κ). The dispersion was evaluated by analyzing the experimental spectra measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry and optical photometry using the model composed of a homogeneous tungsten bronze layer with an additional surface roughness layer. As a result of analysis, the x-value was estimated to be approximately 0.1.
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| 44. |
- Yamada, Y, et al.
(author)
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In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry study of the hydrogenation process of switchable mirrors based on magnesium-nickel alloy thin films
- 2010
-
In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 107:4, s. 043517-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The hydrogenation process of switchable mirrors using magnesium-nickel alloy thin films including a thin palladium cap layer was analyzed by measuring the variation in ellipsometric angles Psi and Delta using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. The process was divided into three phases and each phase was identified as follows. The first phase was the process in which the solid solution was formed because a Mg-Ni alloy in its metal state absorbs hydrogen. The second phase was the hydrogenation processes of the solid solution and the metal Pd layers. The third phase was the hydrogenation process of residual metal Pd in the Pd layer. In the initial state of the second phase, a hydride of the alloy was nucleated at the film/substrate interface as a result of hydrogenation of the solid solution, and a mixture layer of the hydride and solution was formed. With proceeding hydrogenation, the thickness of the mixture layer increased and the homogenous hydride layer was afterwards formed at the film/substrate interface. As a result of further hydrogenation, the Mg-Ni alloy layer was completely hydrogenated. After the alloy layer was completely hydrogenated, the hydrogenation of Pd was terminated.
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| 45. |
- Yamada, Y., et al.
(author)
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Optical properties of tungsten oxide thin films with protons intercalated during sputtering
- 2008
-
In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 103:6, s. 063508-063508-4
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tungsten oxide thin films with protons intercalated during deposition (HxWO3) were prepared using reactive direct-current-magnetron sputtering in a gas mixture of argon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The as-deposited films fabricated under suitable conditions were colored due to the formation of tungsten bronze. The concentration of intercalated protons, given by the x values in HxWO(3), was evaluated by ejecting protons electrochemically from the films. The x value of the films prepared at a constant working pressure was found to be proportional to the hydrogen flow ratio during deposition. On the other hand, the x value of the films prepared at a constant hydrogen flow ratio decreased sharply with increasing working pressure during deposition. The dispersion of the extinction coefficient (kappa) of the films was estimated by analyzing the experimental spectra of psi and Delta measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry using the model composed of a homogeneous tungsten bronze layer with an additional surface roughness layer. As a result of this analysis, the kappa value was found to increase sharply with the number of intercalated protons. There was a linear dependence between the kappa value and the x value for x 0.2, while for x 0.3, the absorption saturated. This indicates that it is possible to evaluate the x value of HxWO3 films using spectroscopic ellipsometry.
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| 46. |
- Yamada, Y, et al.
(author)
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Real time characterization of hydrogenation mechanism of palladium thin films by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry
- 2009
-
In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 106:1, s. 013523-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The hydrogenation mechanism of Pd thin films was analyzed in real time by measuring the variation in ellipsometric Psi and Delta using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. In the initial stage, the hydrogenation proceeded from the film surface and a mixture layer of metal and hydride, not a uniform hydride layer, was formed at the surface. With time evolution, the thickness of the mixture layer increased and that of the Pd metal layer decreased rapidly. After the whole Pd metal layer changed to the mixture layer, the concentration of hydride in the mixture layer increased. Finally, the concentration reached one and hydrogenation of Pd was finished.
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| 47. |
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