| 1. |
- Menkveld, Albert J., et al.
(author)
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Nonstandard Errors
- 2024
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In: JOURNAL OF FINANCE. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0022-1082 .- 1540-6261. ; 79:3, s. 2339-2390
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty-nonstandard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for more reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants.
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| 2. |
- Yu, ChaoQing, et al.
(author)
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Managing nitrogen to restore water quality in China
- 2019
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In: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 567:7749, s. 516-520
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The nitrogen cycle has been radically changed by human activities(1). China consumes nearly one third of the world's nitrogen fertilizers. The excessive application of fertilizers(2,3) and increased nitrogen discharge from livestock, domestic and industrial sources have resulted in pervasive water pollution. Quantifying a nitrogen 'boundary'(4) in heterogeneous environments is important for the effective management of local water quality. Here we use a combination of water-quality observations and simulated nitrogen discharge from agricultural and other sources to estimate spatial patterns of nitrogen discharge into water bodies across China from 1955 to 2014. We find that the critical surface-water quality standard (1.0 milligrams of nitrogen per litre) was being exceeded in most provinces by the mid-1980s, and that current rates of anthropogenic nitrogen discharge (14.5 +/- 3.1 megatonnes of nitrogen per year) to fresh water are about 2.7 times the estimated 'safe' nitrogen discharge threshold (5.2 +/- 0.7 megatonnes of nitrogen per year). Current efforts to reduce pollution through wastewater treatment and by improving cropland nitrogen management can partially remedy this situation. Domestic wastewater treatment has helped to reduce net discharge by 0.7 +/- 0.1 megatonnes in 2014, but at high monetary and energy costs. Improved cropland nitrogen management could remove another 2.3 +/- 0.3 megatonnes of nitrogen per year-about 25 per cent of the excess discharge to fresh water. Successfully restoring a clean water environment in China will further require transformational changes to boost the national nutrient recycling rate from its current average of 36 per cent to about 87 per cent, which is a level typical of traditional Chinese agriculture. Although ambitious, such a high level of nitrogen recycling is technologically achievable at an estimated capital cost of approximately 100 billion US dollars and operating costs of 18-29 billion US dollars per year, and could provide co-benefits such as recycled wastewater for crop irrigation and improved environmental quality and ecosystem services.
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| 3. |
- Mehta, Raghav, et al.
(author)
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QU-BraTS : MICCAI BraTS 2020 Challenge on QuantifyingUncertainty in Brain Tumor Segmentation - Analysis of Ranking Scores and Benchmarking Results
- 2022
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In: Journal of Machine Learning for Biomedical Imaging. - 2766-905X. ; , s. 1-54
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Deep learning (DL) models have provided the state-of-the-art performance in a wide variety of medical imaging benchmarking challenges, including the Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) challenges. However, the task of focal pathology multi-compartment segmentation (e.g., tumor and lesion sub-regions) is particularly challenging, and potential errors hinder the translation of DL models into clinical workflows. Quantifying the reliability of DL model predictions in the form of uncertainties, could enable clinical review of the most uncertain regions, thereby building trust and paving the way towards clinical translation. Recently, a number of uncertainty estimation methods have been introduced for DL medical image segmentation tasks. Developing scores to evaluate and compare the performance of uncertainty measures will assist the end-user in making more informed decisions. In this study, we explore and evaluate a score developed during the BraTS 2019-2020 task on uncertainty quantification (QU-BraTS), and designed to assess and rank uncertainty estimates for brain tumor multi-compartment segmentation. This score (1) rewards uncertainty estimates that produce high confidence in correct assertions, and those that assign low confidence levels at incorrect assertions, and (2) penalizes uncertainty measures that lead to a higher percentages of under-confident correct assertions. We further benchmark the segmentation uncertainties generated by 14 independent participating teams of QU-BraTS 2020, all of which also participated in the main BraTS segmentation task. Overall, our findings confirm the importance and complementary value that uncertainty estimates provide to segmentation algorithms, and hence highlight the need for uncertainty quantification in medical image analyses. Our evaluation code is made publicly available at https://github.com/RagMeh11/QU-BraTS
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| 4. |
- Wang, Yukun, et al.
(author)
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Simulation study of the purification system for indoor oil mist control in machining factories
- 2023
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In: Building Simulation. - : Springer Nature. - 1996-3599 .- 1996-8744. ; 16:8, s. 1361-1374
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High-concentration oil mists can cause serious health problems to workers, which are generally mitigated by ventilation and purification systems. However, the coupling relationship between these systems is not clear. In this study, the effects of purifier outlet direction, purification air volume, installation height, and purification efficiency on indoor oil mist distribution were investigated by numerical simulation using an actual machining factory. The mitigation of oil mist in various combinations of ventilation and purification systems was also discussed. The results show that the outlet direction of the purifier has a great influence on the distribution of oil mist in the factory, and the maximum difference of oil mist concentration in the breathing zone under different orientations is 17%. The best purifier outlet direction is vertically upward. When the purifier outlet direction is upward, a larger purification air volume is beneficial for contaminant removal, and a lower purifier exhaust installation height is helpful for oil mist discharge from the bottom of the factory and reducing the concentration of oil mist in the breathing area. The oil mist concentration of purifier exhaust increases from 0 to 2 mg/m3 and the oil mist concentration in the breathing zone increases by 67%. The combined system of purification system with the roof exhaust system and displacement ventilation system has the optimal pollution removal efficiency and the lowest concentration of oil mist in the breathing zone compared to other systems. The research results can provide a reference for the design, installation, and operation of ventilation and purification systems in machining factories.
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| 5. |
- Watts, Nick, et al.
(author)
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Health and climate change : policy responses to protect public health
- 2015
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In: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 386:10006, s. 1861-1914
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The 2015 Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change has been formed to map out the impacts of climate change, and the necessary policy responses, in order to ensure the highest attainable standards of health for populations worldwide. This Commission is multidisciplinary and international in nature, with strong collaboration between academic centres in Europe and China. The central finding from the Commission's work is that tackling climate change could be the greatest global health opportunity of the 21st century. The key messages from the Commission are summarised below, accompanied by ten underlying recommendations to accelerate action in the next 5 years.
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