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- Huddell, Alexandra, et al.
(author)
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Nitrate leaching losses and the fate of 15N fertilizer in perennial intermediate wheatgrass and annual wheat — A field study
- 2023
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 857
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Perennial grains, such as the intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) (IWG), may reduce negative environmental effects compared to annual grain crops. Their permanent, and generally larger, root systems are likely to retain nitrogen (N) better, decreasing harmful losses of N and improving fertilizer N use efficiency, but there have been no comprehensive N fertilizer recovery studies in IWG to date. We measured fertilizer N recovery with stable isotope tracers in crop biomass and soil, soil N mineralization and nitrification, and nitrate leaching in IWG and annual wheat in a replicated block field experiment. Nitrate leaching was drastically reduced in IWG (0.1 and 3.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1) in its third and fourth year since establishment, compared with 5.6 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in annual wheat and 41.0 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in fallow respectively. There were no differences in net N mineralization or nitrification between IWG and annual wheat, though there was generally more inorganic N in the soil profile of annual wheat. More 15N fertilizer was recovered in the straw and all depths of the roots and soils in IWG than annual wheat. However, annual wheat recovered much more 15N fertilizer in the seeds compared to IWG, which had lower grain yields. 15N-labeled fertilizer contributed little (<3 %) to nitrate–N in leachate, highlighting the role of soil microbes in regulating loss of current year fertilizer N. The large reduction in nitrate leaching demonstrates that perennial grains can reduce harmful nitrogen losses and offer a more sustainable alternative to annual grains.
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- Jacob, Karl, et al.
(author)
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Characterization of the 530-625 GHz receiver unit for the Jupiter mission JUICE/SWI
- 2015
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In: Proceedings of the 36th ESA Antenna Workshop on Antennas and RF Systems for Space Science.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Submillimetre Wave Instrument (SWI) is being developed for the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) missionof the European Space Agency (ESA). In this paper we give an overview of the 530 GHz to 625 GHz receiver unit of SWI and present the first noise temperature measurements covering the complete receiver bandwidth at room temperature operation. In this context we will point out the difficulties with the highly variable local oscillator power within the bandwith, which needs a careful tuning of the multiplier bias voltages in order to optimize the noise temperature and to avoid damage of the mixers. In addition we show initial results at cold temperature operation. Furthermore we will present a first stability measurement showing the temperature dependence of the receiver gain at room temperature operation.
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| 4. |
- Peters, Gregory, 1970, et al.
(author)
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The need to decelerate fast fashion in a hot climate - A global sustainability perspective on the garment industry
- 2021
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In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 295
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Controversy exists regarding the scale of the impacts caused by fast fashion. This article aims to provide a robust basis for discussion about the geography, the scale and the temporal trends in the impacts of fast fashion because the globalisation of the fashion industry means original, peer-reviewed, quantitative assessments of the total impacts are relatively rare and difficult to compare. This article presents the first application of Eora, a multiregional environmentally extended input output model, to the assessment of the impacts of clothing and footwear value chain. We focus on the key environmental indicators of energy consumption, climate and water resources impacts, and social indicators of wages and employment. The results of the analysis indicate that the climate impact of clothing and footwear consumption rose from 1.0 to 1.3 Gt carbon dioxide equivalent over the 15 years to 2015. China, India, the USA and Brazil dominate these figures. The trends identified in this and the other indicators represent small increases over the study period compared to the 75% increase in textile production, meaning that the impacts per garment have improved considerably. On the other hand, the climate and water use impacts are larger as a proportion of global figures than the benefits provided via employment and wages. Our analysis of energy consumption suggests most of the per-garment improvement in emissions is the result of increased fashion-industrial efficiency, with a lesser role being played by falling carbon intensity among energy suppliers. While both the social benefits and environmental impacts per mass of garment appear to have decreased in recent times, much greater improvements in the absolute carbon footprint of the fashion industry are attainable by eliminating fossil-fueled electricity supplies, and by eliminating fast fashion as a business model.
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- Arshamian, Artin, et al.
(author)
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The perception of odor pleasantness is shared across cultures
- 2022
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In: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 32:9, s. 2061-2066, e1-e3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Humans share sensory systems with a common anatomical blueprint, but individual sensory experience nevertheless varies. In olfaction, it is not known to what degree sensory perception, particularly the perception of odor pleasantness, is founded on universal principles dictated by culture or merely a matter of personal taste. To address this, we asked 225 individuals from 9 diverse nonwestern cultures—hunter-gatherer to urban dwelling—to rank the monomolecular odorants from most to least pleasant. Contrary to expectations, culture explained only 6% of the variance in pleasantness rankings, whereas individual variability or personal taste explained 54%. Importantly, there was substantial global consistency, with molecular identity explaining 41% of the variance in odor pleasantness rankings. Critically, these universal rankings were predicted by the physicochemical properties of out-of-sample molecules and out-of-sample pleasantness ratings given by a tenth group of western urban participants. Taken together, this shows human olfactory perception is strongly constrained by universal principles.
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| 7. |
- Jackson, Victoria E, et al.
(author)
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Meta-analysis of exome array data identifies six novel genetic loci for lung function.
- 2018
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In: Wellcome open research. - : F1000 Research Ltd. - 2398-502X. ; 3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Over 90 regions of the genome have been associated with lung function to date, many of which have also been implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: We carried out meta-analyses of exome array data and three lung function measures: forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and the ratio of FEV 1 to FVC (FEV 1/FVC). These analyses by the SpiroMeta and CHARGE consortia included 60,749 individuals of European ancestry from 23 studies, and 7,721 individuals of African Ancestry from 5 studies in the discovery stage, with follow-up in up to 111,556 independent individuals. Results: We identified significant (P<2·8x10 -7) associations with six SNPs: a nonsynonymous variant in RPAP1, which is predicted to be damaging, three intronic SNPs ( SEC24C, CASC17 and UQCC1) and two intergenic SNPs near to LY86 and FGF10. Expression quantitative trait loci analyses found evidence for regulation of gene expression at three signals and implicated several genes, including TYRO3 and PLAU. Conclusions: Further interrogation of these loci could provide greater understanding of the determinants of lung function and pulmonary disease.
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| 9. |
- Tanarro, Alvaro, et al.
(author)
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Enabling adaptive mesh refinement for spectral-element simulations of turbulence around wing sections
- 2020
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In: Flow Turbulence and Combustion. - : Springer Nature. - 1386-6184 .- 1573-1987. ; 105:2, s. 415-436
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The implementation of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) in the spectral-element method code Nek5000 is used for the first time on the well-resolved large-eddy simulation (LES) of the turbulent flow over wings. In particular, the flow over a NACA4412 profile with a 5° angle of attack at chord-based Reynolds number Rec=200,000 is analysed in the present work. The mesh, starting from a coarse resolution, is progressively refined by means of AMR, which allows for high resolution near the wall and wake whereas significantly larger elements are used in the far-field. The resulting mesh is of higher resolution than those in previous conformal cases, and it allows for the use of larger computational domains, avoiding the use of precursor RANS simulations to determine the boundary conditions. All of this with, approximately, 3 times lower total number of grid points if the same spanwise length is used. Turbulence statistics obtained in the AMR simulation show good agreement with the ones obtained with the conformal mesh. Finally, using AMR on wings will enable simulations at Rec beyond 1 million, thus allowing the study of pressure-gradient effects at high Reynolds numbers relevant for practical applications.
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| 10. |
- Lee, Wee Lih, et al.
(author)
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Single-trial event-related potential extraction through one-unit ICA-with-reference
- 2016
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In: Journal of Neural Engineering. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-2560 .- 1741-2552. ; 13:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective. In recent years, ICA has been one of the more popular methods for extracting event-related potential (ERP) at the single-trial level. It is a blind source separation technique that allows the extraction of an ERP without making strong assumptions on the temporal and spatial characteristics of an ERP. However, the problem with traditional ICA is that the extraction is not direct and is time-consuming due to the need for source selection processing. In this paper, the application of an one-unit ICA-with-Reference (ICA-R), a constrained ICA method, is proposed.Approach. In cases where the time-region of the desired ERP is known a priori, this time information is utilized to generate a reference signal, which is then used for guiding the one-unit ICA-R to extract the source signal of the desired ERP directly.Main results. Our results showed that, as compared to traditional ICA, ICA-R is a more effective method for analysing ERP because it avoids manual source selection and it requires less computation thus resulting in faster ERP extraction.Significance. In addition to that, since the method is automated, it reduces the risks of any subjective bias in the ERP analysis. It is also a potential tool for extracting the ERP in online application.
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