| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Bäckhed, Fredrik, 1973
(author)
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Programming of host metabolism by the gut microbiota.
- 2011
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In: Annals of nutrition & metabolism. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9697 .- 0250-6807. ; 58 Suppl 2:Suppl 2, s. 44-52
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The human gut harbors a vast ensemble of bacteria that has co-evolved with the human host and performs several important functions that affect our physiology and metabolism. The human gut is sterile at birth and is subsequently colonized with bacteria from the mother and the environment. The complexity of the gut microbiota is increased during childhood, and adult humans contain 150-fold more bacterial genes than human genes. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technology and mechanistic testing in gnotobiotic mice have identified the gut microbiota as an environmental factor that contributes to obesity. Germ-free mice are protected against developing diet-induced obesity and the underlying mechanisms whereby the gut microbiota contributes to host metabolism are beginning to be clarified. The obese phenotype is associated with increased microbial fermentation and energy extraction; however, other microbially modulated mechanisms contribute to disease progression as well. The gut microbiota has profound effects on host gene expression in the enterohepatic system, including genes involved in immunity and metabolism. For example, the gut microbiota affects expression of secreted proteins in the gut, which modulate lipid metabolism in peripheral organs. In addition, the gut microbiota is also a source of proinflammatory molecules that augment adipose inflammation and macrophage recruitment by signaling through the innate immune system. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are integral parts of the innate immune system and are expressed by both macrophages and epithelial cells. Activation of TLRs in macrophages dramatically impairs glucose homeostasis, whereas TLRs in the gut may alter the gut microbial composition that may have profound effects on host metabolism. Accordingly, reprogramming the gut microbiota, or its function, in early life may have beneficial effects on host metabolism later in life.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Christensen, S., et al.
(author)
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Meal-Q - a new meal-based FFQ on the web
- 2011
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In: Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. - : KARGER. - 0250-6807 .- 1421-9697. ; 58, s. 414-414
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Domellöf, Magnus
(author)
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Iron requirements in infancy
- 2011
-
In: Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. - Basel : Karger. - 0250-6807 .- 1421-9697. ; 59:1, s. 59-63
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Iron deficiency anemia is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide and infants constitute a risk group due to their high iron requirements. Iron is critical for brain development, and case control studies have shown a consistent association between iron deficiency anemia in infancy and poor neurodevelopment, suggesting that it is important to prevent iron deficiency anemia in infants. However, it is also important to avoid excessive iron intakes which may have adverse effects on growth. Due to redistribution of iron from hemoglobin to iron stores, healthy, term, normal birth weight infants are virtually self-sufficient with regard to iron during the first 6 months of life. After that age, iron becomes a critical nutrient. The estimated daily iron requirements at the age of 6-12 months (0.9-1.3 mg/kg body weight) are higher than during any other period of life. Exclusively breast-fed infants normally do not need additional iron until 6 months of life. Formula-fed infants should receive iron-fortified formula. Low birth weight infants should receive additional iron supplements from an early age. From 6 months of age, all infants should receive a sufficient intake of iron-rich (complementary) foods, which may be meat products or iron-fortified foods. The estimations of iron requirements in infants have a weak evidence base and current European and American recommendations for infants differ significantly. To further clarify iron requirements in infants, there is clearly a need for randomized, controlled trials assessing the effects of different iron intake on anemia, neurodevelopment, and other health outcomes.
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| 18. |
- Domellöf, Magnus
(author)
-
Meeting the iron needs of low and very low birth weight infants
- 2017
-
In: Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. - : S. Karger. - 0250-6807 .- 1421-9697. ; 71, s. 16-23
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Low birth weight (LBW), defined as a birth weight of < 2,500 g, affects 16% of all newborns and is a risk factor for impaired neurodevelopment as well as adverse cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes, including hypertension. LBW infants include both term, small for gestational age infants and preterm infants. Most LBW infants have only marginally LBW (2,000-2,500 g). Recent advances in neonatal care have significantly improved the survival of very LBW (VLBW) infants (< 1,500 g). LBW infants are at high risk of iron deficiency due to low iron stores at birth and higher iron requirements due to rapid growth. Using a factorial approach, iron requirements of LBW infants have been estimated to be 1-2 mg/kg/day, which is much higher than the requirements of term, normal birth weight infants, who need almost no dietary iron during the first 6 months of life. In VLBW infants, blood losses and blood transfusions related to neonatal intensive care, as well as erythropoietin treatment, will greatly influence iron status and iron requirements. The timing of umbilical cord clamping at birth is of great importance for the amount of blood transfused from the placenta to the newborn and thereby total body iron. Delayed cord clamping of LBW infants is associated with less need for blood transfusion, less intraventricular hemorrhage, and less necrotizing enterocolitis. Randomized controlled trials have shown that an iron intake of 1-3 mg/kg/day (1-2 mg for marginally LBW and 2-3 mg for VLBW) is needed to effectively prevent iron deficiency. There is some recent evidence that these levels of iron intake will prevent some of the negative health consequences associated with LBW, especially behavioral problems and other neurodevelopmental outcomes and possibly even hypertension. However, it is also important to avoid excessive iron intakes which have been associated with adverse effects in LBW infants.
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| 19. |
- Dragsted, L., et al.
(author)
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Metabolomic response to Nordic foods
- 2015
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In: Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. - 0250-6807 .- 1421-9697. ; 67, s. 55-55
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 20. |
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