| 11. |
- Brehmer, Yvonne, et al.
(author)
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Neural correlates of training-related working-memory gains in old age
- 2011
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In: NeuroImage. - : Elsevier BV. - 1053-8119 .- 1095-9572. ; 58:4, s. 1110-1120
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Working memory (WM) functioning declines in old age. Due to its impact on many higher-order cognitive functions, investigating whether training can modify WM performance has recently been of great interest. We examined the relationship between behavioral performance and neural activity following five weeks of intensive WM training in 23 healthy older adults (M = 63.7 years). 12 participants received adaptive training (i.e. individually adjusted task difficulty to bring individuals to their performance maximum), whereas the others served as active controls (i.e. fixed low-level practice). Brain activity was measured before and after training, using fMRI, while subjects performed a WM task under two difficulty conditions. Although there were no training-related changes in WM during scanning, neocortical brain activity decreased post training and these decreases were larger in the adaptive training group than in the controls under high WM load. This pattern suggests intervention-related increases in neural efficiency. Further, there were disproportionate gains in the adaptive training group in trained as well as in non-trained (i.e. attention, episodic memory) tasks assessed outside the scanner, indicating the efficacy of the training regimen. Critically, the degree of training-related changes in brain activity (i.e. neocortical decreases and subcortical increases) was related to the maximum gain score achieved during the intervention period. This relationship suggests that the decreased activity, but also specific activity increases, observed were functionally relevant.
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| 12. |
- Bångstad, Amanda, et al.
(author)
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Perceived causal symptom network of adolescent mental health issues
- 2022
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In: Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. - 1728-0583. ; 34:1-3, s. 101-114
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Adolescent mental health is difficult to capture in categories such as depression or specific anxiety disorders. An alternative is to approach psychiatric symptoms as causal networks, potentially revealing feedback loops that maintain a pathological state. One approach to creating such networks, implemented in the PECAN methodology, is to ask adolescents about their perceptions of the causes to their symptoms. For this purpose, a transdiagnostic item list was created, and adolescents who screened positive for depression (N = 55) completed twice in two weeks a survey quantifying perceptions of causality between their mental health problems. A network that was averaged across all participants was reliable and revealed three strong feedback loops: a first loop running through stress, insomnia, fatigue, procrastination, and back to stress; a second loop between stress and overthinking; and a third loop between stress and procrastination. Although all adolescents in the study screened positive for depression, symptoms of depression were not particularly central to the network. Instead, the most central symptoms were procrastination and overthinking. The average test-retest reliability for individual networks was low, limiting clinical application. In conclusion, PECAN was found to be reliable and useful when creating a group-level network of adolescent mental health problems. While informative at a group level, the method should be improved before it can be used to inform treatment at the individual level.
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| 13. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Hutchinson, Peter J, et al.
(author)
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Consensus statement from the 2014 International Microdialysis Forum
- 2015
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In: Intensive Care Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0342-4642 .- 1432-1238. ; 41:9, s. 1517-1528
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Microdialysis enables the chemistry of the extracellular interstitial space to be monitored. Use of this technique in patients with acute brain injury has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of several acute neurological disorders. In 2004, a consensus document on the clinical application of cerebral microdialysis was published. Since then, there have been significant advances in the clinical use of microdialysis in neurocritical care. The objective of this review is to report on the International Microdialysis Forum held in Cambridge, UK, in April 2014 and to produce a revised and updated consensus statement about its clinical use including technique, data interpretation, relationship with outcome, role in guiding therapy in neurocritical care and research applications.
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| 17. |
- Klintwall, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Perceived Causal Problem Networks : Reliability, Central Problems, and Clinical Utility for Depression
- 2022
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In: Assessment (Odessa, Fla.). - : SAGE Publications. - 1073-1911 .- 1552-3489. ; 30:1, s. 73-83
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Personalized case conceptualization is often regarded as a prerequisite for treatment success in psychotherapy for patients with comorbidity. This article presents Perceived Causal Networks, a novel method in which patients rate perceived causal relations among behavioral and emotional problems. First, 231 respondents screening positive for depression completed an online Perceived Causal Networks questionnaire. Median completion time (including repeat items to assess immediate test–retest reliability) was 22.7 minutes, and centrality measures showed excellent immediate test–retest reliability. Networks were highly idiosyncratic, but worrying and ruminating were the most central items for a third of respondents. Second, 50 psychotherapists rated the clinical utility of Perceived Causal Networks visualizations. Ninety-six percent rated the networks as clinically useful, and the information in the individual visualizations was judged to contain 47% of the information typically collected during a psychotherapy assessment phase. Future studies should individualize networks further and evaluate the validity of perceived causal relations.
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| 18. |
- Kruså, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Cancerframkallande ämnen i tätortsluft Stockholm 2002/2003
- 2002
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Mätningar av flera cancerframkallande ämnen och kvävedioxid har utförts i Stockholmmed avsikt att skatta befolkningens exponeringsnivå för dessa ämnen. Fyrtio försökspersoneri åldern 20 –50 boende i församlingar med geografisk tyngdpunkt inom 10 km frånKungliga Slottet i Stockholms City valdes slumpmässigt ut. Varje försöksperson frånslumpurvalet bar tre passiva provtagare i en vecka för mätning av kvävedioxid, bensen,1,3-butadien, formaldehyd samt acetaldehyd. Under provveckan fick varje försökspersonsvara på frågor i en dagbok samt frågor i ett formulär om faktorer relevanta för deras exponeringför luftföroreningar. Tjugo försökspersoner av de fyrtio slumpvis utvalda fick bäraprovtagare i ytterligare en vecka och tio av dessa tjugo hade under ett dygn även en pumpoch en provtagare för mätning av PAH (polyaromatiska kolväten) hemma i sitt sovrum. Tioförsökspersoner anställda vid Arbets- och miljömedicin i Stockholm bar en pump och enprovtagare för PAH under ett dygn, samma dygn hade de även utrustning för mätning avPAH hemma i sovrummet. Parallellt med de personburna mätningarna genomfördes mätningar,av samma ämnen som för de personburna mätningarna, vid tre stationära platser iStockholm:1. På Miljöförvaltningens tak på Rosenlundsgatan2. I gatunivå på Hornsgatan3. På en tomt i ett villaområde i Huddinge, 10 km sydost från Stockholms City.Medianvärdet från den personburna provtagningen av bensen för de 40 mätningar i denförsta mätomgången var 3,0 μg/m3, vilket kan jämföras med resultaten från motsvarandestudier i Göteborg (år 2000, 1,0 μg/m3) och Umeå (år 2001, 1,5 μg/m3) och den av Institutetför miljömedicin (IMM) föreslagna lågrisknivån 1,3 μg/m3. Exponeringen för benseni den aktuella studien var signifikant associerad till tid i rökigt rum, tankning av bensinsamt för tid utomhus annat än i trafik eller på arbetsplatser. Halterna uppmätta på Hornsgatan,Rosenlundsgatan och Huddinge var 4,5, 1,4 samt 1,2 μg/m3 respektive.Medianvärdet för de personburna mätningarna av 1,3-butadien för de 40 mätningarna i denförsta mätomgången var 0,5 μg/m3, vilket kan jämföras med 0,4 μg/m3 som uppmättes iUmeå. Halten uppmätt på Hornsgatan var densamma som för de personburna mätningarnamedan halterna på Rosenlundsgatan och i Huddinge var betydligt lägre, 0,07 samt 0,04μg/m3. Tid som tillbringats i rökigt rum samt tankning av bensin var signifikant förknippatmed ökad exponering för 1,3-butadien.Medianvärdet för formaldehyd för de personburna mätningarna för de 40 mätningarna i denförsta mätomgången var 12 μg/m3 vilket är något lägre än vad som uppmättes i Göteborg år2000 (19 μg/m3) och Umeå år 2001 (15 μg/m3). Skillnaden mellan de tre städerna kan delvisbero på boendeformen. I Göteborg, Umeå och även i den aktuella studien uppvisadessignifikant högre halter formaldehyd för försökspersoner boende i villa/radhus jämfört medförsökspersoner boende i lägenheter. Andelen försökspersoner som bodde i villa/radhus varhögre i Göteborg och Umeå jämfört med Stockholm. IMM har angivit 12-60 μg/m3 somlågrisknivå. Utöver ”typ av bostad” var variablerna ”tid utomhus annat än i trafik eller påarbetsplats” och ”tid i rökigt rum” signifikant associerat till personliga exponeringen förformaldehyd. Halterna uppmätta på Hornsgatan, Rosenlundsgatan och Huddinge var 3,2,2,5 samt 1,8 μg/m3 respektive.Medianvärdet av acetaldehyd för de 40 personburna mätningarna i den första mätomgångenvar 13 μg/m3. Halterna uppmätta vid de stationära mätningarna var låga och flera låg underdetektionsgränsen. De högsta värdena uppmättes som för övriga ämnen på Hornsgatan: 2,4μg/m3. För acetaldehyd finns ingen lågrisknivå angiven. Variablerna "tid i rökigt rum" samt"tankat bensin" var signifikant positivt associerade till halten acetaldehyd.Medianvärdet för bens(a)pyren personburet var 0,09 ng/m3 och halterna vid sovrumsmätningarnavar 0,10 för försökspersoner ur slumpurvalet respektive 0,12 ng/m3 för försökspersoneranställda vid Arbets- och miljömedicin. WHO har angett ett riktvärde för Europapå 0,1 ng/m3 bens(a)pyren. I Göteborg och Umeå uppmättes liknande värden. Vid Hornsgatanuppmättes 0,28 ng/m3 bens(a)pyren och på Rosenlundsgatan och i Huddinge 0,16respektive 0,08 ng/m3 bens(a)pyren.Medianvärdet av kvävedioxid för de 40 personburna mätningarna i den första mätomgångenvar 19 μg/m3, vilket är betydligt högre än det som uppmättes i Umeå (8 μg/m3). Bakgrundshaltenkvävedioxid var dock högre i Umeå (median 28 μg/m3) jämfört med i Stockholm(median 21 μg/m3), vilket kan bero på skillnader i provplatsernas placering. I Indexstudiensom genomfördes juni 1999 – juni 2000 mättes kvävedioxid personburet på 247försökspersoner boende i Stockholms län. Den personliga kvävedioxidexponeringen skattadesi Index-studien till 12,5 μg/m3. Det högre värdet uppmätt i denna studie beror troligenpå att de flesta försökspersonerna bodde i innerstan eller dess närhet. Variablerna "tid irökigt rum", "tid i trafik" samt "inomhus på arbete" var signifikant positivt associerade tillkvävedioxidhalten. Försökspersoner boende i flerfamiljshus visade signifikant högre exponeringför kvävedioxid än de boende i enfamiljshus. Detta beror antagligen på att de boendei flerfamiljshus i större utsträckning bodde i innerstaden där kvävedioxidhalterna är högre.Flera av dessa hade även gasspis. Halterna uppmätta stationärt var de följande: Hornsgatan71 μg/m3, Rosenlundsgatan 21μg/m3 och Huddinge 10μg/m3.För samtliga ämnen, utom för kvävedioxid, hade rökare i genomsnitt högre exponering. Pågrund av det ringa antalet rökare (4 st) kan dessa skillnader inte skattas med god precision idenna studie.
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| 19. |
- Lilford, Robert D., et al.
(author)
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Increased Incidence and Mortality of Civilian Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury in Sweden : A Single-Center Registry-Based Study
- 2024
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In: World Neurosurgery. - : Elsevier. - 1878-8750 .- 1878-8769. ; 182, s. e493-e505
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BackgroundPenetrating trauma to the head and neck has increased during the past decade in Sweden. The aim of this study was to characterize these injuries and evaluate the outcomes for patients treated at a tertiary trauma center.MethodsSwedish trauma registry data were extracted on patients with head and neck injuries admitted to Karolinska University Hospital (Stockholm, Sweden) between 2011 and 2019. Outcome information was extracted from hospital records, with the primary endpoints focusing on the physiological outcome measures and the secondary endpoints on the surgical and radiological outcomes.ResultsOf 1436 patients with penetrating trauma, 329 with penetrating head and neck injuries were identified. Of the 329 patients, 66 (20%) had suffered a gunshot wound (GSW), 240 (73%) a stab wound (SW), and 23 (7%) an injury from other trauma mechanisms (OTMs). The median age for the corresponding 3 groups of patients was 25, 33, and 21 years, respectively. Assault was the primary intent, with 54 patients experiencing GSWs (81.8%) and 158 SWs (65.8%). Patients with GSWs had more severe injuries, worse admission Glasgow coma scale, motor, scores, and a higher intubation rate at the injury site. Most GSW patients underwent major surgery (59.1%) as the initial procedure and were more likely to have intracranial hemorrhage (21.2%). The 30-day mortality was 45.5% (n = 30) for GSWs, 5.4% (n = 13) for SWs, and 0% (n = 0) for OTMs. There was an annual increase in the incidence and mortality for GSWs and SWs.ConclusionsBetween 2011 and 2019, an increasing annual trend was found in the incidence and mortality from penetrating head and neck trauma in Stockholm, Sweden. GSW patients experienced more severe injuries and intracranial hemorrhage and underwent more surgical interventions compared with patients with SWs and OTMs.
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| 20. |
- Wei, Xin-Feng, et al.
(author)
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Ageing properties and polymer/fuel interactions of polyamide 12 exposed to (bio)diesel at high temperature
- 2019
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In: npj Materials Degradation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2397-2106. ; :3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Biodiesel derived from oil crops and animal fats has been developed as a promising carbon-neutral alternative to petroleum fuels in the transport sector, but the compatibility between biodiesel/petroleum diesel and polymer components in the automotive fuel system has not been free from controversy. In this present study, the degradation of polyamide 12 (PA12), one of the most common polymers used in vehicle fuel systems, has been investigated after exposure to petroleum diesel, biodiesel and a mixture of these (20 vol.% of biodiesel/80 vol.% petroleum diesel). Fuel sorption kinetics, glass transition temperature data and mechanical properties all showed that the fuels plasticized the PA12. In addition, monomers and oligomers were extracted from PA12 by the fuels. The long-term exposure led to oxidation and an annealing-induced increase in crystallinity of the polymer. The plasticization, oxidation and annealing effects were combined with the tensile mechanical properties to assess the overall degree of ageing and degradation of the PA12 material. The fuel-polymer interactions and ageing mechanisms, demonstrated here at high temperature for PA12, are 'generic' in the sense that they are also expected to occur, to various degrees, with many other polymers and they indicate that care should be taken when choosing polymers in applications where they will be exposed to fuels at high temperature.
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