| 11. |
- Löf, Marie, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Hydration of fat-free mass in healthy women with special reference to the effect of pregnancy
- 2004
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In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 80:4, s. 960-965
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Knowledge of the biological variability of the hydration factor (HF), ie, the ratio between total body water and fat-free mass, is important when calculating total body fat by means of the commonly used two-component model, which is based on estimates of body weight and total body water. The effect of pregnancy on the biological variability of HF, and consequently on the precision of the two-component model, is unknown.Objective: Our goal was to assess the effect of pregnancy on HF and its biological variability.Design: HF was assessed in 33 women planning pregnancy and in 17 of these women during gestational weeks 14 and 32 and 2 wk postpartum. HF was calculated by using estimates of body weight, total body water obtained by means of deuterium dilution, and body volume measured by using underwater weighing.Results: In the 17 women who became pregnant, HF was 0.718 ± 0.023, 0.723 ± 0.031, 0.747 ± 0.017, and 0.734 ± 0.020 before pregnancy, in gestational week 14, in gestational week 32, and 2 wk postpartum, respectively. The biological variability represented ≈2% of average HF in the nonpregnant state. The corresponding figure was >3% in gestational week 14 but ≤1.7% in gestational week 32.Conclusion: The two-component model for assessing body fat is as appropriate during late gestation as it is in the nonpregnant state, although its precision may be impaired when applied during the first part of pregnancy.
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| 12. |
- Löf, Marie, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Validation of energy intake by dietary recall against different methods to assess energy expenditure
- 2004
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In: Journal of human nutrition and dietetics (Print). - 0952-3871 .- 1365-277X. ; 17:5, s. 471-480
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives. To compare the validity of dietary recalls and physical activity recalls and investigate some factors influencing this validity. To provide an example showing how procedures based on recalls of physical activity can assess the validity of dietary recalls and identify subjects constantly underreporting their energy intake (EI). Design and subjects. Thirty-seven women were studied using three 24-h dietary recalls, two kinds of physical activity recalls, indirect calorimetry and the doubly labelled water method. Results. The EI obtained using dietary recalls were biased with respect to body mass index (BMI) and attitudes towards body weight and dieting, whereas results obtained using a physical activity recall were not. Eighteen women produced underreports (UR), i.e. their average EI was below 76% of total energy expenditure (TEE), whereas 24 women reported an EI that was lower than TEE on all three recall days, i.e. constantly underreporting subjects. A physical activity recall identified 13 URs and 20 of the constantly underreporting subjects. Conclusions. In contrast to estimates of EI, TEE assessed using physical activity recalls was not biased with respect to BMI or attitudes towards body weight and dieting. Recalls of physical activity represent potentially useful procedures for identifying URs and constantly underreporting subjects but are not accurate enough for individuals.
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| 13. |
- Olhager, Elisabeth, et al.
(author)
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Studies on human body composition during the first 4 months of life using magnetic resonance imaging and isotope dilution
- 2003
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In: Pediatric Research. - 0031-3998 .- 1530-0447. ; 54:6, s. 906-912
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Assessing body composition during infancy requires data for the so-called reference infant. Currently available data for this purpose need to be updated and extended using methods based on principles different from those used previously to define the reference infant. Thus, magnetic resonance imaging was applied to full-term healthy boys (n = 25) and girls (n = 21), 4-131 d old, to estimate adipose tissue volume (ATV) and the amounts of s.c. and non-s.c. adipose tissue (AT). Total body water was estimated using isotope dilution. Total body fat (TBF), fat free weight (FFW) and the degree of hydration in FFW were calculated. Increases in weight, TBF, and FFW with age agreed with current reference data, although when compared with the reference, a slightly more rapid increase in % TBF was observed for boys. The degree of hydration in FFW was 78.9 ± 4.5% (n = 45). Both sexes showed significant increases with age in s.c. ATV (14.7 and 13.0 mL/d for boys and girls, respectively) and in non-s.c. ATV (1.58 and 1.26 mL/d, respectively). Subcutaneous ATV was 90.5 ± 1.8% (boys) and 91.1 ± 1,9% (girls) of total ATV. In conclusion, a pronounced increase with age in the amount of AT was demonstrated involving a considerable gain in s.c. fat during early life. Except for % TBF in boys, changes in body composition with age agreed with current reference data.
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| 14. |
- Olhager, Elisabeth, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Total energy expenditure, body composition and weight gain in moderately preterm and full-term infants at term postconceptional age
- 2003
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In: Acta Paediatrica. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 92:11, s. 1327-1334
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: To assess total energy expenditure (TEE) and body composition, i.e. total body water (TBW) and adipose tissue volume (ATV), at term age in 8 healthy preterm infants, born between gestational weeks 30 and 33, and in 9 healthy full-term newborns.Methods: Total and subcutaneous ATVs were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging, while TEE and TBW were estimated using doubly labelled water.Results: Total ATV was 272 ±21 and 261 ± 56 ml/kg body weight, while subcutaneous ATV was 88.9 ± 1.6 and 89.7 ± 2.0% of total ATV for preterm and full-term infants, respectively. The corresponding figures for TBW (as percentage of body weight) were 67.4 ± 2.5 and 68.1 ± 4.1, respectively. A significant correlation between ATV/kg body weight and body weight was found for full-term (p < 0.0001) but not for preterm infants. TEE for preterm infants was 315 ± 20 kJ/kg body weight/24 h, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than TEE for full-term infants (254 ± 45 kJ/kg body weight/24 h). At the time of investigation preterm infants weighed significantly (p < 0.05) less (540 g) than full-term infants. After the time of investigation, weight gains of preterm and full-term infants were 38 ± 12 and 24 ± 14 g/24 h, respectively.Conclusion: When compared to full-term newborns, predominantly breastfed healthy preterm infants at term postconceptional age were significantly smaller, had a similar average proportion of body fat and showed catch-up growth. Their higher TEE/kg body weight can be explained by a higher growth rate and possibly also by higher physical activity.
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| 15. |
- Tennefors, Catharina, et al.
(author)
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Assessment of body fatness in young children using the skinfold technique and BMI vs body water dilution
- 2004
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In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 58:3, s. 541-547
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To compare body fatness estimated using a skinfold technique and body mass index (BMI) with body fatness estimated using the body water dilution method in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age.Methods: Total body fat (TBF) was calculated from total body water, estimated using the doubly labelled water method, and body weight. When expressed in per cent of body weight, these estimates (%TBF-BWD) represented reference values for body fatness. Body fatness was also calculated from skinfold thickness (%TBF-SFT) and as BMI. The children were ranked and grouped into five groups with an increasing level of body fatness using BMI, %TBF-SFT and %TBF-BWD, respectively.Subjects: A total of 30 infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age.Results: On average, the children (n=59) had a BMI=17.51.6 kg/m2 and contained 27.83.7 %TBF-SFT and 29.14.4 %TBF-BWD. %TBF-BWD minus %TBF-SFT was=1.354.06%. By measuring %TBF-SFT or BMI, about 35% of the children could be classified in the correct group with respect to body fatness. Serious misclassification (ie two or more groups too high or too low) was, however, more common for %TBF-SFT (29%) than for BMI (17%).Conclusions: The capacity of BMI to place children in the correct body fatness group was poor although not quite as poor as the corresponding capacity of the skinfold technique. The latter method produced inaccurate and imprecise estimates of body fatness.
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| 16. |
- Tennefors, Catharina, et al.
(author)
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Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age
- 2003
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In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 57:5, s. 647-653
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To measure total energy expenditure (TEE) and total body water (TBW) in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age. To compare their TEE with current recommendations for energy intake. To define their body composition and relate this to energy expenditure.Design: Children were investigated at 9 or 14 months. The following variables were measured: TEE and TBW (by the doubly labelled water method), weight and length. Total body fat (TBF), sleeping metabolic rate, activity energy expenditure and physical activity level (PAL) were calculated.Subjects: Thirty infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age.Results: TEE was 32338, 32229, 31323 and 33128 kJ/kg/day in 9-month-old girls, 9-month-old boys, 14-month-old girls and 14-month-old boys, respectively. At 9 months of age girls and boys contained 29.64.8 and 29.74.5% TBF, respectively. At 14 months the corresponding figures were 29.14.3 and 28.24.3%. There was a significant negative relationship between PAL and %TBF (r=-0.81, P<0.001, n=59).Conclusions: Measured TEE plus calculated energy cost of growth confirm previous estimates that the physiological energy requirements of children 9 and 14 months of age are 15–20% lower than current recommendations for energy intake. One possible interpretation of the relationship between PAL and %TBF is that children with a high TBF content are less physically active than children with less TBF. However, this relationship needs further studies.
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