| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Bentzen, Marte, et al.
(author)
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Basic Psychological Needs Thwarting and Shift in Quality of Motivation: Markers of Exhaustion in Professional Sport Coaches.
- 2014
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In: Sports Coaching Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2164-0629 .- 2164-0637. ; 3:2, s. 101-116
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Using a qualitative retrospective approach, this paper investigates how some work-related demands led to burnout among four professional coaches. Self-determination theory (SDT) offered a sound theoretical framework to better understand the motivational process leading to serious negative outcomes (Ryan & Deci, 2002). Findings indicated that all coaches experienced working in a maladaptive environment, exemplified by experiencing very heavy workloads, a lack of leader support, and work-related conflicts. These experiences had a detrimental effect on the coaches' motivation. Psychological need thwarting and a shift towards a more controlled form of motivation explained why coaches became increasingly at risk for burning out, a process that evolved over time. All four coaches experienced a wide range of burnout symptoms. Findings from this study highlight the importance for sports organizations to better cater for the psychological needs of professional coaches to prevent burnout.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Bentzen, Marte, et al.
(author)
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Changes in Motivation and Burnout Indices in High-Performance Coaches Over The Course of a Competitive Season
- 2016
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In: Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1041-3200 .- 1533-1571. ; 28:1, s. 28-48
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Being subject to a great range of demands is believed to increase burnout propensity in high-performance coaches. This study is the first to explore whether the 4-step self-determination theory process model is a valuable framework to better understand the process influencing burnout and well-being in high-performance coaches (N = 343, M = 40.33 years) throughout a competitive season. Findings indicated that coaches on average increased in burnout and decreased in well-being. Hypotheses were to a large extent supported: change in perceived environment → change in psychological need satisfaction → change in autonomous motivation → change in burnout and well-being.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Bentzen, Marte, et al.
(author)
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Development of Exhaustion for High-level Coaches in Association with Workload and Motivation – a Personal Centered Approach
- 2016
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In: Psychology of Sport And Exercise. - : Elsevier BV. - 1469-0292 .- 1878-5476. ; 22, s. 10-19
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ObjectivesThe aim of the current study was twofold. First, to explore whether there were different trajectories of exhaustion among high-performance coaches over the course of a competitive season. Then, to investigate whether workload-related variables and motivational regulations were associated with exhaustion class membership.Methods and design299 high-performance coaches responded to an online survey at the start, middle, and end of a competitive season, assessing exhaustion, workload, work home interference (WHI), recovery, and motivational regulations. Latent class growth analyses were used to identify different trajectories of perceived exhaustion. Further, multinomial logistic regression examined class associations for workload-related variables and motivational regulations at the start and at the end of competitive season.ResultsFour different trajectories of perceived exhaustion among coaches were identified, termed respectively “High” (10%), “Increase” (15%), “Decrease” (4%) and “Low” (71%). Higher levels of workload and WHI were associated to classes with higher levels of exhaustion. Higher levels of recovery, and intrinsic and identified regulations were associated to classes with lower levels of exhaustion. Adaptive and maladaptive profiles were identified.ConclusionsDifferent trajectories of exhaustion among high-performance coaches over the course of a competitive season were found. A maladaptive profile was associated with higher perceived workload and WHI, as well as lower levels of recovery, intrinsic and identified regulations, when compared to the adaptive profile.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Bentzen, Marte, et al.
(author)
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Elite Football Coaches Experiences and Sensemaking about Being Fired : An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 17:14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Chronic job insecurity seems to be a prominent feature within elite sport, where coaches work under pressure of dismissals if failing to meet performance expectations of stakeholders. The aim of the current study was to get a deeper understanding of elite football coaches' experiences of getting fired and how they made sense of that process.METHOD: A qualitative design using semi-structured interviews was conducted with six elite football coaches who were fired within the same season. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was chosen as framework to analyze the data.RESULTS: The results reflected five emerging themes: Acceptance of having an insecure job, working for an unprofessional organization and management, micro-politics in the organization, unrealistic and changing performance expectation, and emotional responses.CONCLUSION: All coaches expressed awareness and acceptance regarding the risk of being fired. However, they experienced a lack of transparency and clear feedback regarding the causes of dismissal. This led to negative emotional reactions as the coaches experienced being evaluated by poorly defined expectations and by anonymous stakeholders. Sports organizations as employers should strive to be transparent during dismissal. In addition, job insecurity is a permanent stressor for coaches and should be acknowledged and targeted within coach education.
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| 20. |
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