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| 12. |
- Nucci, Anita M., et al.
(author)
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Growth and development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children genetically at risk
- 2021
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In: Diabetologia. - : SPRINGER. - 0012-186X .- 1432-0428. ; 64:4, s. 826-835
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims/hypothesis We aimed to evaluate the relationship between childhood growth measures and risk of developing islet autoimmunity (IA) and type 1 diabetes in children with an affected first-degree relative and increased HLA-conferred risk. We hypothesised that being overweight or obese during childhood is associated with a greater risk of IA and type 1 diabetes. Methods Participants in a randomised infant feeding trial (N = 2149) were measured at 12 month intervals for weight and length/height and followed for IA (at least one positive out of insulin autoantibodies, islet antigen-2 autoantibody, GAD autoantibody and zinc transporter 8 autoantibody) and development of type 1 diabetes from birth to 10-14 years. In this secondary analysis, Cox proportional hazard regression models were adjusted for birthweight and length z score, sex, HLA risk, maternal type 1 diabetes, mode of delivery and breastfeeding duration, and stratified by residence region (Australia, Canada, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Europe and the USA). Longitudinal exposures were studied both by time-varying Cox proportional hazard regression and by joint modelling. Multiple testing was considered using family-wise error rate at 0.05. Results In the Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) population, 305 (14.2%) developed IA and 172 (8%) developed type 1 diabetes. The proportions of children overweight (including obese) and obese only were 28% and 9% at 10 years, respectively. Annual growth measures were not associated with IA, but being overweight at 2-10 years of life was associated with a twofold increase in the development of type 1 diabetes (HR 2.39; 95% CI 1.46, 3.92; p < 0.001 in time-varying Cox regression), and similarly with joint modelling. Conclusions/interpretation In children at genetic risk of type 1 diabetes, being overweight at 2-10 years of age is associated with increased risk of progression from multiple IA to type 1 diabetes and with development of type 1 diabetes, but not with development of IA. Future studies should assess the impact of weight management strategies on these outcomes. Graphical abstract
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| 13. |
- Pacaud, Daniele, et al.
(author)
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Association between family history, early growth and the risk of beta cell autoimmunity in children at risk for type 1 diabetes
- 2021
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In: Diabetologia. - : SPRINGER. - 0012-186X .- 1432-0428. ; 64, s. 119-128
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims/hypothesis The aim of this work was to examine the relationship between family history of type 1 diabetes, birthweight, growth during the first 2 years and development of multiple beta cell autoantibodies in children with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes and HLA-conferred disease susceptibility. Methods In a secondary analysis of the Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR), clinical characteristics and development of beta cell autoantibodies were compared in relation to family history of type 1 diabetes (mother vs father vs sibling) in 2074 children from families with a single affected family member. Results Multiple autoantibodies (>= 2 of 5 measured) developed in 277 (13%) children: 107 (10%), 114 (16%) and 56 (18%) born with a mother, father or sibling with type 1 diabetes, respectively (p < 0.001). The HR for time to multiple autoimmunity was 0.54 (95% CI 0.39, 0.75) in offspring of affected mothers (n = 107/1046,p < 0.001) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.59, 1.11) (n = 114/722,p = 0.19) in offspring of affected fathers, compared with participants with a sibling with type 1 diabetes (comparator groupn = 56/306). The time to the first autoantibody present (to insulin, GAD, tyrosine phosphatase-related insulinoma-associated 2 molecules, islet cell or zinc transporter 8) was similar in the three groups. Height velocity (zscore/year) in the first 24 months was independently associated with developing multiple antibodies in the total cohort (HR 1.31 [95% CI 1.01, 1.70],p = 0.04). A higher birthweight in children born to an affected mother vs affected father or an affected sibling was not related to the risk of multiple autoimmunity. Conclusions/interpretation The risk of developing multiple autoantibodies was lower in children with maternal type 1 diabetes. For the whole group, this risk of developing multiple autoantibodies was independent of birthweight but was greater in those with increased height velocity during the first 2 years of life. However, the risk associated with paternal type 1 diabetes was not linked to differences in birthweight or early growth.
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| 14. |
- Rubenstein, M., et al.
(author)
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Characterization of vertical electric fields 500 m and 30 m from triggered lightning
- 1995
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In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. - 2169-897X .- 2169-8996. ; 100:D5, s. 8863-8872
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Vertical electric field waveforms of leader-return stroke sequences measured 500 m and 30 m from rocket-triggered lightning are presented. The 500-m data were recorded during the summer of 1986, the 30-m data during the summer of 1991, both at the NASA Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The 40 leader-return stroke field waveforms at 500 m and the 8 waveforms at 30 m all appear as asymmetrical V-shaped pulses, the bottom of the V being associated with the transition from the leader to the return stroke. Only two waveforms at 30 m were suitable for quantitative analysis. The widths of the V at half of peak value for these are 1.8 and 5.0 Όs, while for the 500-m data they are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater, with a median value of 100 Όs. Applying a widely used and simple leader model to the measured leader electric fields at 500 m, we infer, for the bottom kilometer or so of the leader channel, leader speeds between 2×106 and 2×107 m/s and leader charges per unit length of 0.02×10−3 to 0.08×10−3 C/m. From the two measured leader electric field changes at 30 m we infer, using the same leader model, for the bottom 100 meters or so of the leader channel, speeds of 3×107 and 1×107 m/s (the corresponding measured waveform half widths are 1.8 Όs and 5.0 Όs) and charges per unit length of 0.14×10−3 and 0.02×10−3 C/m (the corresponding measured leader field changes are 81 kV/m and 12 kV/m). The corresponding measured return stroke peak currents for the above two cases are 40 kA and 7 kA, respectively. A positive correlation is observed between the magnitude of the leader field change at 500 m and the ensuing return stroke current peak.
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| 15. |
- Cooray, Vernon, et al.
(author)
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On the effect of the finite ground conductivity on electromagnetic field radiated by lightning to tall towers
- 2006
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In: International Conference on Lightning Protection ICLP. - 4990211022 ; , s. 267-272
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper it is shown how the finitelyconducting ground modifies the signature of the radiationfield of return strokes striking tall towers. Results arepresented for different tower heights and for differentground conductivities varying the current risetime in thereturn stroke model. The results show that the attenuationof the initial peak of the radiation field resulting from thepropagation over finitely conducting ground dependsstrongly on the current risetime, the tower height and theground conductivity. In general, the attenuation of theradiation field of lightning flashes striking tall towers islarger than that striking flat ground. In the case where theground conductivity is extremely poor, namely 0.0001 S/m,the attenuation of the peak radiation field may reach asmuch as 70% in the case of lightning flashes striking a 300-m tall tower.
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| 19. |
- Euler, Marianna, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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On nonlocal symmetries generated by recursion operators: Second-order evolution equations
- 2017
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In: Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. - : American Institute of Mathematical Sciences. - 1078-0947 .- 1553-5231. ; 37:8, s. 4239-4247
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We introduce a new type of recursion operator to generate a class of nonlocal symmetries for second-order evolution equations in 1+1 dimensions, namely those evolution equations which allow the complete integration of their stationary equations. We show that this class of evolution equations is C-integrable (linearizable by a point transformation). We also discuss some applications.
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| 20. |
- Lehtonen, Eveliina, et al.
(author)
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Use of vitamin D supplements during infancy in an international feeding trial.
- 2014
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In: Public Health Nutrition. - 1368-9800 .- 1475-2727. ; 17:4, s. 810-22
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of vitamin D supplements during infancy among the participants in an international infant feeding trial.DESIGN: Longitudinal study.SETTING: Information about vitamin D supplementation was collected through a validated FFQ at the age of 2 weeks and monthly between the ages of 1 month and 6 months.SUBJECTS: Infants (n 2159) with a biological family member affected by type 1 diabetes and with increased human leucocyte antigen-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes from twelve European countries, the USA, Canada and Australia.RESULTS: Daily use of vitamin D supplements was common during the first 6 months of life in Northern and Central Europe (>80% of the infants), with somewhat lower rates observed in Southern Europe (> 60%). In Canada, vitamin D supplementation was more common among exclusively breast-fed than other infants (e.g., 71% v. 44% at 6 months of age). Less than 2% of infants in the U.S.A. and Australia received any vitamin D supplementation. Higher gestational age, older maternal age and longer maternal education were study-wide associated with greater use of vitamin D supplements.CONCLUSIONS: Most of the infants received vitamin D supplements during the first 6 months of life in the European countries, whereas in Canada only half and in the U.S.A. and Australia very few were given supplementation.
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