| 77631. |
- Sällström, Pehr-Mikael, Tekn. Lic. 1966-, et al.
(author)
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建筑,以人为本 : 瑞典可持续发展方式
- 2010
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- 瑞典是一个有传统做全面规划的国家。是一个有传统制定和运用建筑指导准则作为提高每个公民生活质量的国家。是有为保护自然资源为后代所用立法的国家。在上世纪60到70年代，可以说，我们在做规划过程中也有反面经验，我们曾毁坏了部分历史城市中心，但我们从错误中也学到了许多。瑞典政府坚信建设一个健全，可持续的社会，将会涉及到许多方面和部门，正是大家一起共同合作进行技术创新以便发掘出更有效利用资源的科技办法，来满足我们社会的需要。建筑在这方面起着一个关键性的作用。建筑是人类需要和用科技解决办法来满足该需要之间的桥梁。建筑也是文化发展的象征，又是传播可持续生活方式的使者。建筑可使这样的生活方式更有引吸力,使每个人都能享有。
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| 77632. |
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| 77633. |
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| 77634. |
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| 77635. |
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Sällsynta fjärilar i Östergötland- nationellt och regionalt rödlistade arter
- 2004
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- "Fjärilsfaunan har under 1990-talet inventerats som ett led i projektet ""hotade arter"". Rapporten består av tre delar: dagaktiva storfjärilar, nattaktiva storfjärilar och småfjärilar. Främst beskrivs de nationellt och regionalt rödlistade arterna. Totalt är 51 rödlistade fjärilsarter påträffade i länet under 1990-talet, det totala antalet storfjärilsarter under denna 10-års period uppgår till 725.Rapporten utgör ett viktigt underlag för länets och kommunernas naturvårdsarbete, liksom för alla markägare."
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| 77636. |
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| 77637. |
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Sällsynta lavar i Östergötland 2000
- 2001
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Rapporten sammanfattar kunskapen om de nationellt och regionalt rödlistade lavarna i Östergötland, så som den ser ut 2000-12-31. Det senaste decenniet har kunskapen om och intresset för den lägre floran och faunan ökat och börjat användas på ett helt nytt sätt i naturvårdssammanhang. Stora inventeringar har genomförts i både skogsmark och trädbärande hagmarker, och mycket kunskap om ovanliga lavar och deras växtplatser har då samlats in. Sammanlagt har 9818 fynduppgifter om arterna i denna rapport samlats in, varav 9477 från 1990 och framåt. Detta kan jämföras med att vi totalt känner till 341 fynduppgifter från före 1990. Länsstyrelsen kände ett behov av att sammanställa och göra den nya samlade kunskapen tillgänglig för skogs- och jordbrukare, kommuner och andra markanvändare och planerare, och inte minst för en intresserad allmänhet. Det är därför också möjligt att köpa databasen som ligger till grund för rapporten till självkostnadspris.
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| 77638. |
- Sällvik, Krister, et al.
(author)
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Tidsåtgång i mjölkproduktion under betessäsong och hela året: inflytande av besättningsstorlek, samt mekaniserings- och automatiseringsgrad
- 2010
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Time studies in dairy production are an essential tool when deciding about level of mechanisation and automatisation both in investment situation and improving efficiency in existing operations. In previous investigations such studies have been carried out during normal barn conditions during winter. Since there is compulsory to have dairy cows grazing 3 to 5 months during summer time in Sweden time studies during this season is important to have a full picture of needed working time. During grazing season time studies was carried out at 14 dairy farms representing herd sizes from 66 to 450 dairy cows of which 6 farms with AMS. 8 farms were the same as studied during winter season. Time was divided in the same moments as previous investigations by LBT, Swedish Dairy Association and Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering, JTI. In this investigation new working moments regarded grazing of both dairy cows and young stock was added. The total working time for the dairy cows varied between 1.5 to 7.3 min/cow*day. AMS means the lowest time requirement and herringbone parlour the longest. Herd size per se does not mean lower labour requirement. Automation of mixing and distribution of feed save time. Getting cows from and back to pasture took between 0.0 (AMS-herd) to 0 1.7 min/cow*day (bad logistics). Three milkings per day does not mean that chasing time must be prolonged however time for milking increases by 0.5 min/cow*day. Comparing grazing and inside season, two farms decreased time. In average it took 0.2 min/cow *day to check young stock on pasture which is the same as time for feeding and treating time during winter time. Although milking is the most time consuming moment there are a lot factors influencing e.g. a collection pen with an automatic pushing gate before milking parlour means a time saving of 0.5 min/cow*day compared to not having this equipment. Scraping instead of high pressure water cleaning of collection pit means saving of 0.15 min/cow*day. The annual working time when considering both grazing and inside season varied from 11 (AMS) to 33 h/cow*year. Calculation of annual daily time requirement for the dairy cows using BAT or low tech and bad management and routines for a 120 head herd differs between 4 and 15 hours and for a 250 head herd between 10 to 23 hours. These figures are in agreement with other comparable investigations
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| 77639. |
- Sängstuvall, Lars
(author)
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Estimates of the productivity of logging operations with a focus on forest fuel extraction
- 2010
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Over recent years, as a result of energy policy at global, European and national levels, the prices and demand for bio-fuel, including forest fuel, have increased. This has lead to reductions in the marginal profits associated with the use of a range of forest fuel assortments. New and improved methods and techniques for extracting logging residues, stumps and whole-trees from young stands are therefore currently being investigated. Unlike final felling, revenues from forest fuel extraction during thinnings are expected to be of about the same magnitude as the revenue from thinning or the cost of pre-commercial thinning. This will probably influence the timing and type of all forest management activities throughout the rotation period of a stand. When estimating logging potential, forest management is simulated on the basis of assumptions about the forest and the behavior of the forest owner. Priority can be given to forest characteristics, economic or ecological aspects when specifying treatment variables and models can also incorporate probability functions for land owner behavior. Management simulations result in an estimate of the logging potential for the forest area at hand. Forest fuel logging potential is usually derived by appending forest fuel extraction to the roundwood extraction treatments, also taking into account economic and ecological constraints specific for the forest fuel extraction. In order to estimate the harvestable volume based on economic, ecological and practical criteria we must have some measures of the properties and influence of these criteria. This essay reviews productivity studies that could be of use when modeling thinning and forest fuel operations in Swedish forests. Furthermore it pinpoints areas of insufficient knowledge with respect to the productivity of forest fuel extraction from young forests. In the case of such young stands, there is practically no information about land owner behavior, and any logging potential estimates would currently have to rely on some kind of simulation based on a specific forest management goal. Assuming that forest fuel extraction affects forest management, the accuracy of estimates would be improved if such operations were modeled accurately and fully incorporated into the ordinary logging potential estimate. Comparative and correlation time studies are commonly used in forestry to evaluate the performance of different systems or techniques or to evaluate and price different working units within a system or technique. For roundwood logging, both the single-grip harvester and the forwarder are established technological systems, and hence there are many correlation time studies quantifying time consumption in different working environments for these systems. Whole-tree or tree-section logging, particularly in young forests, has been little used in Nordic forestry and hence most time studies that are available are comparative. The properties and influence of forest fuel harvesting in young stands therefore needs to be further investigated. This will ensure appropriate estimates of the amount of forest fuel that can be derived from young stands and will facilitate long-term forest management planning with forest fuel extraction included as a treatment. Harvesting productivity, expressed as number of trees processed per time unit, decreases with increasing tree size and for more processed, e.g. delimbed, assortments. Forest haulage productivity decreases with, among other variables, increasing transportation distance, decreasing load size, and decreasing grapple size. A theoretical, partially deductive, framework for the time associated with forwarding has been adapted to the specific environments described in a number of studies. Comparing the calculated time consumptions with the actual results from the studies shows that the theoretically-based time consumption model has a high level of accuracy. This indicates that the time consumption for forwarding under defined working conditions (e.g. pile size, proportion of solid volume) not yet studied or experienced can be modeled in advance with acceptable accuracy. A few questions still remain with respect to the way to adapt the theoretical model to specific situations, since different approaches seemed more or less successful in different cases
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| 77640. |
- Sängstuvall, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Spatial aspects in the Heureka forest decision support system – an overview
- 2023
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report is part of task 1.4 in work package 1 in the Mistral Digital Forests first phase (2018- 2022) research programme. The task concerns the use of information with complete spatial coverage (“wall-to-wall data”) in forest planning. Spatial aspects in forest planning are present if the value of a forest management activity or the character of a specific stand does not rest only on management or attributes of the stand itself but also on stands in the neighborhood. Traditionally in Swedish forestry spatial aspects, e.g. the spatial location of final fellings, has been handled in tactical planning and/or ecological landscape planning and not in the strategic planning.In this report, we thoroughly describe and present state-of-the art applications of the spatial functionality available in the Heureka forest DSS, and identify potential development tasks. These include to simplify the interface of the optimization model, reduce the build times associated with the formulation of various optimization problems, support efficient free solvers of optimization problems, improve GIS functionality, enable the use of open data in various forms of analysis using the Heureka systems and publish the Heureka system as open source.
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