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- Berlin Kolm, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Polymorphism and divergence of two willow species, Salix viminalis L. and Salix schwerinii E. Wolf
- 2011
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In: G3. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2160-1836. ; 1:5, s. 387-400
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigated species divergence, present and past gene flow, levels of nucleotide polymorphism, and linkage disequilibrium in two willows from the plant genus Salix. Salix belongs together with Populus to the Salicaceae family; however, most population genetic studies of Salicaceae have been performed in Populus, the model genus in forest biology. Here we present a study on two closely related willow species Salix viminalis and S. schwerinii, in which we have resequenced 33 and 32 nuclear gene segments representing parts of 18 nuclear loci in 24 individuals for each species. We used coalescent simulations and estimated the split time to around 600,000 years ago and found that there is currently limited gene flow between the species. Mean intronic nucleotide diversity across gene segments was slightly higher in S. schwerinii (πi = 0.00849) than in S. viminalis (πi = 0.00655). Compared with other angiosperm trees, the two willows harbor intermediate levels of silent polymorphisms. The decay of linkage disequilibrium was slower in S. viminalis compared with S. schwerinii, and we speculate that this is due to different demographic histories as S. viminalis has been partly domesticated in Europe.
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- Bonke, M, et al.
(author)
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Transcriptional networks controlling the cell cycle
- 2013
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In: G3 (Bethesda, Md.). - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2160-1836. ; 3:1, s. 75-90
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work, we map the transcriptional targets of 107 previously identified Drosophila genes whose loss caused the strongest cell-cycle phenotypes in a genome-wide RNA interference screen and mine the resulting data computationally. Besides confirming existing knowledge, the analysis revealed several regulatory systems, among which were two highly-specific and interconnected feedback circuits, one between the ribosome and the proteasome that controls overall protein homeostasis, and the other between the ribosome and Myc/Max that regulates the protein synthesis capacity of cells. We also identified a set of genes that alter the timing of mitosis without affecting gene expression, indicating that the cyclic transcriptional program that produces the components required for cell division can be partially uncoupled from the cell division process itself. These genes all have a function in a pathway that regulates the phosphorylation state of Cdk1. We provide evidence showing that this pathway is involved in regulation of cell size, indicating that a Cdk1-regulated cell size checkpoint exists in metazoans.
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- Brown, William R A, et al.
(author)
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A Geographically Diverse Collection of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Isolates Shows Limited Phenotypic Variation but Extensive Karyotypic Diversity.
- 2011
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In: G3 (Bethesda, Md.). - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2160-1836. ; 1:7, s. 615-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been widely used to study eukaryotic cell biology, but almost all of this work has used derivatives of a single strain. We have studied 81 independent natural isolates and 3 designated laboratory strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Schizosaccharomyces pombe varies significantly in size but shows only limited variation in proliferation in different environments compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleotide diversity, π, at a near neutral site, the central core of the centromere of chromosome II is approximately 0.7%. Approximately 20% of the isolates showed karyotypic rearrangements as detected by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and filter hybridization analysis. One translocation, found in 6 different isolates, including the type strain, has a geographically widespread distribution and a unique haplotype and may be a marker of an incipient speciation event. All of the other translocations are unique. Exploitation of this karyotypic diversity may cast new light on both the biology of telomeres and centromeres and on isolating mechanisms in single-celled eukaryotes.
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4. |
- Crooks, Lucy, et al.
(author)
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An Improved Method for Estimating Chromosomal Line Origin in QTL Analysis of Crosses Between Outbred Lines
- 2011
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In: G3. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2160-1836. ; 1, s. 57-64
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Estimating the line origin of chromosomal sections from marker genotypes is a vital step in quantitative trait loci analyses of outbred line crosses. The original, and most commonly used, algorithm can only handle moderate numbers of partially informative markers. The advent of high-density genotyping with SNP chips motivates a new method because the generic sets of markers on SNP chips typically result in long stretches of partially informative markers. We validated a new method for inferring line origin, triM (tracing inheritance with Markov models), with simulated data. A realistic pattern of marker information was achieved by replicating the linkage disequilibrium from an existing chicken intercross. There were approximately 1500 SNP markers and 800 F-2 individuals. The performance of triM was compared to GridQTL, which uses a variant of the original algorithm but modified for larger datasets. triM estimated the line origin with an average error of 2%, was 10% more accurate than GridQTL, considerably faster, and better at inferring positions of recombination. GridQTL could not analyze all simulated replicates and did not estimate line origin for around a third of individuals at many positions. The study shows that triM has computational benefits and improved estimation over available algorithms and is valuable for analyzing the large datasets that will be standard in future.
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5. |
- Crooks, Lucy, et al.
(author)
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Identification of Null Alleles and Deletions from SNP Genotypes for an Intercross Between Domestic and Wild Chickens
- 2013
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In: G3. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2160-1836. ; 3:8, s. 1253-1260
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyzed genotypes from similar to 10K single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two families of an F-2 intercross between Red Junglefowl and White Leghorn chickens. Possible null alleles were found by patterns of incompatible and missing genotypes. We estimated that 2.6% of SNPs had null alleles compared with 2.3% with genotyping errors and that 40% of SNPs in which a parent and offspring were genotyped as different homozygotes had null alleles. Putative deletions were identified by null alleles at adjacent markers. We found two candidate deletions that were supported by fluorescence intensity data from a 60K SNP chip. One of the candidate deletions was from the Red Junglefowl, and one was present in both the Red Junglefowl and White Leghorn. Both candidate deletions spanned protein-coding regions and were close to a previously detected quantitative trait locus affecting body weight in this population. This study demonstrates that the similar to 50K SNP genotyping arrays now available for several agricultural species can be used to identify null alleles and deletions in data from large families. We suggest that our approach could be a useful complement to linkage analysis in experimental crosses.
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9. |
- De Koning, Dirk-Jan
(author)
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Why Breeding Values Estimated Using Familial Data Should Not Be Used for Genome-Wide Association Studies
- 2014
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In: G3. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2160-1836. ; 19, s. 341-347
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In animal breeding, the genetic potential of an animal is summarized as its estimated breeding value, which is derived from its own performance as well as the performance of related individuals. Here, we illustrate why estimated breeding values are not suitable as a phenotype for genome-wide association studies. We simulated human-type and pig-type pedigrees with a range of quantitative trait loci (QTL) effects (0.5-3% of phenotypic variance) and heritabilities (0.3-0.8). We analyzed 1000 replicates of each scenario with four models: (a) a full mixed model including a polygenic effect, (b) a regression analysis using the residual of a mixed model as a trait score (so called GRAMMAR approach), (c) a regression analysis using the estimated breeding value as a trait score, and (d) a regression analysis that uses the raw phenotype as a trait score. We show that using breeding values as a trait score gives very high false-positive rates (up 14% in human pedigrees and >60% in pig pedigrees). Simulations based on a real pedigree show that additional generations of pedigree increase the type I error. Including the family relationship as a random effect provides the greatest power to detect QTL while controlling for type I error at the desired level and providing the most accurate estimates of the QTL effect. Both the use of residuals and the use of breeding values result in deflated estimates of the QTL effect. We derive the contributions of QTL effects to the breeding value and residual and show how this affects the estimates.
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10. |
- Hallingbäck, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Functional Multi-Locus QTL Mapping of Temporal Trends in Scots Pine Wood Traits
- 2014
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In: G3. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2160-1836. ; 4, s. 2365-2379
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of wood properties in conifer species has focused on single time point measurements or on trait means based on heterogeneous wood samples (e.g., increment cores), thus ignoring systematic within-tree trends. In this study, functional QTL mapping was performed for a set of important wood properties in increment cores from a 17-yr-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) full-sib family with the aim of detecting wood trait QTL for general intercepts (means) and for linear slopes by increasing cambial age. Two multi-locus functional QTL analysis approaches were proposed and their performances were compared on trait datasets comprising 2 to 9 time points, 91 to 455 individual tree measurements and genotype datasets of amplified length polymorphisms (AFLP), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The first method was a multilevel LASSO analysis whereby trend parameter estimation and QTL mapping were conducted consecutively; the second method was our Bayesian linear mixed model whereby trends and underlying genetic effects were estimated simultaneously. We also compared several different hypothesis testing methods under either the LASSO or the Bayesian framework to perform QTL inference. In total, five and four significant QTL were observed for the intercepts and slopes, respectively, across wood traits such as earlywood percentage, wood density, radial fiberwidth, and spiral grain angle. Four of these QTL were represented by candidate gene SNPs, thus providing promising targets for future research in QTL mapping and molecular function. Bayesian and LASSO methods both detected similar sets of QTL given datasets that comprised large numbers of individuals.
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