| 1. |
- Kim, Kwangsu, et al.
(author)
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A Devolatilization Model of Woody Biomass Particle in a Fluidized Bed Reactor
- 2012
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In: Korean Chemical Engineering Research. - 2233-9558 .- 0304-128X. ; 50:5, s. 850-859
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Devolatilization is an important mechanism in the gasification and pyrolysis of woody biomass, and has tobe accordingly considered in designing a gasifier. In order to describe the devolatilization process of wood particle, therehave been proposed a number of empirical correlations based on experimental data. However, the correlations are limitedto apply for various reaction conditions due to the complex nature of wood devolatilization. In this study, a simplemodel was developed for predicting the devolatilization of a wood particle in a fluidized bed reactor. The model consideredthe drying, shrinkage and heat generation of intra-particle for a spherical biomass. The influence of variousparameters such as size, initial moisture content, heat transfer coefficient, kinetic model and temperature, was investigated.The devolatilization time linearly increased with increasing initial moisture content and size of a wood particle,whereas decreases with reaction temperature. There is no significant change of results when the external heat transfercoefficient is over 300 W/m2K, and smaller particles are more sensitive to the outer heat transfer coefficient. Predictedresults from the model show a similar tendency with the experimental data from literatures within a deviation of 10%.
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| 3. |
- Waltman, Max
(author)
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성구매 금지와 인신매매 척결 : 스웨덴의 성매매 관련법
- 2012
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In: Women's Human Rights [South Korea]. - : Women's Human Rights Commission of Korea (WHRCK). - 2093-5714. ; 7, s. 88-122
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Swedish prostitution law from 1999, now followed by Norway and Iceland, criminalized the purchaser and decriminalized the prostituted person. This is analyzed as a cogent state response under international trafficking law, particularly to the obligations set forth in the United Nation’s Trafficking Protocol from 2000. The Protocol states that a person is regarded a trafficking victim when, e.g., someone abuses her “position of vulnerability” in order to exploit her. International jurisprudence and social evidence strongly suggest that prostitution, as practiced in the world, usually satisfies this definition. Further, the Protocol urges states to reduce the demand for prostitution and to protect and assist victims, for instance by adopting laws deterring purchasers of sex, and by supporting those exploited in prostitution. Policy makers, such as the U.S. Department of State, are criticized for taking an inadequate position in face of the growing evidence from the Swedish law's impact.The article shows that Sweden has significantly reduced the occurrence of trafficking in Sweden compared to neighboring countries. It also scrutinizes some misinformation of the law's impact, showing for instance that claims alleging a more dangerous situation for those still in prostitution after 1999 were unfounded. In addition, the article addresses remaining obstacles to the law's effective implementation, arguing that in order to realize the law's full potential to support escape from trafficking, the civil rights of prostituted persons under current law should be strengthened to enable them to claim damages directly from the purchasers for the harm to which they have contributed, and for the violation of the prostituted persons' equality and dignity - a position now recognized by the government to some extent by clarifying amendments made in 2011.
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