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- 2019
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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- Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al.
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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In: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
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- Xie, Huaijun, et al.
(author)
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Development and evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin films technique for measuring antibiotics in seawater
- 2018
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 618, s. 1605-1612
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As coastal waters in many regions of the world have been polluted by organic micro-pollutants such as antibiotics that can promote the development of resistance genes, it is of importance to monitor the levels of antibiotics in coastal waters. For this purpose, a reliable and robust sampling approach based on diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) was developed in this study. The DGT measurement can provide a time weighted average concentration of pollutants. A binding material (resin XDA-1) with a high adsorption capacity for antibiotics, which can resist the pH and ionic strength of seawaters, was selected. The DGT sampler exhibited linear accumulation for 20 antibiotics during a 12 h deployment. The antibiotic measurement by the sampler was not affected by pH in the range of 7.3 to 8.9 and ionic strength in the range of 0.5 to 0.8 M. After an 8-hour in situ DGT sampling, 10 antibiotics were detected in Dalian coastal seawaters with the concentrations ranging from 2.6 to 44.8 ngL(-1), which was comparable to the results measured by an active sampling method. This study can be a first attempt to construct DGT sampler for determining antibiotics in seawaters.
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- Xie, Huaijun, et al.
(author)
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Investigation and application of diffusive gradients in thin-films technique for measuring endocrine disrupting chemicals in seawaters
- 2018
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In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 200, s. 351-357
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can be released to coastal waters and affect the endocrine system of marine organisms. To monitor their levels in seawaters, a simple, robust passive sampling method, the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique, was developed with XDA-1 resin as a binding agent. Six EDCs (including three estrogens, two pesticides and bisphenol A) were used to assess the performance of the DGT. The XDA-1 binding gel showed adequate ability for adsorbing EDCs in seawaters. The DGT sampler exhibited linear accumulation for the EDCs during a 15-day deployment and diffusion coefficients and sampling rates were calculated. The DGT measurement was independent of pH in the range 7.0-9.0 and ionic strength in the range 0.4-0.8 M. Field applications of this DGT in a coast of Dalian (China) showed comparable results to those from grab sampling. Five EDCs were detected with concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 19.4 ng L-1. This study is a first attempt to apply DGT sampler for determining EDCs in seawaters.
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- Chen, Chang-Er L., et al.
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Deriving in Vivo Bioconcentration Factors of a Mixture of Fragrance Ingredients Using a Single Dietary Exposure and Internal Benchmarking
- 2018
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In: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 52:9, s. 5227-5235
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Chemicals in mixtures that are hydrophobic with Log K-OW > 4 are potentially bioaccumulative. Here, we evaluate an abbreviated and benchmarked in vivo BCF measurement methodology by exposing rainbow trout to a mixture of eight test chemicals found in fragrance substances and three benchmark chemicals (musk xylene (MX), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and PCB52) via a single contaminated feeding event followed by a 28-day depuration period. Concentrations of HCB and PCB52 in fish did not decline significantly (their apparent depuration rate constants, k(T), were close to zero), whereas k(T) for MX was 0.022 d(-1). The test chemicals were eliminated much more rapidly than the benchmark chemicals (k(T) > 0.117 d(-1)). The bioconcentration factors (BCFA) for the test chemicals were in the range of 273 L kg(-1) (8-cyclohexadecen-1-one (globanone)) to 1183 L kg(-1) (alpha-pinene); the benchmarked BCFs (BCFG) calculated relative to HCB ranged from 238 L kg(-1) (globanone) to 1147 L kg(-1) (alpha-pinene). BCFG were not significantly different from BCFA but had smaller standard errors. BCFs derived here agreed well with values previously measured using the OECD 305 test protocol. We conclude that it will be feasible to derive BCFs of chemicals in mixtures using a single dietary exposure and chemical benchmarking.
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- Ge, Linke, et al.
(author)
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Aqueous multivariate phototransformation kinetics of dissociated tetracycline : implications for the photochemical fate in surface waters
- 2018
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In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 25:16, s. 15726-15732
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Antibiotics are ubiquitous pollutants in aquatic systems and can exist as different dissociated species depending on the water pH. New knowledge of their multivariate photochemical behavior (i.e., the photobehavior of different ionized forms) is needed to improve our understanding on the fate and possible remediation of these pharmaceuticals in surface and waste waters. In this study, the photochemical degradation of aqueous tetracycline (TC) and its dissociated forms (TCH20, TCH-, and TC2-) was investigated. Simulated sunlight experiments and matrix calculations indicated that the three dissociated species had dissimilar photolytic kinetics and photo-oxidation reactivities. TC2- photo-degraded the fastest due to apparent photolysis with a kinetic constant of 0.938 +/- 0.021 min(-1), followed by TCH- (0.020 +/- 0.005 min(-1)) and TCH20 (0.012 +/- 0.001 min(-1)), whereas Tar was found to be the most highly reactive toward center dot OH (105.78 +/- 3.40 M(-1 )s(-1)), and TC2- reacted the fastest with O-1(2) (344.96 +/- 45.07 M-1 s(-1)). Water with relatively high pH (e.g., similar to 8-9) favors the dissociated forms of TCH- and TC2- which are most susceptible to photochemical loss processes compared to neutral TC. The calculated corresponding environmental half-lives (t(1/2,E) ) in sunlit surface waters ranged from 0.05 h for pH = 9 in midsummer to 3.68 h for pH = 6 in midwinter at 45 degrees N latitude. The moms was dominated by apparent photolysis (especially in summer, 62-91%), followed by O-1(2) and center dot OH oxidation. Adjusting the pH to slightly alkaline conditions prior to UV or solar UV light treatment may be an effective way of enhancing the photochemical removal of TC from contaminated water.
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