| 1. |
- Ramanujam, Ryan, et al.
(författare)
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Accurate classification of secondary progression in multiple sclerosis using a decision tree
- 2020
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Ingår i: Multiple Sclerosis Journal. - : SAGE Publications Ltd. - 1352-4585 .- 1477-0970.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The absence of reliable imaging or biological markers of phenotype transition in multiple sclerosis (MS) makes assignment of current phenotype status difficult. Objective: The authors sought to determine whether clinical information can be used to accurately assign current disease phenotypes. Methods: Data from the clinical visits of 14,387 MS patients in Sweden were collected. Classifying algorithms based on several demographic and clinical factors were examined. Results obtained from the best classifier when predicting neurologist recorded disease classification were replicated in an independent cohort from British Columbia and were compared to a previously published algorithm and clinical judgment of three neurologists. Results: A decision tree (the classifier) containing only most recently available expanded disability scale status score and age obtained 89.3% (95% confidence intervals (CIs): 88.8–89.8) classification accuracy, defined as concordance with the latest reported status. Validation in the independent cohort resulted in 82.0% (95% CI: 81.0–83.1) accuracy. A previously published classification algorithm with slight modifications achieved 77.8% (95% CI: 77.1–78.4) accuracy. With complete patient history of 100 patients, three neurologists obtained 84.3% accuracy compared with 85% for the classifier using the same data. Conclusion: The classifier can be used to standardize definitions of disease phenotype across different cohorts. Clinically, this model could assist neurologists by providing additional information.
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| 2. |
- Grafström, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Hyperfine structure and isotope shift of highly excited barium-I states
- 1982
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Ingår i: Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei. - 0939-7922. ; 306:4, s. 281-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-resolution laser-spectroscopy measurements of hyperfine structure and isotope shifts were performed for the 6snd 1 D 2 sequence of Ba-I in the regionn=12–24. Stepwise laser excitations of a collimated atomic beam were used. A strong influence on the hyperfine structure is observed at the perturbation atn=14, caused by interaction with the 5d7d configuration. Whereas the isotope shift for the even isotopes stays essentially constant with increasingn, the odd isotopes exhibit a strong change, indicating hyperfine-induced shifts. Interesting discussions with Prof. E. Matthias in the final stage of this work are gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council.
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| 3. |
- Grafte, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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A literature review of recovery and cortisol among military personnel
- 2023
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Ingår i: Military medicine. - : Oxford University Press. - 0026-4075 .- 1930-613X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- IntroductionRecovery is an essential factor in having a natural resistance to stress. When the body is exposed to a physiological or psychological stressor, a stress reaction occurs, and cortisol is released. This can affect the body in the short and long term. Militaries often practice in realistic scenarios to build resistance to stress and have the conditions to cope with actual events. During the exercises, the military is exposed to both physiological and psychological stress for long periods. After exercises, the body needs to recover to rebuild. Recovery is, therefore, an essential factor for the body. However, there is a research gap for long-term extreme exposure to stress in relation to recovery. The purpose of this study was to review the documentation on the relationship between cortisol levels, stress, and recovery for military personnel.Materials and MethodsA general literature study with a descriptive approach was carried out. Cortisol measured from serum, blood plasma, and saliva was included. Only full-text, peer-reviewed papers found in databases from the last 25 years were used. Diagnoses, drug use, or other issues affecting cortisol secretion were excluded. Four databases were searched, and nine relevant quantitative articles were found. A quantitative content analysis was done, and a descriptive result was generated.Results In the literature study, it became apparent that cortisol levels both increase and decrease in professionals in the military when they are exposed to extreme field exercises with insufficient recovery, causing cortisol levels not to return to their basal levels. The analysis of the included articles gave answers to three questions about the role of recovery in a military context. One study was found where cortisol levels and the recovery period differed between women and men. After field training and a 72-hour recovery period, the men's cortisol levels were back to basal levels, while the women's cortisol levels remained elevated for over two weeks. The Conclusion The literature review shows the lack of data on the impact of recovery for military personnel. A study containing both women and men in a group setting was found. Results show significantly longer recovery for women, making it an important research gap. As secrecy is often used in the military context, not all information is published. This affects the quality of the studies and the possibility for high transferability and validity. A longitudinal approach with a larger sample size and additional females should be considered in future studies for comparable results. In addition, more measurement points and a systematization would be desirable with cortisols natural deviations taken into account.
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| 4. |
- Ye, Hui, et al.
(författare)
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Preventing Aging of Electrically Conductive Adhesives on Metal Substrate Using Graphene-Based Barrier
- 2016
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Ingår i: China Semiconductor Technology International Conference 2016, CSTIC 2016. - 9781467388047
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) seem to be a promising substitute to traditional metal-based solders, because of them being environmentally friendly materials requiring much lower processing temperatures, and offering a much finer pitch. However, a critical problem related to the use of ECAs is that the contact resistance to the metal pad tends to increase significantly during aging tests due to galvanic corrosion, particularly in 85oC/85% relative humidity (RH) atmospheres. In this respect the reported impermeability of graphene, a property prohibiting most molecules including water vapor from penetrating the film, has made graphene a major candidate as an anti-corrosion barrier material. The use of graphene as an anti-corrosion barrier material on steel and other metals has already been reported in literature. In this paper, the use of graphene-based barriers[12] between the ECA and the copper pads on a printed circuit board for alleviating the galvanic corrosion problem is reported. A PCB test board was designed for monitoring the effects of introducing the graphene-based barrier on the contact resistance between ECA and copper while exposing the board to a 500 hour aging test in 85℃/85% RH. For samples without graphene-based barriers it was found that the contact resistance increased rapidly during the first 200 hours of the aging test, while the contact resistance for samples with the graphene-based barriers remained stable. For these samples with graphene-based barriers, the contact resistance showed a much smaller decay during the aging test than for those samples without graphene-based barriers. These findings indicate that graphene-based barriers could be a solution for improving the reliability of electrically conductive adhesives, especially in harsh 85oC/85% RH environment conditions.
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| 7. |
- Gorokhova, Elena, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to contaminants exacerbates oxidative stress in amphipod Monoporeia affinis subjected to fluctuating hypoxia
- 2013
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-445X .- 1879-1514. ; 127, s. 46-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fitness and survival of an organism depend on its ability to mount a successful stress response when challenged by exposure to damaging agents. We hypothesized that co-exposure to contaminants may exacerbate oxidative stress in hypoxia-challenged benthic animals compromising their ability to recover upon reoxygenation. This was tested using the amphipod Monoporeia affinis exposed to hypoxia followed by reoxygenation in sediments collected in polluted and pristine areas. In both sediment types, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] increased during hypoxia, suggesting that M. affinis has a strategy of preparation for oxidative stress that facilitates recovery after a hypoxic episode. Exposure to contaminants altered this anticipatory response as indicated by higher baselines of ORAC and SOD during hypoxia and no response upon reoxygenation. This coincided with significantly elevated oxidative damage evidenced by a marked reduction in glutathione redox status (ratio of reduced GSH/oxidized GSSG) and an increase in lipid peroxidation (TSARS levels). Moreover, RNA:DNA ratio, a proxy for protein synthetic activity, decreased in concert with increased TBARS, indicating a linkage between oxidative damage and fitness. Finally, inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in animals exposed to contaminated sediments suggested a neurotoxic impact, whereas significant correlations between AChE and oxidative biomarkers may indicate connections with redox state regulation. The oxidative responses in pristine sediments suggested a typical scenario of ROS production and removal, with no apparent oxidative damage. By contrast, co-exposure to contaminants caused greater increase in antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and slowed recovery from hypoxia as indicated by CAT, GSH/GSSG, TBARS and AChE responses. These results support the hypothesized potential of xenobiotics to hamper ability of animals to cope with fluctuating hypoxia. They also emphasize the importance of understanding interactions between antioxidant responses to different stressors and physiological mechanisms of oxidative damage.
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| 8. |
- Peukert Stock, Olivia
(författare)
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By Torches, Bones, and Temples : Material Metonyms in Personal Oaths in Latin Literature
- 2024
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Ingår i: Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap. - 2001-094X. ; 53:2–3, s. 144-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oath-taking during Roman Antiquity constitutes a telling example of how words and matter interplay and relate to one another. Ancient Latin literature provides a myriad of representations of oaths sworn, both fictive and supposedly historical, where matter somehow figure in the procedure. In this study, a selection of personal oaths from Roman literature are explored in terms of materiality and agency. All chosen oath examples are portrayed as sworn by something material employed as conceptual metonyms using the stylistic literary features concretum pro abstracto (“the concrete for the abstract”) and pars pro toto (“the part for the whole”). The present article aims to demonstrate that Roman authors’ choice of swearing/having their characters swear by matter has the ability to steer the audience’s interpretation of the oath portrayed, and produce agency within that context, thus increasing the power and efficacy of the oath.
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| 9. |
- Strindberg, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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The fear of being singled out : Pupils' perspectives on victimisation and bystanding in bullying situations
- 2020
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sociology of Education. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0142-5692 .- 1465-3346. ; 41:7, s. 942-957
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article explores 5th and 6th grade pupils’ reflections on why pupils may refrain from intervening in bullying, despite understanding that bullying is wrong. The findings are based on focus group interviews conducted with 74 Swedish school pupils, who were asked for their perspectives on the various participant roles depicted in a bullying vignette. The findings were analysed using methods from constructivist grounded theory and through the theoretical lens of Goffman’s concept of social stigma. The interviewees emphasised the implications of being positioned as the ‘victim’, including being socially stigmatised, isolated, denigrated and further bullied, and suggested that the fear of being ‘singled out’ would be a main concern for pupils, and hence the driving force behind why they may refrain from intervening in defence of a victimised peer. The study thus highlights the associated processes of social stigmatisation and the non-intervention of pupils in school bullying situations.
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