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- Bäckman, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Attentional demands and recall of verbal and color information in action events
- 1993
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 34:3, s. 246-254
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two experiments addressed the influence of secondary task performance at encoding on recall of different features of subject‐performed tasks (SPTs) involving objects (e.g., turn the wallet). In Experiment 1, memory for verbs and colors of objects was assessed, with object names serving as cues. In Experiment 2, object and color memory were assessed, with verbs serving as cues. Results from both experiments indicated a greater deterioration of memory performance under divided attention for verbal features than for colors. In addition, intention to remember did not affect performance for any feature in either experiment. The overall pattern of outcome is discussed relative to the view that encoding of verbal features of SPTs is more attention‐demanding than encoding of physical task features, such as color.
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| 2. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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The dual-conception view reexamined : attentional demands and the encoding of verbal and physical information in action events
- 1994
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In: Psychological Research. - : Springer-Verlag New York. - 0340-0727 .- 1430-2772. ; 57:1, s. 42-46
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In two experiments the influence of attentional demands at encoding on recall of different features of subject-performed tasks (SPTs) was studied. In Experiment 1, memory of verbs and colors of objects was tested, with object names serving as cues. In Experiment 2, object and color memory were tested, with verbs serving as cues. Results from both experiments indicated that SPTs were affected by divided attention at encoding. In contrast to previous research, verbal and physical properties of SPTs were not differently affected by the requirements of dual-task performance (i.e., the combination of an SPT task and a secondary task). The results are discussed in terms of the nature of the secondary task.
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| 3. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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The effect of retrieval enactment on recall of subject-performed tasks and verbal tasks
- 1994
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In: Memory & Cognition. - 0090-502X .- 1532-5946. ; 22:6, s. 723-728
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effect of retrieval enactment on memory for nouns (objects) or verbal phrases describing simpel actions (e.g., "lift the box") was addressed in two experiments. In Experiment 1, the type of object involved in the actions was manipulated, with three different types of object being used (body parts, laboratory-related objects, and external objects). In Experiment 2, the integration between the verb-noun pairs was manipulated (well-integrated vs. poorly integrated). Results from both experiments showed that whereas encoding enactment (motor encoding and verbal test) substantially improved the memory performance compared with a verbal condition (verbal encoding and verbal test), retrieval enactment (verbal encoding and motor test) had no major impact on the number of recalled nouns or phrases. Moreover, there was no additional effect of dual enactment (motor encoding and motor test). The overall pattern of the results suggests that there is a fundamental difference between motor processing at encoding and motor processing at retrieval, and the lack of encoding specificity advantage for the motor modality contradicts the view that encoding enactment of verbal commands results in storage of motor representations
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Herlitz, Agneta, 1962-
(author)
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Remembering in Alzheimer's disease : utilization of cognitive support
- 1991
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aim of the present doctoral thesis was to investigate the ability of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) to utilize cognitive support in order to improve episodic remembering. A review of previous research indicated that most studies have failed to find beneficial effects of encoding support on memory in AD patients. The ability to utilize cognitive support (i.e., motoric activities, semantic organization, and semantic knowledge) for episodic remembering was investigated in five studies (Bäckman & Herlitz, 1990; Herlitz, Adolfsson, Bäckman, & Nilsson, in press; Herlitz & Bäckman, 1990; Herlitz & Viitanen, in press; Karlsson et al., 1989). Patients with mild, moderate, or severe AD, and normal older adults participated in the studies. On the basis of the results from these studies and the review of the literature, it was concluded that (a) AD patients, irrespective of dementia severity, perform at a lower level than normal older adults in episodic memory tasks; (b) provided that support is supplied at retrieval, AD patients may be sensitive to manipulations at encoding; (c) the strength of the encoding manipulation determines the size of the memory improvement in AD patients; and (d) depending on dementia severity, the type of encoding support also determines the magnitude of memory improvement obtained.
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| 7. |
- Karlsson, Thomas, 1953-
(author)
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Cognitive and neuropsychological aspects of age-associated memory dysfunction
- 1991
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Memory dysfunction is common in association with the course of normal aging. Memory dysfunction is also obligatory in age-associated neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, despite the ubiquitousness of age-related memory decline, several basic questions regarding this entity remain unanswered. The present investigation addressed two such questions: (1) Can individuals suffering from memory dysfunction due to aging and amnesia due to Alzheimer’s disease improve memory performance if contextual support is provided at the time of acquisition of to-be- remembered material or reproduction of to-be-remembered material? (2) Are memory deficits observed in ‘younger’ older adults similar to the deficits observed in ‘older’ elderly subjects, Alzheimer’s disease, and memory dysfunction in younger subjects?The outcome of this investigation suggests an affirmative answer to the first question. Given appropriate support at encoding and retrieval, even densely amnesic patients can improve their memory performance. As to the second question, a more complex pattern emerges. When attentional demands are varied, subjects of varying ages perform qualitatively similar. However, when semantic aspects of the to-be- remembered material are manipulated, age-associated qualitative differences are observed. These qualitative differences show up between older and younger adults, as well as between ‘younger’ and ‘older’ elderly subjects.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Ärlemalm, Tore, et al.
(author)
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Recognition failure and integration
- 1994
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 35:3, s. 271-280
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Explored recognition failure of recallable words (poor integration), using confidence ratings given to recall responses. 70 Ss (aged 15-35 yrs) were instructed to learn word pairs in such a way that they would be able to recall the target word when the cue word was presented. Ss were given either instruction about shallow coding (the words had the same letters) or deep coding instruction (words were meaningfully related). Ss then performed confidence ratings of responses of both the recognition and cued recall test. Results indicate that very poor integration produces a deviation above the function, whereas a very good integration produces a deviation below the function. The effect of integration (and cue overlap) is explained by means of a conceptualization cue dependency. Support is also given to the notion that an enhanced variability of goodness of encoding contributes to an enhanced dependence between recall and recognition
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| 10. |
- Ärlemalm, Tore, et al.
(author)
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Recognition failure of recallable words : exception due to poor integration
- 1992
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 33:3, s. 266-276
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The phenomenon of recognition failure of recallable words shows a remarkable regularity across a wide variety of experimental conditions. A quadratric function, referred to as the Tulving-Wiseman (E. Tulving and S. Wiseman; see record 1978-07206-001) function, summarizes this regularity. A few cases of deviation from this have been identified and classified into 2 categories of exceptions to this function. An experiment with 40 Ss (aged 15-42 yrs) was designed to deal with 1 of these categories, namely the exception that occurs because of poor integration between cue and target information of studied word pairs. An index based on confidence ratings of recall responses was developed to assess variability in integration. Poor integration was demonstrated especially for 1 presentation of low associative word pairs, and significant deviations from the function was obtained for this condition
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