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- Achterberg, A., et al.
(author)
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The search for muon neutrinos from northern hemisphere gamma-ray bursts with AMANDA
- 2008
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In: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 674:1, s. 357-370
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present the results of the analysis of neutrino observations by the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) correlated with photon observations of more than 400 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the northern hemisphere from 1997 to 2003. During this time period, AMANDA's effective collection area for muon neutrinos was larger than that of any other existing detector. After the application of various selection criteria to our data, we expect similar to 1 neutrino event and <2 background events. Based on our observations of zero events during and immediately prior to the GRBs in the data set, we set the most stringent upper limit on muon neutrino emission correlated with GRBs. Assuming a Waxman-Bahcall spectrum and incorporating all systematic uncertainties, our flux upper limit has a normalization at 1 PeV of E-2 Phi(nu) <= 6.3 x 10(-9) GeV cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1), with 90% of the events expected within the energy range of similar to 10 TeV to similar to 3 PeV. The impact of this limit on several theoretical models of GRBs is discussed, as well as the future potential for detection of GRBs by next-generation neutrino telescopes. Finally, we briefly describe several modifications to this analysis in order to apply it to other types of transient point sources.
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- Frobell, Richard, et al.
(author)
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The acutely ACL injured knee assessed by MRI: are large volume traumatic bone marrow lesions a sign of severe compression injury?
- 2008
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In: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. - : Elsevier BV. - 1063-4584. ; 16, s. 829-836
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To map by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quantitative MRI (qMRI) concomitant fractures and meniscal injuries, and location and volume of traumatic bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in the acutely anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injured knee. To relate BML location and volume to cortical depression fractures, meniscal injuries and patient characteristics. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-one subjects (26% women, mean age 26 years) with an ACL rupture to a previously un-injured knee were studied using a 1.5T MR imager within 3 weeks from trauma. Meniscal injuries and fractures were classified by type, size and location. BML location and volume were quantified using a multi-spectral image data set analyzed by computer software, edited by an expert radiologist. RESULTS: Fractures were found in 73 (60%) knees. In 67 (92%) of these knees at least one cortical depression fracture was found. Uni-compartmental meniscal tears were found in 44 (36%) subjects and bi-compartmental in 24 (20%). One hundred and nineteen (98%) knees had at least one BML, all but four (97%) located in the lateral compartment. Knees with a cortical depression fracture had larger BML volumes (P<0.001) than knees without a cortical depression fracture, but no associations were found between meniscal tears and BML volume or fractures. Older age at injury was associated with smaller BML volumes (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: A majority of the ACL injured knees had a cortical depression fracture, which was associated with larger BML volumes. This indicates strong compressive forces to the articular surface and cartilage at the time of injury, which may constitute an additional risk factor for later knee osteoarthritis development.
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- Pena, R., et al.
(author)
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Evaluating a peer intervention strategy for the promotion of sexual health-related knowledge and skills in 10- to 14-year-old girls. Findings from the "Entre Amigas" project in Nicaragua
- 2008
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In: American Journal of Health Promotion. - 0890-1171 .- 2168-6602. ; 22:4, s. 275-281
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose. Report effects on knowledge of sexual health and gender from an intervention using peer methodology in Nicaragua. Design. A prepost nonequivalent control group design. Setting. Ciudad Sandino, Managua, Nicaragua. Subjects. A total of 599 girls were surveyed, 60% nonintervened and 40% intervened. Intervention. Peer methodology consisted of (1) meetings in which. girls talked and worked with other girls, (2) mothers taking an active role in the peer groups, and/or (3) girls watching the soap opera "Sexto Sentido." Measures. Indices measuring changes in sexual knowledge and gender vision. Results. Girls participating in the peer groups were twice us likely to have satisfactory sexual health-related self-esteem as those who did not participate. Eleven percent of the girls achieved satisfactory self-esteem as a result of the (peer groups X mothers) interaction and 15% due to the (peer groups X mothers X "Sexto Sentido') interaction. Girls participating in the peer groups were three times as likely to have satisfactory gender visions; if exposed to all three components, they were almost four times as likely to develop satisfactory gender visions. Conclusions. Peer methodology, participation of a female family member, and an educational soap opera seem beneficial in promoting sexual health-related knowledge and gender vision in young girls.
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- Peña, R., et al.
(author)
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The Nicaraguan health and demographic surveillance site, HDSS-León : A platform for public health research
- 2008
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 36:3, s. 318-325
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: To describe the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) in Leon, Nicaragua and to present results from the 2002-2003 baseline. Design and methods: A 22% sample of the total population in Leon, both urban and rural, was selected in 1993. This sample was updated in 2002 and will be followed up on a biannual basis with regard to births, deaths, in-migration, and out-migration. A group of 18 female fieldworkers perform 10 household interviews per day, 20 days per month. They use a map that is produced by a Geographical Information System. It shows all the households, and is the main means of the interviewers finding the households. An extensive data quality control system is used. Results: In total, 54,647 persons lived in the area of the surveillance system, and they resided in 10,994 households. The mean age was 26 years;, the sex ratio was 0.93. The infant and neonatal mortality rates were 25.4 and 20.5 per 1,000 live births, respectively. In total, 2,034 people out-migrated from the study area and 3,377 in-migrated. Of the households, 53% were classified as non-poor, 41% as poor, and 6% as extremely poor. Six per cent of the population did not have a toilet or a latrine, and only 16% in the rural area had indoor running water. The surveillance system revealed that 10% were illiterate. Conclusions: The HDSS in Leon has shown that it can serve as a platform for further intervention studies as well as for research training.
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