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- Stene, Lars C., et al.
(author)
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Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes
- 2023. - 2
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In: Transplantation of the Pancreas. - 9783031209987 - 9783031209994 ; , s. 13-39
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that affects 0.1 to nearly 1% of the population, dependent on the country, with its highest incidence around 10–15 years of age. The incidence has increased over time, approximately doubling over the past 2–3 decades. The incidence varies across the world, with the highest among populations of (Northern) European origin and the lowest in Japan. Most diabetic patients do not have affected first-degree relatives, but genetic predispostion encoded in the HLA class II DR- and DQ loci is proabably necessary, albeit not sufficient, for developing disease. Exposure to environmental factors in early life appears to also impact the risk of disease development, but available evidence does not allow for strong conclusions to be drawn. The past decade has brought new data from human pancreatic donors. Hoewever, the timing between etiological triggers and the pathogenesis is poorly defined, and the disease mechanisms need to be elucidated. It is still not possible to prevent or cure type 1 diabetes. The latter can currently only be achieved using invasive beta-cell repacement therapies through transplantation.
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| 2. |
- Philis, Gaspard, et al.
(author)
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Quantifying environmental impacts of cleaner fish used as sea lice treatments in salmon aquaculture with life cycle assessment
- 2022
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In: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 26:6, s. 1992-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Increasing pressure of sea lice, development of multi-resistance to chemotherapeutants, and alternative delousing strategies have been raising concerns about the environmental impacts of salmon farming. Ectoparasitic sea lice and its treatments represent a major bottleneck for the development of the Norwegian salmonid aquaculture. The environmental impacts of different treatments and their contribution to the salmon footprint remain unknown; these processes have been excluded from life cycle assessment (LCA) of farmed salmon. In this work, we apply LCA to quantify the impacts of three different value chains expressed per ton of cleaner fish farmed/fished, distributed, and used. The impacts of farmed lumpfish, farmed wrasse, and fished wrasse are then combined to calculate the footprint of the Norwegian biological lice treatment mix, expressed per ton of salmon produced. We found that wrasse fishing generates considerably lower impacts than farmed lumpfish and, a fortiori, farmed wrasse. The direct comparison of these value chains is compromised since LCA is unable to quantify ecosystem impacts and because cleaner fish delousing efficiencies remain unknown. Overall, the impacts of biological lice treatments have a low contribution to the salmon footprint, suggesting that using this treatment type could be a sound approach to treat salmon. However, such favorable results depend on three critical factors: (1) the efficiency of biological lice treatments needs to be confirmed and quantified; (2) ecosystem impacts should be accounted for; and (3) cleaner fish welfare issues must be addressed. This article met the requirements for a gold-gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges. © 2021 The Authors.
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| 3. |
- Tapia, German, et al.
(author)
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Parechovirus Infection in Early Childhood and Association With Subsequent Celiac Disease
- 2021
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In: The American journal of gastroenterology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1572-0241 .- 0002-9270. ; 116:4, s. 788-795
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To test whether parechovirus and anellovirus, frequent enteric viruses, were associated with subsequent celiac disease (CD). We hypothesized that children who later developed CD would have increased frequency of parechovirus infections before transglutaminase 2 (TG2) antibody development. Anellovirus testing was exploratory, as a potential marker of immune status.Matched case-control design nested within a longitudinal birth cohort (the MIDIA study) of children at genetic risk of CD (carrying the human leukocyte antigen genotype DR4-DQ8/DR3-DQ2, recruited throughout Norway during 2001-2007). We retrospectively tested blood samples taken at age 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and then annually, to determine when TG2 antibodies developed. Of 220 genetically at-risk children tested, 25 were diagnosed with CD (cases; ESPGHAN 2012 criteria) and matched for follow-up time, birthdate, and county of residence with 2 randomly selected children free from CD (controls) from the cohort. Viruses were quantified in monthly stool samples (collected from 3 through 35 months of age) using real-time polymerase chain reaction methods.Parechovirus was detected in 222 of 2,005 stool samples (11.1%) and was more frequent in samples from cases before developing TG2 antibodies (adjusted odds ratio 1.67, 95% confidence interval 1.14-2.45, P = 0.01). The odds ratio was higher when a sample was positive for both parechovirus and enterovirus (adjusted odds ratio 4.73, 95% confidence interval 1.26-17.67, P = 0.02). Anellovirus was detected in 1,540 of 1,829 samples (84.2%), but did not differ significantly between case and control subjects.Early-life parechovirus infections were associated with development of CD in genetically at-risk children.
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