| 1. |
- Björklund, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Waste Modelling Using Substance Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment
- 1998
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In: Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association’s Annual Meeting. - Stockholm : KTH. ; , s. 15pp-
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Computer models of municipal waste management have been developed initially to focus on cost minimization. As focus in local planning changed, the objective of these models now include environmental optimization. The development of life-cycle assessment (LCA) as a standard means to quantify environmental impact, and of substance flow analysis (SFA) as a means to track down causes of environmental problems has offered new possibilities in this field. The ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch) connects LCA and SFA for evaluation of environmental impact in waste planning. Despite the holistic approach of waste planning models, they do not necessarily facilitate decision making.
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| 2. |
- Baumann, Henrikke, 1964, et al.
(author)
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Det specifika med miljösystemanalysen
- 1999
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sammanfattning av diskussion om vad forskning i ämnet miljösystemanalys innebär och innefattar.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Hogland, William, et al.
(author)
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Physical, biological and chemical effects on unsorted fractions of industrial solid waste in waste fuel storage
- 1996
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In: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 14:2, s. 197-210
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Technical, biological and environmental problems encountered in the storage of industrial waste fuel are analysed and discussed. Measurements of temperature, moisture content, oxygen, methane and carbon dioxide during the storage period are presented. It is shown that the temperature increases rapidly to 70-90 degrees C and the oxygen content decreases to almost zero in the lower parts of the storage pile. After several months of high but stable temperature conditions, self-ignition occurred in the storage piles. The test results are related to the proper design of storage piles. (C) 1996 ISWA.
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| 5. |
- Björklund, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Planning Biodegradable Waste Management in Stockholm
- 1999
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In: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 3:4, s. 43-58
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The environmental impact of the management of biodegradable waste in Stockholm, based mainly on incineration and landfilling, was compared to systems with significant nutrient recycling; large-scale composting, anaerobic digestion, and separate collection and utilization of urine. The systems' emissions, residual products, energy turnover, and resource consumption were evaluated from a life-cycle perspective, using a computerized model, ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch model). Transportation was of relatively low importance to overall environmental impact, even at high rates of nutrient recycling. This is remarkable considering the geographical setting of Stockholm, with high population density and little nearby farmland. Ancillary systems, such as generation of electricity and district heating, were crucial for the overall outcome. Increased recycling of nutrients in solid biodegradable waste in Stockholm can reduce net environmental impact, whereas separation of human urine to be spread as fertilizer cannot yet be introduced without increased acidification. Increased nutrient recycling from solid biodegradable waste inevitably increases spreading of metals on arable land. Urine is by far the least contaminated residual product. Spreading of all other residuals would be limited by their metal content.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(author)
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Biomass Transportation
- 1996
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In: Renewable Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481. ; 9:1-4, s. 1033-1036, s. 1033-1036
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Extensive utilisation of logging residues, straw, and energy crops will lead to short transportation distances and thus low transportation costs. The average distance of transportation of biomass to a large-scale conversion plant, suitable for electricity or methanol production using 300 000 dry tonne biomass yearly, will be about 30 km in Sweden, if the conversion plant is located at the centre of the biomass production area. The estimated Swedish biomass potential of 430 PJ/yr is based on production conditions around 2015, assuming that 30% of the available arable land is used for energy crop production. With present production conditions, resulting in a biomass potential of 220 PJ/yr, the transportation distance is about 42 km. The cost of transporting biomass 30-42 km will be equivalent to 20-25% of the total biomass cost. The total energy efficiency of biomass production and transportation will be 95-97%, where the energy losses from transportation are about 20%. Biomass transportation will contribute less than 10% to the total NOx, CO, and HC emissions from biomass production, transportation, and conversion.
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| 8. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(author)
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Future Production and Utilisation of Biomass in Sweden: Potentials and CO2 Mitigation
- 1997
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In: Biomass & Bioenergy. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 13:6, s. 399-412
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Swedish biomass production potential could be increased significantly if new production methods, such as optimised fertilisation, were to be used. Optimised fertilisation on 25% of Swedish forest land and the use of stem wood could almost double the biomass potential from forestry compared with no fertilisation, as both logging residues and large quantities of excess stem wood not needed for industrial purposes could be used for energy purposes. Together with energy crops and straw from agriculture, the total Swedish biomass potential would be about 230 TWh/yr or half the current Swedish energy supply if the demand for stem wood for building and industrial purposes were the same as today. The new production methods are assumed not to cause any significant negative impact on the local environment. The cost of utilising stem wood produced with optimised fertilisation for energy purposes has not been analysed and needs further investigation. Besides replacing fossil fuels and, thus, reducing current Swedish CO2 emissions by about 65%, this amount of biomass is enough to produce electricity equivalent to 20% of current power production. Biomass-based electricity is produced preferably through co-generation using district heating systems in densely populated regions, and pulp industries in forest regions. Alcohols for transportation and stand-alone power production are preferably produced in less densely populated regions with excess biomass. A high intensity in biomass production would reduce biomass transportation demands. There are uncertainties regarding the future demand for stem wood for building and industrial purposes, the amount of arable land available for energy crop production and future yields. These factors will influence Swedish biomass potential and earlier estimates of the potential vary from 15 to 125 TWh/yr.
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