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- Baumann, Henrikke, 1964, et al.
(author)
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Det specifika med miljösystemanalysen
- 1999
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sammanfattning av diskussion om vad forskning i ämnet miljösystemanalys innebär och innefattar.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Lundin, Margareta, 1967, et al.
(author)
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A set of indicators for the assessment of temporal variations in the sustainability of sanitary systems
- 1998
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In: Water Science and Technology. ; 39:5, s. 235-242
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The sustainability of an urban water system was studied by application of a set of indicators that focuses on environmental issues and the efficiency and performance of the technical system. Temporal variations of indicators reflecting freshwater resources, drinking water, wastewater and by-products, were investigated for the water and wastewater system in Goteborg. Extended time series of precise data were available for quantitative indicators such as water consumption, energy use and discharge loadings. Qualitative indicators such as drinking water quality, sewage sludge quality and ecosystem status were more difficult to assess, a situation complicated by variations in criteria set in different countries. Although large urban water systems are often considered unsustainable, the set of indicators demonstrate that the water and wastewater system in Goteborg has moved towards a more sustainable status; recycling of nutrients to agriculture remains, though, a major concern.
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| 4. |
- Björklund, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Planning Biodegradable Waste Management in Stockholm
- 1999
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In: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 3:4, s. 43-58
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The environmental impact of the management of biodegradable waste in Stockholm, based mainly on incineration and landfilling, was compared to systems with significant nutrient recycling; large-scale composting, anaerobic digestion, and separate collection and utilization of urine. The systems' emissions, residual products, energy turnover, and resource consumption were evaluated from a life-cycle perspective, using a computerized model, ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch model). Transportation was of relatively low importance to overall environmental impact, even at high rates of nutrient recycling. This is remarkable considering the geographical setting of Stockholm, with high population density and little nearby farmland. Ancillary systems, such as generation of electricity and district heating, were crucial for the overall outcome. Increased recycling of nutrients in solid biodegradable waste in Stockholm can reduce net environmental impact, whereas separation of human urine to be spread as fertilizer cannot yet be introduced without increased acidification. Increased nutrient recycling from solid biodegradable waste inevitably increases spreading of metals on arable land. Urine is by far the least contaminated residual product. Spreading of all other residuals would be limited by their metal content.
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| 6. |
- Eriksson, E., et al.
(author)
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Life cycle assessment of the road transport sector
- 1996
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 189-190, s. 69-76
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The road transport sector has been studied with a life-cycle perspective. Transport activities and products used for road transportation have been analysed in order to identify those with significant contribution to the total environmental impact. Detailed data on the environmental burdens caused by different transportation activities such as fuel production, fuel combustion at driving, maintenance of the vehicle and production and after use treatment of the vehicle have been collected and transformed into a form usable in life cycle assessment (LCA). A comprehensive and flexible system model for description of road transportation systems has been developed. A software program, KRABAT, has been developed from the system model. The program has been used for calculation of the environmental burdens of road transportation. The use of non-renewable energy is sometimes used as an indicator of the environmental impact of activities. In this study the consumption of non-renewable fuels, electricity and air emissions have been considered. The production, maintenance and after use treatment of the vehicle have shown to contribute significantly to the total environmental impact of road transportation, measured per vehicle kilometer. This is especially valid for passenger cars, for which the amount of fossile fuel used for production of the vehicle is about 10% of the total amount used during the whole life time of the car. This share is generally much smaller for trucks, since they are used more frequently than passenger cars. The treatment of the different materials of the car after use is of importance for the possibilities of minimization of the environmental impact from road transport. In a case study, the environmental burdens from all processes and transports in the life cycle of newspapers have been analysed. Two after use treatment scenarios were studied, one with 70% recycling and the other with 100% incineration with heat recovery. The total contribution of environmental burdens from transportation to the total of the whole life cycle were studied. It could not be concluded that transportation increased with a higher degree of recycling. This holds true for our assumptions. The result may however be different for other geographical conditions, population densities, etc.
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