| 1. |
- Bertilsson, F, et al.
(author)
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CO2 utilization options .1. An emission assessment framework
- 1996
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In: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904. ; 37:12, s. 1725-1731
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The utilization of CO2 in various products and services must be carefully assessed in order to achieve reduced CO2 emissions and simultaneously to add to the net economic benefit of society. In this paper, a framework for the assessment of CO2 utilization options in the chemical industry is outlined in which the total CO2 emission is estimated in four steps. First, the processes under study are surveyed to establish the consumption of different raw materials (reactants). Second, the CO2 emission due to the content of fossil carbon in the reactants is determined, i.e. the material-related emission. Third, the CO2 emission related to energy consumption in the studied processes is estimated, i.e. the direct energy-related emission. Fourth, the CO2 emission related to energy consumption in the reactant production processes is estimated, i.e. the indirect energy-related emission. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
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| 2. |
- Bertilsson, F, et al.
(author)
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CO2 utilization options .2. Assessment of dimethyl carbonate production
- 1996
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In: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904. ; 37:12, s. 1733-1739
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, the potential to reduce CO2 emissions from dimethyl carbonate production by switching from the traditional phosgene-based production to a urea-based CO2 utilization process is assessed. The total CO2 emission for each process is estimated, including emissions related to the carbon content of the products, energy consumption in the production process, and energy consumption in the production processes of the required reactants. Implementation of the CO2 utilization process probably will reduce total CO2 emissions. However, in order to achieve substantially reduced CO2 emissions, serious consideration must be given to the optimization and design of the CO2 utilization process. Furthermore, the fuel-mix employed is one of the factors that influences the total CO2 emission the most. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
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| 3. |
- Börjesson, Pål
(author)
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Emissions of CO2 from Biomass Production and Transportation in Agriculture and Forestry
- 1995
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In: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904. ; 37:6-8, s. 1235-1240
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Net CO2 emissions have been calculated for the production and transportation of biomass in Swedish agriculture and forestry, using fossil-fuel-based energy inputs. An analysis of how a transition from a fossil-fuel-based energy system to a CO2-neutral biomass-based system would affect the energy efficiency in biomass production and transportation, has also been carried out. Production and transportation of short-rotation forest (Salix), straw, and logging residues exhibited the lowest CO2 emissions per unit energy delivered, equal to about 50% of those from perennial ley crops and 10 to 30% of those from annual food crops. Compared with CO2 emissions from a complete fuel-cycle for coal, net emissions of CO2 from Salix production, including transportation 50 km by truck, are 35 to 40 times lower when fossil-fuel inputs are used. Future increases in yield and technological development are estimated to reduce net CO2 emissions from biomass production by 30 to 50% in a fossil-fuel-based energy system around the year 2015. A transition from a fossil-fuel-based, to a CO2-neutral biomass-based energy system around 2015, is estimated to increase the energy input in biomass production and transportation by about 40% and 20%, respectively, resulting in a decreased net energy output from biomass production (including transportation) by about 4%.
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| 4. |
- Gustafsson, Stig-Inge
(author)
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Carpentry factory and municipal electricity loads
- 1998
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In: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 39:3-4, s. 343-347
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Load management of electricity loads has received more interest in recent years. At least in Sweden, this is natural because of a rather cheap energy price, while at the same time, the demand charge is high. If a company could save the precise kWh that build the peak demand, then these would have a value of more than 200 times the off-peak kWh. This paper deals with monitored electricity data for two carpentry industries and one municipality, both situated in the south of Sweden. The ideal ! situation would be if the industry could reduce their peak demand and, at the same time, reduce the peak for the utility. Both participants would, in that case, save money, and the payback time for load management equipment would decrease substantially. If, however, a load management system at the carpentry transfers kWh to peak hours for the utility, the industry will save money, while the utility gets higher costs. The result of the study is that the Swedish electricity rates in use today are a very poor means of encouraging worthwhile load management, and often, they even aggravate the situation.
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| 5. |
- Lyngfelt, Anders, 1955, et al.
(author)
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Methods for reducing the emission of nitrous oxide from circulating fluidized bed combustion
- 1996
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In: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904. ; 37:6-8, s. 1297-1302
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract - Two methods for the reduction of nitrous oxide emissions, afterbuming and reversed air staging, are investigated in a 12 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler. With afterburning the N2O emission can be reduced by 90% or more, using an amount of secondary fuel corresponding to 10% of the total energy input. With reversed air staging it is possible to reduce the emission of N2O to one fourth (25 ppm), without significantly affecting the other emissions. With reversed air staging no secondary air is used in the combustor and an air-ratio of about unity is maintained throughout the combustion chamber. Air for final combustion is added in the cyclone outlet.
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| 6. |
- Gustavsson, Leif, et al.
(author)
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Substituting Fossil Fuels with Biomass
- 1996
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In: Energy Conversion and Management. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 37:6/8, s. 1211-1216
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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