| 1. |
- Bansal, Sheel, et al.
(author)
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Practical Guide to Measuring Wetland Carbon Pools and Fluxes
- 2023
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In: Wetlands (Wilmington, N.C.). - : SPRINGER. - 0277-5212 .- 1943-6246. ; 43:8
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wetlands cover a small portion of the world, but have disproportionate influence on global carbon (C) sequestration, carbon dioxide and methane emissions, and aquatic C fluxes. However, the underlying biogeochemical processes that affect wetland C pools and fluxes are complex and dynamic, making measurements of wetland C challenging. Over decades of research, many observational, experimental, and analytical approaches have been developed to understand and quantify pools and fluxes of wetland C. Sampling approaches range in their representation of wetland C from short to long timeframes and local to landscape spatial scales. This review summarizes common and cutting-edge methodological approaches for quantifying wetland C pools and fluxes. We first define each of the major C pools and fluxes and provide rationale for their importance to wetland C dynamics. For each approach, we clarify what component of wetland C is measured and its spatial and temporal representativeness and constraints. We describe practical considerations for each approach, such as where and when an approach is typically used, who can conduct the measurements (expertise, training requirements), and how approaches are conducted, including considerations on equipment complexity and costs. Finally, we review key covariates and ancillary measurements that enhance the interpretation of findings and facilitate model development. The protocols that we describe to measure soil, water, vegetation, and gases are also relevant for related disciplines such as ecology. Improved quality and consistency of data collection and reporting across studies will help reduce global uncertainties and develop management strategies to use wetlands as nature-based climate solutions.
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| 2. |
- Borgström, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Wetlands as a Local Scale Management Tool to Reduce Algal Growth Potential
- 2022
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In: Wetlands. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0277-5212 .- 1943-6246. ; 42
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent land-use changes have led to a significant loss of natural wetlands worldwide resulting in increased amounts of organic and inorganic compounds reaching lakes and coastal areas. In turn, this has led to an increased algal growth, and subsequently the risk of algal blooms and deteriorated water quality. The capacity of wetlands to retain nutrients is well-known, suggesting that constructed wetlands may be a potential management strategy to mitigate algal blooms in downstream waters, although little is known about seasonal variation in reduction of algal growth potential. Therefore, in a long-term study, we experimentally evaluated the efficiency of seven wetlands to reduce the algal growth potential by comparing the growth in cultures containing 50:50 wetland water from the inlet or outlet and water from a eutrophic lake as a standard inoculum. We show that the majority of the wetlands have a considerable potential to reduce algal growth potential, with up to 89% for cyanobacteria and 73% for green algae. However, there were strong temporal variations in efficiency within, as well as between wetlands. Specifically, we show that the potential to reduce algal growth (standardized conditions) was generally higher in winter than in summer. In addition, the wetlands showed different efficiency in reducing the growth potential of cyanobacteria and green algae. Taken together, our results show that wetlands have a considerable potential to reduce algal growth potential, suggesting that they are an efficient local-scale tool in reducing the risk of algal blooms especially from a future climate change perspective.
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| 3. |
- Cianfaglione, Kevin, et al.
(author)
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Archaic Food Uses of Large Graminoids in Agro Peligno Wetlands (Abruzzo, Central Italy) Compared With the European Ethnobotanical and Archaeological Literature
- 2022
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In: Wetlands (Wilmington, N.C.). - : Springer Nature. - 0277-5212 .- 1943-6246. ; 42:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Large graminoid species, which often dominate wetland ecosystems with extensive and dense formations, are among the most indicative plants from the first human settlements, where they have been used (even transformed) for various functions ranging from food, cordage, weaving and other utilities. Wetland large graminoid foraging today represents one of the rarest and most archaic customs still in existence, as they have frequently disappeared following changes in society or the disappearance of marshes. These customs have (almost) disappeared in Europe, especially in Italy, following socio-economic changes and wetland reclamation; remaining uses can generally only be found in prehistoric traces. This research in Agro Peligno documents and describes for the first time the remains of these prehistoric uses, which are related to the ancient Peligni (or Paeligni) people. The data collected in the current field study were later compared with food uses of graminoids arising from a large spectrum of archaeological, ethnobotanical, and folkloric literature from other European areas, in a large sense. Problems and outlook regarding the loss of this traditional knowledge are also briefly discussed.
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| 4. |
- Fervier, Veronica, et al.
(author)
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Evaluating Nutrient Reduction, Grazing and Barley Straw as Measures Against Algal Growth
- 2020
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In: Wetlands (Wilmington, N.C.). - : SPRINGER. - 0277-5212 .- 1943-6246. ; 40:1, s. 193-202
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of our study was to experimentally investigate whether it is possible to reduce nuisance growth of filamentous algae in freshwater ecosystems. We used an experimental set-up mimicking a shallow pond system and performed a field investigation in the eutrophic moat of Krapperup castle (Southern Sweden), which exemplifies an extremely impaired ecosystem with ample growth of filamentous green algae. The indoor experiment tested three treatments: I) reduced nutrient concentrations, II) invertebrate grazers and III) addition of barley straw, which may constitute measures against filamentous algal growth and thereby improve the quality of the ecosystem services provided by water bodies. Our results show a decrease in cyanobacteria and diatom abundances in all mesocosms as filamentous algae biomass increased, suggesting that the microalgae suffered from nutrient and light competition with filamentous algae. A tendency for lower filamentous algae final biomass, as well as coverage, was observed in the treatment where the concentration of nutrients was reduced. Grazers treatment showed a tendency to inhibit filamentous algae growth on artificial macrophytes towards the end of the experiment, suggesting that snails initially fed on their preferred food source (diatoms), until it was almost depleted and then started to feed on filamentous algae. Interestingly, the barley straw treatment was the only treatment promoting macrophytes growth and enhancing diatom biomass, but this did not affect filamentous algae biomass. However, the ratio between filamentous algae and macrophyte final biomasses was significantly lower in the straw treatment. In a broader context, it is likely that in a long-term perspective the positive effect of barley straw on macrophyte growth will promote a shift from dominance by filamentous algae to macrophytes as main primary producer. Moreover, our experiment shows that barley straw may be effective in reducing cyanobacterial growth, which may lead to improved water quality and thereby ecosystem services, such as supporting and cultural ecosystem services, since cyanobacteria may produce potent toxins and pose a serious risk to human and animal health. Altogether, our experimental results have important implications for the challenge of reversing nuisance filamentous algal blooms in highly eutrophic systems.
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| 5. |
- Koronatova, Natalia G., et al.
(author)
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Weather Factors in Different Growing Periods Determine Inter-Annual Change in Growth of Four Sphagnum Species : Evidence from an Eight-Year Study
- 2022
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In: Wetlands (Wilmington, N.C.). - : Springer Nature. - 0277-5212 .- 1943-6246. ; 42:8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The growth of peat mosses is crucial for carbon uptake and storage in high latitude peatlands. Nevertheless, little is known on how variation in specific weather conditions affect Sphagnum functional traits and productivity. Using data from an eight-year study in a mire complex in the southern taiga of Western Siberia, we investigated how a suite of within-season weather conditions relates to Sphagnum growth. We collected weather data, and data on functional traits (length increment, increment biomass, capitulum numerical density and capitulum biomass) and net primary productivity of four Sphagnum species growing in raised bogs and poor fens. Overall, the most important factors were those related moisture conditions. Growing season averages of weather variables (e.g., precipitation and mean temperature) were often as good predictors of Sphagnum functional traits and productivity as early or late seasonal averages, but not necessarily for the same variables. The most sensitive traits to weather fluctuation were length increment (for S. magellanicum agg., S. angustifolium, S. fallax) and numerical density (for S. fuscum). Primary productivity of S. fuscum and S. magellanicum agg. were the highest under warm and wet conditions with S. fuscum being less sensitive to the weather; productivity of S. angustifolium increased under cool and wet conditions; and productivity of S. fallax was the highest under dry weather. Diversity in interspecific response to weather fluctuations may result in high peatland resistance towards environmental variability, and thereby maintaining a stable Sphagnum productivity in time across the mire complex.
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| 6. |
- Laudon, Hjalmar, et al.
(author)
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On the Relationship Between Aquatic CO2 Concentration and Ecosystem Fluxes in Some of the World's Key Wetland Types
- 2024
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In: Wetlands. - 0277-5212 .- 1943-6246. ; 44
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To understand patterns in CO2 partial pressure (P-CO2) over time in wetlands' surface water and porewater, we examined the relationship between P-CO2 and land-atmosphere flux of CO2 at the ecosystem scale at 22 Northern Hemisphere wetland sites synthesized through an open call. Sites spanned 6 major wetland types (tidal, alpine, fen, bog, marsh, and prairie pothole/karst), 7 K & ouml;ppen climates, and 16 different years. Ecosystem respiration (R-eco) and gross primary production (GPP), components of vertical CO2 flux, were compared to P-CO2, a component of lateral CO2 flux, to determine if photosynthetic rates and soil respiration consistently influence wetland surface and porewater CO2 concentrations across wetlands. Similar to drivers of primary productivity at the ecosystem scale, P-CO2 was strongly positively correlated with air temperature (T-air) at most sites. Monthly average P-CO2 tended to peak towards the middle of the year and was more strongly related to R-eco than GPP. Our results suggest R-eco may be related to biologically driven P-CO2 in wetlands, but the relationship is site-specific and could be an artifact of differently timed seasonal cycles or other factors. Higher levels of discharge do not consistently alter the relationship between R-eco and temperature normalized P-CO2. This work synthesizes relevant data and identifies key knowledge gaps in drivers of wetland respiration.
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| 7. |
- Nilsson, Mats
(author)
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Peatland Vegetation Patterns in a Long Term Global Change Experiment Find no Reflection in Belowground Extracellular Enzyme Activities
- 2020
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In: Wetlands. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0277-5212 .- 1943-6246. ; 40, s. 2321-2335
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To assess the effects of global change on peatland vegetation and biogeochemistry we used a long term (21 years) in-situ plot scale manipulation experiment comprising nitrogen (N; ambient and 30 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)), temperature (T; ambient and + 3.6 degrees C during growing season) and sulfur (S; ambient and 20 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) treatments in an oligotrophic boreal peatland. Vegetation was assessed by plant species cover estimates, while biogeochemical processes were characterized by measuring potential extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) of glucosidase, cellulase, aminopeptidase, phosphatase, and sulfatase in the peat matrix. We hypothesized that the plant communities would change in response to the N and T manipulations, and that belowground EEA would respond distinctively to the applied treatments as well as to changes in plant community. We found vascular plant cover to have strongly increased in the T treatment, whereas theSphagnumcover collapsed in the high N treatment. Belowground we found enhanced enzymatic C and N acquisition activity in response to the N treatment, but EEA showed no response to the T treatment. No S effects were found, neither aboveground nor belowground. Contrary to our expectations, our data reveal a mismatch between above-ground vegetation patterns and belowground decomposition processes. In particular, the large increase in vascular plant cover in the warming treatment found no reflection in belowground EEA.
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| 8. |
- Åhlén, Imenne, 1991-, et al.
(author)
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Connecting Wetland Flooding Patterns to Insect Abundance Using High-Resolution Inundation Frequency Data
- 2023
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In: Wetlands (Wilmington, N.C.). - 0277-5212 .- 1943-6246. ; 43:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Flood dynamics are important drivers of wetland biodiversity. With current climate and land-use changes affecting overall water cycling, many wetland ecosystems are at risk of degradation, affecting biodiversity support negatively. This emphasizes a need for understanding possible correlations between specific hydrological conditions and biodiversity support in wetlands, at least in terms of species composition. In this study, we used high resolution hydrological monitoring of water levels and insect sampling in a depressional wetland to investigate possible correlations between inundation patterns and insect abundance. Our results show that there is a high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in wetland inundation patterns and that this heterogeneity explains variation in insect abundance. This creates episodes of downstream wet and upstream dry conditions. In addition, the spatial variability was high between grid cells of 2 meter’s resolution. There were also indications that distance to stream affected insect community structure. The findings from this work show that that the local hydrological conditions can create heterogeneity in habitat conditions, which in turn lead to refuge habitats for species vulnerable to changes in inundation condition. This study also highlights the importance of acknowledging quantitative hydrological methods when assessing the relation to insect communities.
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