| 1. |
- Allander, E, et al.
(author)
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Why is prevention so difficult and slow?
- 1997
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In: Scandinavian journal of social medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0300-8037. ; 25:3, s. 145-148
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- abundance of perceived “possibilities” for prevention rasts sharply with the difficulties that face preventive grammes. We argue that this situation has emerged from incomplete understanding of the process of prevention, Iving a mixture of biological factors, human decisioning and time perspectives. Based on examples, anlysis of the factors in the prevention process is presented.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, SO, et al.
(author)
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Patients frequently consulting general practitioners at a primary health care centre in Sweden--a comparative study
- 1995
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In: Scandinavian journal of social medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0300-8037. ; 23:4, s. 251-257
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to describe the sociodemographic patterns, consultations and the nature of problems of frequent attenders (FAs) at general practitioners at a primary health care centre. The design was a comparative study of FAs (≥5 consultations during 1991) ( n = 179) and a contrast group of patients (CPs) matched by age and sex (1-4 consultations during 1991, n = 179). Data from medical records, appointment system, mortality and marital status were recorded. FAs comprised 1.7% of the inhabitants. Boys, middle-aged females, retired males and females and especially very old females were more frequent among FAs than their sections of the population would imply. FAs accounted for 15% and CPs for 4% of the consultations, 6.3 and 1.7 consultations on average, respectively. The average booked time for consultations during 1991 was 140 minutes for FAs and 35 minutes for CPs. Continuity was higher among older than younger FAs. Contacts other than medical consultations comprised a substantial part of the work with FAs, especially among middle-aged and elderly FAs. Problems arising from the musculoskeletal system, psychological and social problems were most common among FAs, often in combination, while chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes were not crucial for frequent attending. Few FAs consulted as frequently in the preceding years and the following year, as in 1991, but still they accounted for more consultations than CPs during these years. More female FAs than males and CPs were divorced. The study indicates that FAs require a long-term strategy where continuity and accessibility are often important. They might also have profited by more time. However, FAs were a heterogeneous group of patients and follow-up studies and individual studies of FAs would be of interest.
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| 3. |
- Blank, N, et al.
(author)
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Short-term and long-term sick-leave in Sweden: relationships with social circumstances, working conditions and gender
- 1995
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In: Scandinavian journal of social medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0300-8037. ; 23:4, s. 265-272
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The primary aim of the study was to analyse similarities and differences between repeated spells of short-term sick-leave (more than 3 spells of less than 7 days' duration in a 12-month period) and long-term absence through sickness (at least 1 spell of more than 59 days' duration in a 12-month period) in relation to variables representing certain social circumstances and aspects of the work situation. Particular attention was paid to gender differences. The study, which had a cross-sectional design, employed data from the surveys of living conditions (ULF) conducted by Statistics Sweden over the period 1986-89. The study group comprised 13,828 employed persons between the ages of 16 and 65. The results suggested the existence of a common mechanism by which a variety of factors are related to the taking of both repeated short spells and long-term sick-leave; gender differences with regard to the effect of working conditions on the taking of sick-leave may be incorrectly estimated if factors related to occupational structure are not taken into consideration; a less than additive effect of physical job demands and repeated short spells of sick-leave on subjective health was found.
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| 4. |
- Blank, N, et al.
(author)
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Social inequalities in the experience of illness in Sweden: a "double suffering"
- 1996
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In: Scandinavian journal of social medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0300-8037. ; 24:2, s. 81-89
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper analyses the factors involved in differences in the experience of long-term illness (severe and non-severe illness), as measured in terms of self-reported frequency and intensity of symptoms. The study has a cross-sectional design. It uses a database from the Survey of Living Conditions of Statistics Sweden, and treats a representative sample of the employed Swedish population ( n = 13,501), aged between 16 and 65, interviewed over the period 1986–89. The results show that male manual workers report more non-severe and severe illness than non-manual workers, and that manual and lower-level non-manual female workers report more severe illness, but not non-severe illness, than intermediate/higher-level non-manual working females. The observed class differences in experience of severity of illness are partly explained by the factors investigated (job demands, personal economic difficulties, smoking daily, weak social network) in the case of men, and virtually entirely in the case of women. Other ill-health dimensions, such as self-rated general health and impaired working capacity, prove to be related to severity of illness, the latter being more strongly associated with experience of severe illness than the former irrespective of social class. The results lend support to the hypothesis that manual classes are subjected to what might be called “double suffering”; they have more long-term illnesses and also experience these illnesses with greater intensity and frequency.
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| 5. |
- Bremberg, S
(author)
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Health promotion in school age children
- 1998
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In: Scandinavian journal of social medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0300-8037. ; 26:2, s. 81-84
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Disadvantage in school age affects health during the remaining part of life. Health promotion might alleviate this situation. It is reasonable to focus on mental health, since this is the leading cause of disability adjusted life years lost in this age group and to focus on the school, since this is the most important setting. Co-operation between the public health and the educational sector is rational, yet complicated by different perspectives on knowledge and technology used in these two sectors. It is, however, possible to carry through a dialogue. Then, the public health representatives have to clarify current scientific knowledge on health promotive characteristics of the school. Such characteristics are, enhanced health control at school, aged mixed ability grouping, class sizes of 15—20 students, a task oriented school culture and employment of skills training programmes, e.g. for tobacco deterrence.
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| 6. |
- BURSTROM, B, et al.
(author)
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Health promotion in schools: policies and practices in Stockholm county, 1990
- 1995
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In: Scandinavian journal of social medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0300-8037. ; 23:1, s. 39-46
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A survey was undertaken of the policies and practices concerning organisation and implementation of health education and health promotion in schools in 151 of the total 213 Local Educational Areas (LEAs) in Stockholm county in 1990. Health education was included in the workplan of 49% of the responding LEAs, while 39% of respondents had a local action programme or guidelines for health education. Topic areas taught to all pupils and considered most important included alcohol, drug abuse, smoking, sex education, bullying, nutrition and physical exercise. Most senior level schools (55–83%) had written policies concerning pupils using alcohol, drugs or smoking in school, and 68% of LEAs had restrictions on staff smoking in school. Continuing health education was desired by 87% of the respondents. A written programme/plan regardings health education was identified as an important indicator of interest and commitment in health education and health policy issues by the local school.
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| 7. |
- Burstrom, B, et al.
(author)
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Use of a historical register in social epidemiology: child mortality in Stockholm at the turn of the 19th century
- 1998
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In: Scandinavian journal of social medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0300-8037. ; 26:3, s. 166-172
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study describes the age- and cause-specific levels and social determinants of high child mortality in Stockholm around the turn of the century. The study is based on computerized individual level sociodemographic information and the death certificates of children aged 0-15 years residing in Maria parish in Stockholm during the years 1885, 1891 and 1910 (n=36 718) from a historical register (the Roteman archives). The usefulness of such data for further studies in social epidemiology is discussed. Age-specific rates and major causes of death compared well with other studies. Low social class and being born out of wedlock increased the overall risk of death in early childhood. Data appear valid and may be useful in social epidemiology. Further analyses of data from the Roteman archives may contribute to the understanding of causes behind high levels of cause- specific child mortality and trends in mortality in relation to societal change.
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| 8. |
- CERNERUD, LARS
(author)
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Height and Social Mobility : A study of the height of 10 year olds in relation to socio-economic backgrund and type of formal schooling
- 1995
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. - 0300-8037. ; 23:1, s. 28-31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Based on a representative sample of Stockholm schoolchildren born in 1943, the association between the height at 10 years of age and the selection to higher and lower education at the same age was examined for upper and lower social groups defined by the father's occupational status. The hypothesis that there is a link between height and change of social position even among children was examined. Upwardly mobile boys (lower class boys selected for higher education) were taller than those staying in their social position. Downwardly mobile boys (higher class boys selected only for elementary education) were smaller than those remaining in their social position. The same tendency was found for girls - although not statistically significant.
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| 9. |
- CERNERUD, LARS, et al.
(author)
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Social Inequality in Height : A comparison between 10-year-old helsinki and Stockholm Children
- 1995
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Social medicine. - 0300-8037. ; 23:1, s. 23-27
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The height of children may be used to indicate social inequality. The aim of this study was to analyze the difference in height of the socially more and less privileged 10-year-old Helsinki children in 1963 and 1991 and to compare the social gap to the corresponding gap in 1943, 1963 and 1991 in previous studies of Stockholm children. The difference in mean height of the Helsinki boys in 1963 was 4.5 cm (p<0.001) and for girls 4.4 cm (p<0.001). In Stockholm the corresponding differences in 1963 were negligible. Twenty years earlier (in 1943) it was 3.2 cm (p<0.001) in Stockholm. In 1991 the difference was 1.4 cm (p <0.05) for boys and 0.6 cm (n.s.) for girls in Helsinki, equivalent to the findings of the Stockholm children at the same time. The well-off Helsinki children already in 1963 were as tall as the Stockholm children. Thus, the decrease of the social gap in height from 1963 to 1991 in Helsinki seems to be mainly due to an increase in height of the socially less privileged children, exactly what was previously found for the Stockholm children between 1943 and 1963. Would the time for the equalization of height mirror the time for the development of the welfare stares in Finland and Sweden respectively?
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| 10. |
- Doncevic, ST, et al.
(author)
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Comparison of stress, job satisfaction, perception of control, and health among district nurses in Stockholm and prewar Zagreb
- 1998
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In: Scandinavian journal of social medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0300-8037. ; 26:2, s. 106-114
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The increasing number of studies of stress among nurses in the last two decades have mainly dealt with nurses in hospitals. A few studies have included community-based nurses. However, no comparative studies of district nurses in different countries have been published. We have conducted a study to identify sources of stress, job satisfaction, perceived demands, control and health among district nurses (DNs) in Zagreb (Croatia) and Stockholm (Sweden), working in a polyvalent health care organization. Data were obtained regarding altogether 305 district nurses by means of self- administered questionnaires using identical methods and items, with response rates between 88% and 95%. In general, district nurses reported high levels of job-related stress, satisfaction and control. Organizational sources of stress, such as ongoing changes in the primary care organization, and reorganization of tasks, were of importance for the district nurses in Stockholm. They reported also more job satisfaction and commitment than the district nurses in Zagreb. The district nurses in Zagreb had significantly higher level of ``lack of resources''. They displayed significantly higher scores of psychological demands but also a greater feeling of control than the district nurses in Stockholm. Significant differences were also found between the groups in ranking of self-reported stressors. Thus results show that differences in work organization and in essential resources have a substantial impact of perceived stress, job satisfaction, and on the generality both of single association and on the applications of models.
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