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- Carelli, Maria Grazia, 1959-, et al.
(author)
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Sense of time and executive functioning in children and adults
- 2008
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In: Child Neuropsychology. - : Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis Group. - 0929-7049 .- 1744-4136. ; 14:4, s. 372-386
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A number of patient studies suggest that impairments in frontal lobe functions are associated with disorders in temporal information processing. One implication of these findings is that subjective experience of time should be related to executive functions regardless of etiology. In two experiments, we examined sense of time in relation to components of executive functioning in healthy children and adults. In Experiment 1, children between 8 to 12 years completed six experimental tasks that tapped three components of executive functioning: inhibition, updating, and mental shifting. Sense of time was examined in a duration judgment task in which participants reproduced stimulus durations between 4 to 32 s. In Experiment 2, adult participants completed the time reproduction task under varying concurrent task demands. Both experiments showed selective effects in that time reproduction errors were related to the inhibition and updating, but not to the shifting, components of executive functioning. However, the observed effects were modulated by task demands and age-related differences in cognitive competence. We conclude that individual differences in executive functioning are only weakly related to time reproduction performance in healthy children and adults.
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- Lindqvist, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Brief Report : Manipulation of Task Difficulty in Inhibitory Control Tasks
- 2009
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In: Child Neuropsychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0929-7049 .- 1744-4136. ; 15:1, s. 1-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study investigated how task difficulty can be manipulated in inhibitory control tasks. Tasks from three widely used task paradigms a Go/No-Go task, a Stop-Signal task, and a Flanker task were manipulated on two parameters each (Go/No-Go task: interstimulus interval, prepotency. Stop-signal task: stop-signal-delay, prepotency. Flanker task: number of distractors, size of target stimulus). Participants were 86 children (age 4-6) from a population-based sample. The results showed no significant effects on the Go/No-Go task but both main and interaction effects on the Stop-Signal task and the Flanker task. Together, these findings indicate that task difficulty can be successfully manipulated in inhibitory control tasks. However, the interactive rather than additive effects on performance suggest that the level of one parameter only has the desired effect under certain conditions. This new information about how to manipulate task difficulty is important when adapting tasks for use with children of different ages, as well as when designing training programs for improving inhibitory control among children with ADHD.
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- Tillman, Carin M., et al.
(author)
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Motor Response Inhibition and Execution in the Stop-Signal Task : Development and Relation to ADHD Behaviors
- 2008
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In: Child Neuropsychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0929-7049 .- 1744-4136. ; 14:1, s. 42-59
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main aim of this study was to investigate the developmental course of motor response inhibition and execution as measured by the stop-signal task in a population-based sample of 525 4- to 12-year-olds. A further aspiration of the study was to enhance the limited knowledge on how the various stop-signal measures relate to ADHD behaviors in a normal sample. We also wanted to contribute to the theoretical understanding of the various stop-signal measures by examining the relations between the stop-signal measures and performance on tasks reflecting other aspects of response inhibition and execution. Our results showed that the ability to inhibit as well as to execute a motor response as measured by the stop-signal task improved with age during childhood. Of specific interest are the findings suggesting that this task captures the development of motor response inhibition in the late preschool years (age 5 years). Both of the inhibition measures derived from the stop-signal task (i.e., SSRT and probability of inhibition) related significantly to teacher ratings of inattention as well as to performance on tasks tapping other aspects of inhibition. The data provided by this study have thus contributed to the scarce knowledge on early development of motor response inhibition, as well as suggested that the stop-signal task may be a valuable tool for capturing deficient motor response inhibition in ADHD behaviors in normal samples.
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| 5. |
- Wåhlstedt, Cecilia
(author)
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Neuropsychological Deficits in Relation to Symptoms of ADHD : Independent contributions and interactions
- 2009
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In: Child Neuropsychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0929-7049 .- 1744-4136. ; 15:3, s. 262-279
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to investigate possible independent and combined effects of inhibitory control, delay aversion, and RT variability in relation to symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention. A community-based sample of school children (N = 111) completed neuropsychological tasks designed to measure inhibitory control, delay aversion, and RT variability. Behavioral symptoms were measured through parental and teacher ratings of the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and ODD. The results showed that inhibitory control and RT variability were primarily related to symptoms of inattention rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity. Further, out of the three neuropsychological factors studied, only inhibitory control contributed uniquely to the variance of ADHD symptoms. However, significant interaction effects of delay aversion and RT variability on symptoms of both hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention were found. This study shows the importance of searching for possible combined effects of neuropsychological factors to learn more about the different pathways that lead to ADHD symptoms in children.
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