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- Bohannon, Richard W., et al.
(author)
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Consolidated reference values for grip strength of adults 20 to 49 years : a descriptive meta-analysis
- 2006
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In: Isokinetics and exercise science. - 0959-3020 .- 1878-5913. ; 14:3, s. 221-224
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Building on a previous meta-analysis, this study focused on the utility of consolidating grip strength data from apparently healthy subjects 20-49 years of age. All data were obtained using a Jamar dynamometer and procedures generally consistent with the recommendations of the American Society of Hand Therapists. The meta-analysis revealed that the seven sources provided homogeneous data (Q = 0.21 -0.81, p ≥ 0.667) for the left and right sides of men and women subjects. Means and confidence intervals are provided that can be used to interpret the normality of grip strength obtained from men and women 20-49 years of age. By consolidating the data from multiple studies conducted in five countries, a better overall estimate of normal is obtained. Providing reference values for three decades combined simplifies normative comparisons.
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| 3. |
- Drake, Anna Maria, et al.
(author)
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Reproducibility of isokinetic ankle dorsiflexor strength and fatigue measurements in healthy older subjects.
- 2007
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In: Isokinetics and Exercise Science. - 1878-5913 .- 0959-3020. ; 15:4, s. 263-270
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to determine the test-retest (two occasions seven days part) reproducibility of isokinetic (Biodex) concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) ankle dorsiflexor strength and fatigue measurements in older subjects using several statistical methods. Thirty healthy men (n=15) and women (n=15) aged between 70 and 85 years participated in the study. To determine the reproducibility of strength measurements, the 30 individuals performed three maximal CON and ECC contractions at 30°/s and 90°/s. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC_{2.1}) for CON and ECC strength measurements was high and ranged from 0.94 to 0.98. Bland & Altman graphs and analyses indicted no systematic bias. The standard error of measurement (SEM), representing the smallest change that indicates a real improvement (or deterioration) for a group of individuals, was small (< 2.3 Nm). The smallest real difference (SRD), representing the smallest detectable change that indicates a real improvement (or deterioration) for a single subject, was also small ('error bands' from −7.2 Nm to 5.6 Nm). A high correlation (Pearson's r > 0.94) between CON peak torque at 30°/s and 90°/s, as well as ECC peak torque at 30°/s and 90°/s, suggested that any of these two velocities could be used as a reference. To determine the reproducibility of fatigue measurements, 28 of the 30 individuals performed 50 maximal CON contractions at 60°/s. Reproducibility of the loss in work (work fatigue) and the relative loss in peak torque, comparing the first three to the last three contractions (3-3), was determined and the ICC was 0.71 and 0.60, respectively. In addition, the SEM was small (< 8.4%) and the 'error bands' to define the SRD for a single subject were also small (from −23.5% to 24.5%). In conclusion, these values indicate small measurement errors and thus provide a clinically acceptable basis for testing ankle dorsiflexion strength and fatigue of the dominant side in healthy older people.
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| 4. |
- Kadi, Fawzi, et al.
(author)
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Strength, muscular endurance and EMG characteristics of thigh adductors
- 2006
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In: Isokinetics and exercise science. - 0959-3020 .- 1878-5913. ; 14:3, s. 235-239
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The assessment of thigh adductors' strength and endurance and electromyographical (EMG) characteristics has received little attention compared to other muscle groups. The aim of this study was to investigate strength, endurance performance and EMG characteristics of m. adductor longus and m. gracilis during concentric thigh adduction in soccer and bandy players. Muscular endurance was evaluated using the torque reduction during 70 repeated maximum concentric adductions at an angular velocity of 60°/s. The EMG mean frequency (MNF) and the signal amplitude ratio (SAR, index for muscles' ability to relax between contractions) were analysed. Peak torque decreased significantly throughout the test and no significant differences were found between the two groups. In both muscles, MNF decreased significantly throughout the test. There were no significant differences in MNF and in SAR variables between soccer and bandy players. In conclusion, the present findings reveal a number of significant aspects related to strength and electromyography of hip adductors. © 2006 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Larsson, Barbro, et al.
(author)
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Muscle performance during maximum repeated knee extensions in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy
- 2008
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In: Isokinetics and exercise science. - 0959-3020 .- 1878-5913. ; 16:4, s. 221-230
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to compare isokinetic muscle performance of the knee extensors including surface EMG during repetitive maximum contractions between children with hemiplegic CP and healthy controls. A group of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) (16 boys and eight girls; mean age 11 years with SD 2; range 7 to 15 years) and a control group (14 boys and eight girls; mean age 10 years with SD 2; range 7 to 15 years) participated. The relationships between maximum peak torque and the surface electromyography (EMG) variable root mean square (RMS) were obtained during 100 concentric knee extensions at 90°/s. Surface EMG was recorded from rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris. The children with CP were also tested using Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM). There were no differences between the groups in muscle endurance for the younger children. The results indicated that the children with CP had less strength enhancement in the hemiplegic leg during puberty. Peak torque correlated with GMFM and with RMS in rectus femoris and vastus lateralis. Co-activation was found in biceps femoris, but it did not affect muscle strength.
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| 7. |
- Lexell, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Isokinetic torque and surface electromyography during fatiguing muscle contractions in young and older men and women
- 2006
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In: Isokinetics and exercise science. - 0959-3020 .- 1878-5913. ; 14:3, s. 225-234
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The overall aim was to investigate the fatigue pattern and perceived fatigue during repetitive dynamic contractions in young and older men and women. Sixteen older men and women (mean age 73 ± 3 years) and 22 young men and women (mean age 28 ± 6 years) performed 100 repeated maximum concentric isokinetic knee extension contractions at 90°·s-1 (1.57 rad·s-1). Throughout the 100 contractions, peak torque (PT) and surface electromyography (EMG) signals from the rectus femoris muscle and the vastus lateralis muscle were recorded simultaneously, together with perceived fatigue (CR-10 scale of Borg). The mean frequency of the power spectrum (MNF) and the root mean square of the signal amplitude (RMS) of the EMG were affected by age and with a sex related difference but for PT the difference of the fatigue pattern was most evident between the sexes. In addition, the young men rated the highest fatigue. Based on EMG, PT and ratings of perceived fatigue it was concluded that the old men fatigued most, the old women fatigued least and the young men perceived greatest fatigue.
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