| 1. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(author)
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Antibiotic Pipeline Coordinators
- 2018
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In: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 46, s. 25-31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has published a global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research and development (R&D) of new antibiotics. Every pathogen on this list requires R&D activity, but some are more attractive for private sector investments, as evidenced by the current antibacterial pipeline. A pipeline coordinator is a governmental/non-profit organization that closely tracks the antibacterial pipeline and actively supports R&D across all priority pathogens employing new financing tools.
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| 2. |
- Daulaire, Nils, et al.
(author)
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Universal Access to Effective Antibiotics is Essential for Tackling Antibiotic Resistance
- 2015
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In: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 43:S3, s. 17-21
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Universal access to effective antimicrobials is essential to the realization of the right to health. At present, 5.7 million people die from treatable infections each year because they lack this access. Yet, community-based diagnosis and appropriate treatment for many of the leading causes of avoidable infectious deaths has been shown to be feasible and effective, demonstrating that strategies to reach the under-served need to receive high priority. This is a necessary part of a broad strategy to assure the long-term benefits of antimicrobials and to combat antimicrobial resistance, both because the lack of systematic and rigorous efforts to assure effective coverage increases the likelihood of antimicrobial resistance, and because global efforts aimed at antimicrobial stewardship and innovation cannot succeed without explicitly addressing the needs of the under-served. Elements of this strategy will include clear evidence-based treatment protocols, a robust international framework and locally tailored regulations, active engagement with communities and local health providers, strong attention to program management and cost considerations, a focus on the end user, and robust surveillance and response to emerging resistance patterns. Only by balancing the needs of universal access with stewardship and innovation, and assuring that they are mutually reinforcing can a global strategy hope to effectively address antimicrobial resistance.
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| 3. |
- Okhravi, Christopher, et al.
(author)
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Simulating Market Entry Rewards for Antibiotics Development
- 2018
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In: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 46, s. 32-42
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We design an agent based Monte Carlo model of antibiotics research and development (R&D) to explore the effects of the policy intervention known as Market Entry Reward (MER) on the likelihood that an antibiotic entering pre-clinical development reaches the market. By means of sensitivity analysis we explore the interaction between the MER and four key parameters: projected net revenues, R&D costs, venture capitalists discount rates, and large pharmaceutical organizations' financial thresholds. We show that improving revenues may be more efficient than reducing costs, and thus confirm that this pull-based policy intervention effectively stimulates antibiotics R&D.
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| 4. |
- Podolsky, SH, et al.
(author)
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History Teaches Us That Confronting Antibiotic Resistance Requires Stronger Global Collective Action
- 2015
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In: The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1748-720X. ; 4343 Suppl 3, s. 27-32
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Antibiotic development and usage, and antibiotic resistance in particular, are today considered global concerns, simultaneously mandating local and global perspectives and actions. Yet such global considerations have not always been part of antibiotic policy formation, and those who attempt to formulate a globally coordinated response to antibiotic resistance will need to confront a history of heterogeneous, often uncoordinated, and at times conflicting reform efforts, whose legacies remain apparent today. Historical analysis permits us to highlight such entrenched trends and processes, helping to frame contemporary efforts to improve access, conservation and innovation.
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