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- Chandran, Senthil Kumar, et al.
(author)
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Modeling uncertainties in the estimation of software reliability : A pragmatic approach
- 2010
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In: Proceedings - 2010 Fourth International Conference on Secure Software Integration and Reliability Improvement, SSIRI 2010. - : IEEE. ; , s. 227-236
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The increasing usage of computer based systems for safety critical operations in applications such as nuclear, space, and automotive systems demands a systematic way of estimating software reliability. The high reliability requirements of safety critical software systems make this task imperative as well. Due to the specifics of software systems and the lack of any universally accepted models it is very difficult to predict the true reliability value of the system. Unfortunately none of the existing software reliability models neither acknowledge nor address this fact. There exist multiple uncertainty factors that influence reliability estimation of safety critical software systems. In this paper, we first define the scope of the important factors in the reliability models and describe a new approach to obtain a realistic estimate for system reliability. For this purpose, we consider different kinds of reliability models also taking into account the system architecture. The influence of uncertainty factors in the models is analyzed to obtain uncertainty bounds. They show an interval, where the true reliability should lie within it. This way system architects may use a so-called worst-case reliability estimation, given by the lower interval bound, for system analysis. We also demonstrate our proposed approach with real data taken from safety-critical applications.
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| 3. |
- Euler, Elias, et al.
(author)
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Science students’ experience of spatial scales : a phenomenographic pilot study
- 2022
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on the initial findings of a pilot study from a larger project investigating the teaching and learning of spatial/temporal scales in science. Pre-service science teachers from physics and biology were interviewed over Zoom while completing a ranking task for objects ranging from a proton to animal cells to the Universe. A phenomenographic analysis was carried out to determine the qualitatively different ways in which science students experience spatial scales.
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| 4. |
- Walker, Terry, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Saying, crying, replying, and continuing : Speech reporting expressions in Early Modern English
- 2020
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In: Voices Past and Present: Studies of Involved, Speech-related and Spoken Texts. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027207654 ; , s. 63-78
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter investigates the form, frequency, and function of speech reporting expressions in Early Modern English, such as quod she in “I perceiue now [$ (quod she) $] how mishap doth follow me” (CED, D1FGASCO, 1573). We focus on the use in the prose fiction texts in Periods 1 and 3 in A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760 (CED). The study points to developments over time, in the distribution of individual verbs as well as groups of verbs with similar functions. Variation is also evident in the word order of the speech reporting expression in relation to the represented speech and in the internal order of the speech reporting expressions (subject+verb or verb+subject).
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