| 1. |
- Bengtsson, Tommy, et al.
(author)
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Childhood misery and disease in later life : The effects on mortality in old age of hazards experienced in early life, southern Sweden, 1760-1894
- 2000
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In: Population Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0032-4728 .- 1477-4747. ; 54:3, s. 263-277
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper assesses the importance of early-life conditions relative to the prevailing conditions for mortality by cause of death in later life using historical data for four rural parishes in southern Sweden for which both demographic and economic data are very good. Longitudinal demographic data for individuals are combined with household socio-economic data and community data on food costs and the disease load using a Cox regression framework. We find strong support for the hypothesis that the disease load experienced during the first year of life has a strong impact on mortality in later life, in particular on the outcome of airborne infectious diseases. Hypotheses about the effects of the disease load on mothers during pregnancy and access to nutrition during first years of life are not supported. Contemporary short-term economic stress on the elderly was generally of limited importance although mortality varied by socio-economic group.
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| 2. |
- Dribe, Martin
(author)
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Long-term effects of childbearing on mortality: Evidence from pre-industrial Sweden
- 2004
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In: Population Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1477-4747 .- 0032-4728. ; 58:3, s. 297-310
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents an analysis of the impact of childbearing history on later-life mortality for ever-married men and women using historical micro-level data of high quality for southern Sweden. The analysis uses a Cox proportional hazards model, estimating the effects on old-age mortality of number of births and timing of first and last births. By studying the effects of previous childbearing on mortality by sex and social status, we also gain important insights into the mechanisms relating childbearing to mortality in old age. The results show that number of children ever born had a statistically significant negative impact on longevity after age 50 for females but not for mates. Analysis by social group shows that only landless women experienced higher mortality from having more children, which seems to indicate that the main explanations are to be found in social or economic conditions specific to females, rather than in the strictly biological or physiological effects of childbearing.
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| 3. |
- Hoem, Jan M., 1939-, et al.
(author)
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Autonomy or Conservative Adjustment?:The Effect of Public Policies and EducationalAttainment on Third Births in Austria, 1975-96
- 2001
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In: Population Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0032-4728 .- 1477-4747. ; 55:3, s. 249-261
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The standardized rate of third births declined by over 50 percent in Austria between the late 1970s and the mid-1990s. The third birth was also postponed gradually over the years until 1991-92, after which the tempo of childbearing suddenly increased in response to a change in the parental-leave policy. This new policy inadvertently favoured women who had their second or subsequent child shortly after their previous one. We cannot find any indication that the general decline in third births can be seen as a consequence of women's increasing independence from their husbands at the stage in life we study. Furthermore, it still seems to be more difficult to combine motherhood and labour-force participation in Austria than in Sweden, which is a leader in reducing this incompatibility. These developments reflect the tension between advancing gender equality and the dominance of traditional norms in Austria.
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