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- Herlitz, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Effect of media campaign on delay times and ambulance use in suspected acut myocardial infarction
- 1989
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In: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Excerpta Medica, Inc.. - 0002-9149 .- 1879-1913. ; 64:1, s. 90-93
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The early phase in suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is particularly critical. More than 50% of deaths from coronary artery disease occur outside the hospital mainly due to ventricular fibrillation.1 Recent experiences strongly indicate that early intervention with thrombolysis2–4 and β blockers5,6 can limit myocardial damage and thereby improve prognosis. Delay times in suspected AMI have remained stable over the years. Therefore, a media campaign was started in the urban area of Göteborg, Sweden, with the intention to shorten delay times and to increase ambulance use in patients with suspected AMI.
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| 2. |
- Herlitz, Johan
(author)
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Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Enzymatic estimation of infarct size. The MIAMI Trial Research Group
- 1985
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In: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Elsevier Excerpta Medica, Inc.. - 0002-9149 .- 1879-1913. ; 56:14, s. 27-29
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The maximum serum activity for aspartate aminotransferase (s-ASAT) during the first 3 days was recorded in 5,507 patients with suspected or definite acute myocardial infarction. The s-ASAT activity was corrected for the normal range from each center. The median s-ASAT activity was 4.9 arbitrary units in the placebo group versus 4.6 arbitrary units in the metoprolol group (p = 0.072). Univariate analyses indicated that the delay time between onset of symptoms and randomization and sympathetic activity at entry significantly influenced the effect of metoprolol. A similar decrease in serum enzyme activity after metoprolol treatment was observed independent of signs of infarct localization on the entry electrocardiogram.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Herlitz, Johan
(author)
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Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Arrhythmias. The MIAMI Trial Research Group
- 1985
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In: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Excerpta Medica, Inc.. - 0002-9149 .- 1879-1913. ; 56:14, s. 35-38
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Forty-five patients in the placebo (1.5%) and 29 in the metoprolol (1%) groups, respectively, were receiving antiarrhythmic drugs on a long-term basis before entry into the trial. Before randomization, 2.2% (n = 64) of the placebo and 1.7% (n = 50) of the metoprolol patients developed ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the hospital. The corresponding figures for atrial fibrillation or flutter were 3% (n = 87) and 3.3% (n = 94). After randomization, there was no significant difference in the number of patients who developed VF in the placebo (n = 52) and the metoprolol (n = 48) groups. The total number of episodes of VF tended to be fewer in the metoprolol group (n = 67) compared with the placebo group (n = 96). The tendency was, however, not apparent until after 5 days. When the occurrence of VF was related to high- and low-mortality risk groups, any beneficial effect of metoprolol was confined mainly to the high-risk group. A similar proportion of patients underwent electric conversion for ventricular tachyarrhythmia in the 2 groups. Although antiarrhythmic drugs were intended to be given only for major ventricular tachyarrhythmias a large proportion of patients received such treatment. Significantly more patients were treated with antiarrhythmics in the placebo (21.5%) than in the metoprolol group (19.2%, p = 0.03) during the study period, but predominantly during the first 5 days. Atrial fibrillation or flutter and other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias were significantly less frequent in the metoprolol than in the placebo group, as was the use of cardiac glycosides.
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| 5. |
- Herlitz, Johan
(author)
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Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Development of myocardial infarction. The MIAMI Trial Research Group
- 1985
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In: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Elsevier Excerpta Medica, Inc.. - 0002-9149 .- 1879-1913. ; 56:14, s. 23-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effect of metoprolol on the development of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during days 0 to 3 and on late first and recurrent infarctions during days 4 to 15 has been investigated. Signs on electrocardiogram (ECG) were well balanced between the treatment groups at entry; 70% of patients had signs of suspected AMI and 19% of patients had normal ECGs. The remaining patients had abnormal ECGs but actual infarction could not be localized. The localization of suspected AMI was equivalently distributed in the 2 groups before randomization. Metoprolol altered the distribution of patients diagnosed during days 0 to 3 as having definite, possible or no AMI (p less than 0.02). In the placebo group, there were more patients with definite AMI (72.5% vs 70.5%) and less with possible AMI (5.6% vs 7.4) than in the metoprolol group. A larger proportion of patients developed a Q-wave infarction during days 0 to 3 in the placebo group (53.9%) compared with the metoprolol group (50.9%, p = 0.024). No difference in the effect of metoprolol regarding localization of the early AMI was observed. Late first myocardial infarction development (days 4 to 15) was observed in 20 patients (0.7%) in each group. Recurrent myocardial infarction tended to develop more frequently during days 4 to 15 in the placebo group compared with the metoprolol group (3.9% vs 3.0%, p = 0.08).
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| 6. |
- Herlitz, Johan
(author)
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Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Mortality. The MIAMI Trial Research Group
- 1985
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In: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Excerpta Medica, Inc.. - 0002-9149 .- 1879-1913. ; 56:14, s. 15-22
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- After 15 days there were 142 deaths in the placebo group (4.9%) and 123 deaths in the metoprolol group (4.3%), a difference of 13% (p = 0.29). The 95% confidence limits for the relative effect of metoprolol ranged from an 8% excess (-8%) to a 33% reduction (+33%) in mortality. There was generally a lower mortality rate for metoprolol-treated patients in most subgroups and a consistent tendency for a more pronounced difference between the treatment groups in those subgroups with a placebo mortality rate higher than the average for all placebo patients. Most deaths were cardiac and occurred among patients who developed a definite myocardial infarction (97%) and most of these had a Q-wave infarction (83%). Using a simple model, the placebo mortality was found to increase with increasing number of 8 risk predictors defined from prestudy experience, from 0% in patients with no risk predictors to 11.6% in patients with any 5 or more of these risk factors. Similarly, there was an increase in the difference between the treatment groups in favor of metoprolol with increasing number of placebo risk factors. Metoprolol had no apparent effect in a low-mortality risk group (less than or equal to 2 risk factors), but there was a difference in mortality of 29% in favor of metoprolol in a high-risk group (greater than or equal to 3 risk factors) comprising one-third of the trial population.
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| 7. |
- Herlitz, Johan
(author)
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Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Narcotic analgesics and other antianginal drugs. The MIAMI Trial Research Group
- 1985
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In: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Excerpta Medica, Inc.. - 0002-9149 .- 1879-1913. ; 56:14, s. 30-34
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effect of metoprolol on chest pain has been assessed in terms of the duration and the use of narcotic analgesics, nitrates and calcium-channel blockers. Fewer metoprolol-treated patients in the MIAMI trial were given narcotic analgesics (49% of the placebo patients vs 44% of the metoprolol patients, p less than 0.001), nitrates (55% vs 53%, p = 0.10) and calcium-channel blockers (12% vs 9%, p less than 0.001). A total number of 6,697 dose equivalents of narcotic analgesics were given to the placebo group compared with 5,493 dose equivalents to the metoprolol group, a difference of 18% (p less than 0.001). Mean dose equivalents were 2.3 and 1.9, respectively. The analysis of the total use of the 3 types of treatment for ischemic chest pain showed a significantly less frequent use of treatment for chest pain in the metoprolol group than in the placebo group (p less than 0.004). The relative difference in the incidence of drug treatment tended to be more striking for patients with maximal therapy, i.e., receiving high doses of narcotic analgesics, nitrates and calcium-channel blockers. There were 22% fewer patients receiving 4 or more doses of narcotic analgesics in the metoprolol group than in the placebo group. A multivariate analysis disclosed that site of suspected infarction, delay time, entry systolic blood pressure and metoprolol treatment all had a significant effect on the use of narcotic analgesics. There was a nonsignificant tendency for heart rate to be of importance. In the placebo group the use of narcotic analgesics increased with decreasing delay time and increasing systolic blood pressure.
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| 8. |
- Herlitz, Johan
(author)
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Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Other clinical findings and tolerability. The MIAMI Trial Research Group
- 1985
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In: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Excerpta Medica, Inc.. - 0002-9149 .- 1879-1913. ; 56:14, s. 39-46
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fifteen minutes after injection there was a fall in mean heart rate (18%, p less than 0.001), systolic blood pressure (10%, p less than 0.001) and rate-pressure product (27%, p less than 0.0001) in the metoprolol group of patients in the MIAMI trial. Hypotension and bradycardia not necessarily associated with withdrawal of drug were more common in the metoprolol group (p less than 0.001). Atrioventricular block I was more common in the metoprolol group (p less than 0.03), whereas no such difference was observed for atrioventricular block II and III, asystole or pacemaker implantations. Left ventricular failure was observed no more often in the metoprolol group. The occurrence of cardiogenic shock also did not differ between the groups. Cardiac glycosides were used more in the placebo group, but diuretic and furosemide usage did not differ. For all patients mean furosemide doses and number of diuretic injections were similar in both treatment groups. Atropine (4.1 vs 6.4%) and sympathomimetic (3.2 vs 4.6%) agents were used more often in the metoprolol group during days 0 to 5 (p less than 0.05). The trial medication was withdrawn temporarily more often in the metoprolol than in the placebo group (p less than 0.001). However, permanent withdrawal of trial medication occurred with a similar frequency overall in both groups. More patients were withdrawn from the study because of cardiovascular reasons in the metoprolol group (9%) than in the placebo group (5%, p less than 0.001).
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| 9. |
- Herlitz, Johan
(author)
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Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Patient population. The MIAMI Trial Research Group
- 1985
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In: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Excerpta Medica, Inc.. - 0002-9149 .- 1879-1913. ; 56:14, s. 10-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During the recruitment phase of the MIAMI trial (December 1982 to March 1984), data on 26,439 patients eligible for inclusion were entered. Of these, 5,778 patients were included. Current treatment with either beta blockers or calcium-channel blockers (51%) was the most predominant reason for exclusion. The randomized and excluded patients differed. The randomized patients were younger and more often men. The mean age of the patients was 59 years in both the placebo and the metoprolol groups. The 2 groups were evenly balanced with regard to basic demographic variables. The median delay between onset of symptoms and randomization was 7 hours, and 25% of the patients were included within 4 hours. Previous clinical history and pharmacologic treatment given before admission were well balanced in the groups. Mean heart rate for the 2 groups before randomization was 83 beats/min and systolic blood pressure was 141 mm Hg. Approximately 15% of randomized patients presented with pulmonary rales. Before randomization 20% of the patients had normal electrocardiograms; 70% could be classified as having electrocardiographic signs of acute myocardial infarction; and 10% presented with other electrocardiographic abnormalities. Electrocardiographic signs at entry suggested a predominance of anterior wall infarctions. The randomized patients were not representative of eligible patients and the treatment groups were well balanced at entry.
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| 10. |
- Herlitz, Johan
(author)
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Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Patients and methods. The MIAMI Trial Research Group
- 1985
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In: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Excerpta Medica, Inc.. - 0002-9149 .- 1879-1913. ; 56:14, s. 3-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effects of early intervention with metoprolol in patients with suspected or definite acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have been assessed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Patients aged 75 years or younger were eligible for entry if they presented to a coronary care unit within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms of an AMI. Exclusion criteria included current treatment with a beta blocker or calcium-channel blocker, heart rate less than or equal to 65 beats/min, systolic blood pressure less than or equal to 105 mm Hg, contraindications and other administrative reasons. Treatment began with an intravenous loading dose (3 X 5 mg injections of metoprolol or placebo at 2-minute intervals) followed by an oral regime of 200-mg metoprolol daily or placebo. The study period was 15 days in addition to the day of randomization. The patients' clinical history and status at entry were documented. The following outcome variables were recorded: mortality, development of AMI, serum enzyme activity, electrocardiographic signs of AMI, late or recurrent AMI, arrhythmias, treatment of chest pain, concomitant treatment, adverse events and details of treatment with trial medication.
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