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- Giordano, Giuseppe Nicola, et al.
(author)
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The impact of social capital on changes in smoking behaviour: a longitudinal cohort study.
- 2011
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In: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; jul 1, s. 347-354
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Smoking prevalence across high-income countries such as the United Kingdom has significantly decreased over the past few decades; this decrease, however, has not occurred uniformly across social strata. The highest concentrations of smokers are currently found in lower-income groups. Lack of access to material resources and differing social norms have been cited as possible causes of this imbalance in smoking behaviour. Social capital, measured by trust and levels of community participation, has also been postulated to influence health behaviour. Methods: Data from the British Household Panel Survey were used to identify smoking and non-smoking cohorts at baseline (N = 10 512); from these, individuals whose smoking behaviour had changed (the dependent variable) were identified. Measures of social capital, income, employment and marital status, and considered confounders were tested for associations with changes in smoking behaviour over a 2-year period. Both bivariate and multivariate models were utilized to elicit associations. Results: Only marital and employment status, along with social capital measures, remained significantly associated with changes in smoking behaviour. Individual/household income, baseline social class and general/psychological health failed to demonstrate any significant association with changes in smoking status. Conclusion: Support mechanisms (via marriage and employment) and elements social capital (measured by 'trust' and 'social participation') are independently and positively associated with smoking cessation; continual lack of active social participation and remaining single are associated with smoking initiation. Smoking interventions should consider increased participation as an intrinsic part of their design.
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| 3. |
- Jakobsson, Mikael
(author)
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Debatt: Mångtydiga fornlämningar och begreppet fornlämning
- 1995
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In: Kulturmiljövård. - Stockholm : Riksantikvarieämbetet. - 1100-4800. ; :3, s. 76-78
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Det mångtydiga landskapet var ett av inslagen i Kulturmiljövård nr 5/1994 med temat Landskapets andliga dimension. Med utgångspunkt från två relativt nyutkomna arbeten förs denna diskussion nu vidare av Mikael Johansson vid UV Stockholm. Vad blir det för konsekvenser för samhällsplaneringen och lagstiftningen om begreppet fornlämning utvidgas till att avse både objekt och deras rumsliga samband?
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| 4. |
- Moustaid, Elhabib, 1990-, et al.
(author)
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Sensitivity Analysis of policy options for urban mental health using system dynamics and fuzzy cognitive maps
- 2019
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In: Proceedings of the 2019 Winter Simulation Conference.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urban mental health challenges call for new ways of designing policies to address the ongoing mental health issues in cities. Policymaking for mental health in cities is extremely difficult due to the complex nature of mental health, the structure of cities, and their multiple subsystems. This paper presents a general system dynamic model of factors affecting mental health and a method to test the sensitivity of the model to policy options using an approach combining system dynamics and fuzzy cognitive maps. The method is developed and tested to evaluate policies built around feedback loops. The approach succeeded in identifying the factors that substantially improve the mental health of the city population for specific contexts. It also suggests the coordination needed between different subsystems to reach these objectives.
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| 5. |
- Nimmermark, Sven, et al.
(author)
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Nitrous oxide emissions from an experimental pig house with straw bedding
- 2012
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Significant amounts of the greenhouse gas N2O (nitrous oxide) are emitted from agriculture. Bedding materials in barns may create a favorable environment for the formation of N2O. A study was made of the N2O emission from a house with fattening pigs where some straw was used as bedding material. The objective of the study was to quantify the emissions, and to study its relationship to the environment inside the barn and the release of other gases. The pig house was a research facility housing 54 fattening pigs with pens with partly slatted floor. Concentrations of N2O, NH3, CO2, CH4 and water vapor were measured by an INNOVA photo‐acoustic analyzer. Pigs were placed in the barn in the beginning of September and measurements were made during day 5 to 48 of the fattening period. Hourly average values of N2O emissions ranged from 5 to 17.5 mg·h-1·pig-1 with an average of 11.6 mg·h-1·pig-1. Emission rates of N2O increased from about 9 mg·h-1·pig-1 at day 5 when the pigs weighed about 45 kg up to about 13 mg·h-1·pig-1 at day 48 when the pigs weighed about 85 kg. Ammonia emissions and CO2 emissions showed the same pattern with increasing emissions by days after the start of the batch. Diurnal N2O emission peaks at about 8 a.m. coincided with the time for feeding and removal of manure. Measured emissions of N2O versus CO2 for specific hours during an average day showed a very good positive relationship (R2 0.94).
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| 6. |
- Rendek, Zlatica, 1983-
(author)
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Faecal Calprotectin Diagnostics : Focus on Primary Care and Suspected Sources of Error
- 2023
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms often present a diagnostic challenge for general practitioners. Faecal calprotectin (FC) is commonly used as a marker of intestinal inflammation and is useful for differentiating between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), as well as for the follow-up of patients with IBD and monitoring treatment response. However, several other causes of increased FC levels have been acknowledged, including intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or proton pump inhibitors and respiratory infections. Currently, there is insufficient knowledge about how these factors affect FC levels. It is crucial that physicians who use calprotectin as a diagnostic tool have the ability to conduct a sound evaluation of the test result to ensure accurate clinical decisions, and potentially avoid unnecessary referrals and invasive investigations.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the contribution of FC in the diagnostics of gastrointestinal disease in primary care, its diagnostic value and accuracy as a predictor of gastrointestinal disease and the influence of different sources of error on calprotectin levels. In particular, the effects of oral diclofenac (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID]), omeprazole (a proton pump inhibitor [PPI]) and respiratory tract infection on FC levels are investigated. The normalization interval after cessation of diclofenac and omeprazole is assessed.The first study is a retrospective analysis of data on all FC tests on adults conducted in primary care in Östergötland County in 2010. A higher proportion of patients with a positive FC result were diagnosed with IBD and organic gastrointestinal disease compared with those with a negative FC result. Predictors of IBD were positive FC, diarrhoea, rectal bleeding and male sex. Predictors of organic gastrointestinal disease were found to be positive FC, age >35 years, abnormal clinical findings and duration <3 months. FC had the highest sensitivity and negative predictive value compared with demographic factors, symptoms and duration. Intake of NSAIDs, PPIs and acetyl salicylic acid showed marginal effects on the diagnostic accuracy of FC for IBD and organic gastrointestinal disease. Among patients with a negative FC test, on whom no further investigations were performed, no missed diagnoses of IBD or organic gastrointestinal disease were detected at a 5-year follow-up.The second study investigates the effect of diclofenac intake on FC levels. We found that shortterm intake of oral diclofenac was associated with increased FC levels and that FC returned to normal within 2 weeks of cessation.The third study reports on a randomized open-label clinical trial and investigates the effect of omeprazole, diclofenac and co-administration of these drugs on FC levels. The findings regarding diclofenac were consistent with those of the second study. Short-term intake of omeprazole alone or when co-administered with diclofenac was associated with increased FC levels. The normalization interval was 3 weeks after cessation.The fourth study, a prospective cohort study, examines the effect of an acute respiratory tract infection on the FC level. Faecal and salivary calprotectin levels were not found to be increased during respiratory tract infections. This study did not confirm any correlation between calprotectin levels in saliva and faeces during infection.In conclusion, FC reliably rules out IBD and contradicts the presence of other organic gastrointestinal diseases in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms attending primary care. Patients with a positive FC test together with other symptoms, such as diarrhoea, rectal bleeding, short duration or age >35 years should be prioritized for further investigations. Short-term intake of diclofenac, omeprazole, or their co-administration in healthy individuals is associated with increased FC levels. In patients with an increased FC level on diclofenac, it is sufficient to repeat the FC test 2 weeks after cessation. In patients on omeprazole alone or when co-administered with diclofenac, the FC test should be repeated 3 weeks after cessation. Acute respiratory tract infections were not found to be associated with increased faecal or salivary calprotectin levels.
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