| 1. |
- Hansen, Dan Witzner, et al.
(author)
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Discussion and Future Directions for Eye Tracker Development
- 2012
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In: Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking : Advances in Assistive Technologies - Advances in Assistive Technologies. - : IGI Global. - 9781613500989 - 161350098X ; , s. 359-363
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Eye and gaze tracking have a long history but there is still plenty of room for further development. In this concluding chapter for Section 6, we consider future perspectives for the development of eye and gaze tracking.
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| 2. |
- Hansen, Dan Witzner, et al.
(author)
-
Introduction to Eye and Gaze Trackers
- 2012
-
In: Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking. - : IGI Global. - 9781613500989 ; , s. 288-295
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the previous chapters of the book, you will have seen multiple applications for using (and the benefits of using) a gaze tracker. In this chapter, you will be given more insight into how an eye tracker operates. Not only can this aid in understanding the eye tracker better, it also gives important information about how future applications might improve on current ones, by using more of the information available from the eye tracker: as we shall see, an eye tracker can often provide you with more information than just coordinates on a screen. This chapter gives an overview of the components of an eye tracker and introduces basics of gaze modelling. It helps in understanding the following chapters which each provide some details of how to build an eye tracker. This section has technical content, but it is our hope that also readers not particularly interested in the details of eye and gaze trackers will gain some useful insights.
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| 3. |
- Mulvey, Fiona, et al.
(author)
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Eye Anatomy, Eye Movements and Vision
- 2012
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In: Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking. - : IGI Global. - 9781613500989 ; , s. 10-20
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter introduces the basics of eye anatomy, eye movements and vision. It will explain the concepts behind human vision sufficiently for the reader to understand later chapters in the book on human perception and attention, and their relationship to (and potential measurement with) eye movements. We will first describe the path of light from the environment through the structures of the eye and on to the brain, as an introduction to the physiology of vision. We will then describe the image registered by the eye, and the types of movements the eye makes in order to perceive the environment as a cogent whole. This chapter explains how eye movements can be thought of as the interface between the visual world and the brain, and why eye movement data can be analysed not only in terms of the environment, or what is looked at, but also in terms of the brain, or subjective cognitive and emotional states. These two aspects broadly define the scope and applicability of eye movements technology in research and in human computer interaction in later sections of the book.
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| 4. |
- Mulvey, Fiona, et al.
(author)
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Eye Movements and Attention
- 2012
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In: Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking. - : IGI Global. - 9781613500989 ; , s. 129-152
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When it comes to measuring attention, or quantifying it in any way, it is not easy to pin down what exactly we measure. Advances in technology have enabled the construction of complex models of certain aspects of attention and identified many of the structures and factors involved in the changing nature of attention. In this chapter, we will go with a working definition of attention as the concentration or focusing of mental effort on sensory or internal mental events. In terms of eye movements, we are mainly concerned with visual attention, pertaining to events and external stimuli in the environment, but not exclusively so. Eye movements may also offer an opportunity to measure internal or subjective events and states. This chapter will look at what might be possible beyond direct, point and click gaze control, in inferring subjective states. The aim is to identify and explain those measures from cognitive psychology which are most promising in terms of future technologies for gaze based human computer interaction.
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| 5. |
- Mulvey, Fiona, et al.
(author)
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Safety Issues and Infrared Light
- 2012
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In: Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking. - : IGI Global. - 9781613500989 ; , s. 336-358
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Infrared light is the most common choice for illumination of the eye in current eye trackers, usually produced via IR light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This chapter provides an overview of the potential hazards of over-exposure to infrared light, the safety standards currently in place, configurations and lighting conditions employed by various eye tracking systems, the basics of measurement of IR light sources in eye trackers, and special considerations associated with continuous exposure in the case of gaze control for communication and disabled users. It should be emphasised that any eye tracker intended for production should undergo testing by qualified professionals at a recognised test house, in a controlled laboratory setting. However, some knowledge of the measurement procedures and issues involved should be useful to designers and users of eye tracking systems.
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