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- Costello, Eugene, PhD
(author)
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The Colonisation of Uplands in Medieval Britain and Ireland: Climate, Agriculture and Environmental Adaptation : [La colonisation des hautes terres de la Grande-Bretagne et de l'Irlande médiévales: adaptation au climat, à l'agriculture et à l'environnement] [Mittelalterliche Hochlandbesiedlung in Großbritannien und Irland: Klima, Landwirtschaft und Umweltgestaltung] [La colonizzazione degli altipiani in Gran Bretagna e Irlanda nel Medievo: clima, agricoltura e adattamento ambientale]
- 2021
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In: Medieval Archaeology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0076-6097 .- 1745-817X. ; 65:1, s. 151-179
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- THE STUDY OF HOW MEDIEVAL FARMERS colonised upland environments, and lived there on a year-round basis, can provide valuable insights on the long-term adaptability and resilience of rural communities. Yet there is a lack of clarity on the extent and chronology of this phenomenon in Britain and Ireland, and how to explain it without simplistic climate, population or market determinism. By undertaking a critical review of the evidence for upland colonisation across medieval Britain and Ireland, this article demonstrates that ‘glocal’ perspectives are crucial. Locally favourable geology, non-agrarian resources, and prior domestication of sites through prehistoric settlement and transhumance all encouraged upland colonisation. Indeed, when combined with regional socio-economic trends, these local factors sometimes overrode wider climatic conditions. As researchers look increasingly to large-scale modelling of land-use change, this article provides a reminder not to lose sight of the local landscape context and environmental knowledge of the peoples they are studying.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Göran, 1953-
(author)
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Tourist experiences of heritage attractions : how can cognitive and affective aspects of experiences be used in attraction development?
- 2016
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In: Book of Abstracts. - Åbo, Finland : Åbo Turismakademi. ; , s. 18-18
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There has been a paradigm shift from heritage being only preserved, to also being shown as a tourist attraction. One of two diverse approaches amongst scholars to define heritage tourism is to use a visitor-experience perspective (Apostolakis, 2003). Different segments of tourists have their own unique experiences of the heritage. Specific aspects can be used to explain the experience, such as the “classical” aspects by Pine & Gilmore (1999). In addition, in the last few years other experience aspects have been identified, such as kick, comfort, competence and contact (Kairos Future, 2011). The concept of “the experience room” (Mossberg, 2003) is used to present an experience context. The assumption of this study is that the experience landscape is made up of perceptive signals that cover the human senses. Although one can ask how this approach supports the development of attractions. Cognitive and affective experiences were discussed at conferences on memory tourism in Estonia 2013-14, used in the pilot study to this research. The purpose of the present study is to enhance the knowledge about how tourist's experiences of heritage attraction can be analysed into aspects of experience for different segments of tourists, and secondly, how the human senses influence the tourist's cognitive and affective experiences. An overall case study method will be used to study four maritime tourist attractions. The study consists of unstructured ethnographical interviews, experimental observation of tourists, and tourist's own evaluations during the experience. The research contribution is to shed light to how meaningful aspects of experience can represent the experience of heritage attractions for different target groups. This is based on an analysis on whether tourist experience aspects can emerge from the sensory impressions of tourists' experiences (Agapito et. al, 2014). Another contribution is to figure out how the sense perception can be connected to affective and cognitive aspects that result in a joint experience of an attraction. The pilot study showed that enhanced customer investigations of tourist's experiences are needed, which will be further more analysed. In the end this research will hopefully give attraction developers new tools to generate innovative and well-attended heritage attractions.
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| 5. |
- Ask, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(author)
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HMF and furfural stress results in drainage of redox and energy charge of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- 2012
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In: 13th International Congress on Yeasts, Madison, WI, USA.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Bioethanol produced from lignocellulosic raw materials is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, but several challenges still exist. When lignocellulosic biomass is pretreated, a number of undesired degradation products are generated which may act inhibitory on microbial metabolism. Cellular damage response and repair come at an energy cost for the cell, which could be reflected by alterations in (energy) metabolism. The furaldehydes HMF and furfural have received increasing attention recently. They are formed during pretreatment from dehydration of hexoses and pentoses, respectively. In the present study, the effects of HMF and furfural on redox metabolism, energy metabolism and transcriptome were investigated. Anaerobic chemostat cultivations were performed with the xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain VTT C-10883 with both glucose and xylose as carbon sources. By quantifying the redox cofactors NAD(P)+ and NAD(P)H, the catabolic and anabolic reduction charges could be calculated. It was found that both reduction charges were significantly decreased in the presence of HMF and furfural, showing that HMF and furfural are draining the cells of reductive power. Furthermore, the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio of stressed cells was found to be lower than for non-stressed cells, suggesting that the energy metabolism was affected. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in xenobiotic transporter activity were significantly enriched among the up-regulated genes. The results from the present study provide valuable insights of how Saccharomyces cerevisiae deals with stress imposed by HMF and furfural, which potentially can result in strategies to improve stress tolerance.
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| 6. |
- Ask, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Ocean-continent boundary in the Iberia Abyssal Plain from multichannel seismic data
- 1993
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In: Tectonophysics. - 0040-1951 .- 1879-3266. ; 218:4, s. 383-393
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Ocean-Continent Boundary of the West Iberia margin is marked by a basement ridge trending N-S. Four segments of this ridge are recognized, each of them being progressively offset westward from 40°N to 43°N. Because the setting and seismic character of the ridge in the Iberia Abyssal Plain are similar to those of the Galicia margin ridge, which is made of serpentinized peridotite, we think that the southern segments of the ridge are also made of the same mantle material. The segmentation of the ridge suggests that the northward propagation of the continental break-up during the North Atlantic opening in Early Cretaceous times was discontinuous, each segment possibly corresponding to a propagation step. East of the ridge, the basement of the whole Iberia Abyssal Plain consists of highly thinned continental crust locally resting on a seismic reflector that resembles the S reflector previously recognized off Galicia. By analogy with the Galicia margin, we propose that the tilted crustal blocks lay on serpentinized peridotite derived from the upper mantle, the S reflector corresponding to the contact between crustal rocks and serpentinite.
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| 7. |
- Ask, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Project: Detection of potential borehole breakouts in boreholes
- 2010
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Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- This project investigates the occurrence of stress-induced borehole breakouts in two boreholes at the Forsmark site, KFM01A and KFM01B, that are 500 and 1000 m deep, respectively. The primary objective was to investigate if borehole breakouts are formed in Forsmark. The results confirm the occurrence of stress-induced features, and borehole boreholes were detected between 116 and 997 m vertical depth (mvd) in the two boreholes.
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| 8. |
- Ask, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Projection of mechanical properties from shallow to greater depths seaward of the Nankai accretionary prism
- 2010
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In: Tectonophysics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1951 .- 1879-3266. ; 482:1-4, s. 50-64
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Deformation processes in sediments at accretionary prisms are directly controlled by the state of in situ effective stresses, the mechanical, physical and geochemical properties of the materials of the fault zone and surrounding wall rocks, as well as time. Measurements of these properties and their evolution in space and time, are therefore needed for a full understanding of the process of earthquake generation within subduction zones.Reconsolidation tests have been carried out on Ocean Drilling Program cores collected from a reference site seaward of the active Nankai décollement zone off the southeast coast of Japan. The reconsolidation stress path subjects the samples to uniaxial strain deformation, which mimics their stress history, however at much higher loading rates than in the natural system. We have conducted two tests each from two mudstone samples within Lower Shikoku Basin. The samples were collected at 361 and 476 meter below seafloor, on either side of the protodécollement horizon.The objectives for mechanical testing are to probe the yield and failure surfaces of these shallow sediments (Considering their large scale behavior, our tests show that the samples collected above the protodécollement have higher strength than those below. We propose that cementation, microfabric and mineralogy of the sediments above the protodécollement result in a higher effective yield stress than predicted from in situ effective vertical stress at hydrostatic pore pressures. Sediments below the protodécollement, in contrast, are slightly underconsolidated, and provide an upper constraint on the magnitude of in situ effective vertical stress and pore-fluid pressure. We also used the test results to make initial predictions for the yield surface in 2D and 3D for subdécollement samples across the margin. The construction of the 2D yield surface is the first attempt to quantify the model of sediment deformation proposed by Morgan et al. (2007). These results hint that the presence of cement has a strong, and increasing, influence on sediment behavior. Further testing is needed to verify these findings.
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| 9. |
- Ask, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(author)
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TARGETING THE INTRACELLULAR REDOX STATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE ROBUST Saccharomyces cerevisiae STRAINS FOR LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
- 2014
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In: ISSY31: 31ST INTERNATIONAL SPECIALISED SYMPOSIUM ON YEAST.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Bioethanol produced from lignocellulosic raw materials is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, but several challenges still exist. When lignocellulosic biomass is pretreated, a number of undesired degradation products are generated, among which the furaldehydes furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) have shown to impede growth and limit ethanol productivity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the present study, a recombinant, xylose-utilizing S. cerevisiae strain was challenged with sub-lethal concentrations of furfural and HMF in anaerobic batch cultivations. By pulsing furaldehydes in either the glucose or the xylose consumption phase, perturbations in the intracellular NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios could be demonstrated. A genome-wide study of transcription found that genes related to NADPH-requiring processes, such as nitrogen and sulphur assimilation, were significantly induced. Moreover, the protective metabolite and antioxidant glutathione was identified as the highest scoring reporter metabolite in the transcriptome analysis. S. cerevisiae strains overproducing glutathione were constructed and the resulting strains were evaluated in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of pretreated spruce. The results from the present study provide valuable insights of how S. cerevisiae responds to stress imposed by HMF and furfural and how such information could be used to engineer more robust yeast strains.
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| 10. |
- Ask, Maria
(author)
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Technological Drivers for Future IODP Science : Progressing from application-specific to systematic technological development
- 2009
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since its inception with the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) scientific ocean drilling has always had a technology development component. Technology development has been critical for advancing ocean drilling and scientific progress would not have occurred without it. Resolution of the simpler technical problems have progressed satisfactorily through an application-specific process, however the more difficult and complex problems that limit achieving many of the scientific objectives of the Initial Science Plan (ISP) and active IODP drilling proposals remain unresolved and will require a more comprehensive and systematic effort. This White Paper highlights key technological/scientific goals identified by the Engineering Development Panel (EDP)-Improving Core Recovery and Quality; Addressing Geohazards; Microbiology in the Marine Subsurface Environment; Drilling to the Moho and Other Complex Drilling Projects; and Virtual Staffing-that are derived from the EDP Technology Roadmap v. 3.0 (http://www.iodp.org/eng-dev), the ISP, and active drilling proposals; and reinforced by the Science and Technology Panel (STP) Roadmap (v. 0.93). They offer the greatest promise for transforming scientific ocean drilling. In order to accomplish some of these goals, large-scale engineering developments will be necessary to deliver the transformational science needed by any drilling program beyond 2013.
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