| 1. |
- Folkeson, Nicklas, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Fireside corrosion of stainless and low alloyed steels in a waste-fired CFB boiler; The effect of adding sulphur to the fuel
- 2008
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In: Materials Science Forum. ; 595-598, s. 289-297
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Corrosion field tests have been carried out in the superheater region of a commercial waste-fired 75MW CFBC boiler using air cooled probes. Exposure time was 24 and 1000 hours. The effect of adding sulphur to the fuel on the corrosion of two high alloyed steels and a low alloyed steel was studied. The fuel consisted of 50% household waste and 50% industrial waste. The exposed samples were analyzed by ESEM/EDX and XRD. Metal loss was determined after 1000 hours. Both materials suffered significant corrosion in the absence of sulphur addition and the addition of sulphur to the fuel reduced corrosion significantly. The rapid corrosion of the high alloyed steel in the absence of sulphur addition is caused by the destruction of the chromium-containing protective oxide by formation of calcium chromate. Adding sulphur to the fuel inhibited chromate formation and increased the sulphate/chloride ratio in the deposit. Iron(II) chloride formed on the low alloyed steel regardless of whether sulphur was added or not.
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| 4. |
- Claesson, Frida, et al.
(author)
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Annual variation in elemental, dioxin and PCB content within Swedish waste fuels : results from two plants
- 2009
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In: Proceedings Sardinia 2009, Twelfth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy; 5-9 October 2009. ; , s. 347-348
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper reports on the annual variation of the composition of waste fuels fed to two different Waste to Energy (WtE) plants in Sweden. Twelve waste fuel samples from one year of sampling in each plant were analysed with Ion Chromatography and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy to study the variation of elements within and between the fuels of the two different plants and also to investigate any seasonal variations. The ultimate analyses show that the composition was rather similar throughout the sampling period for both plants, respectively. However, there was a larger variation in the content of ash forming elements within and between the plants. Trace metals, present in low concentrations, showed the widest relative variation. The samples were also analysed for dioxin and PCB content. The reported average value for all samples is 29 ± 15 ng I-TEQ dioxin per kilo dry waste. The calculated toxicity of twelve PCB congeners, reported as WHO-PCB, is less or close to the detection limit < 0.02 μg PCB WHO-TEQ per kilo dry waste.
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| 5. |
- Elled, Anna-Lena, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Influence of phosphorus on sulphur capture during co-firing
- 2006
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In: Fuel. ; 85, s. 1671-1678
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Interference from phosphorus on sulphur capture during co-firing of sludge with wood has been investigated in a circulating fluidised bed boiler.Chemical equilibrium analyses were performed on the combustion system to complement the experimental results. It was found that the relativelyhigh content of phosphorus in municipal sewage sludge interferes with the sulphur capture by occupying calcium, which otherwise would beavailable for reaction with sulphur. This fact must be taken into account when sulphur capture strategies are decided for reduction of sulphurdioxide emissions from sewage sludge as an additional fuel.q 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Elled, Anna-Lena, et al.
(author)
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Influence of phosphorus on sulphur capture during co-firing of sewage sludge with wood or bark in a fluidised bed
- 2006
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In: Fuel. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 85:12, s. 1671-1678
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Interference from phosphorus on sulphur capture during co-firing of sludge with wood has been investigated in a circulating fluidised bed boiler. Chemical equilibrium analyses were performed on the combustion system to complement the experimental results. It was found that the relatively high content of phosphorus in municipal sewage sludge interferes with the sulphur capture by occupying calcium, which otherwise would be available for reaction with sulphur. This fact must be taken into account when sulphur capture strategies are decided for reduction of sulphur dioxide emissions from sewage sludge as an additional fuel.
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| 7. |
- Elled, Anna-Lena, et al.
(author)
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Phosphorous in ash from co-combustion of municipal sewage sludge with wood in a CFB boiler: a comparison of experimental data with predictions by a thermodynamic equilibrium model
- 2005
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In: In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion--FBC2005 held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 22-25, 2005. - 0791837556 ; 18, s. FBC2005-78072
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Combustion tests have been carried out in a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler co-firing wood and municipal, digested and mechanical dewatered sewage sludge from two Swedish wastewater treatment plants, using either iron sulphate or aluminium sulphate as precipitating chemicals. Experimental data on the concentration of various phosphorous compounds in the ashes are compared with theoretical equilibrium predictions. A clear relationship is not found between the employed precipitation chemical and the formation of phosphorous compounds in the ash. Hematite (Fe2O3(s)) is predicted to be the stable iron compound, and even in the sludge precipitated by iron sulphate, the aluminium content is sufficient to form aluminium phosphate (AlPO4(s)) in similar amounts as in the sludge precipitated by aluminium sulphate. Lime addition to the bed gives a decreased formation of AlPO4(s) in favour of calcium orthophosphate (Ca3(PO4)2(s)), which interferes with the sulphur capture efficiency of lime.
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| 8. |
- Elled, Anna-Lena, et al.
(author)
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The fate of trace elements in fluidised bed combustion of sewage sludge and wood
- 2006
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In: Fuel. - : Elsevier. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 86:5-6, s. 843-852
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Combustion tests have been carried out in a fluidised bed boiler to investigate the fate of trace elements during co-combustion of wood and municipal sewage sludge. The approach was to collect fuel and ash samples and to perform thermodynamic equilibrium calculations for gasification (reducing) and combustion (oxidising) conditions. Trace elements are found in the ash. Even most of the highly volatile Hg is captured in the bag filter ash. The bag filter ash offers higher surface area than the secondary cyclone ash and enhances the capture of Hg. There is no obvious correlation between capture and parameters investigated (sludge precipitation agent and lime addition). As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, Sb and Tl are predicted by equilibrium calculations to be volatile in the combustion chamber under oxidising conditions and Hg even at the filter temperature (150°C). Reducing conditions promote, in some case more than others, the volatility of As, Cd, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl and Zn. The opposite effect was observed for Cu and Ni. Data points to the necessity of including bag-filter in the gas cleaning system in order to achieve good removal of toxic trace elements.
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| 9. |
- Elled, Anna-Lena, et al.
(author)
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The fate of trace elements in fluidised bed combustion of sewage sludge and wood
- 2007
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In: Fuel. ; 86:5-6, s. 843-852
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Combustion tests have been carried out in a fluidised bed boiler to investigate the fate of trace elements during co-combustion of wood and municipal sewage sludge. The approach was to collect fuel and ash samples and to perform thermodynamic equilibrium calculations for gasification (reducing) and combustion (oxidising) conditions. Trace elements are found in the ash. Even most of the highlyvolatile Hg is captured in the bag filter ash. The bag filter ash offers higher surface area than the secondary cyclone ash and enhances the capture of Hg. There is no obvious correlation between capture and parameters investigated (sludge precipitation agent and lime addition).As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, Sb and Tl are predicted by equilibrium calculations to be volatile in the combustion chamber under oxidising conditions and Hg even at the filter temperature (150°C). Reducing conditions promote, in some case more than others, the volatility of As, Cd, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl and Zn. The opposite effect was observed for Cu and Ni. Data points to the necessity of including bag filter in thegas cleaning system in order to achieve good removal of toxic trace elements.
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| 10. |
- Franco Ramos, Celina, 1956, et al.
(author)
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Growth hormone reduces inflammation in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity: a 12-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
- 2007
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In: The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 92:7, s. 2644-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- CONTEXT: Abdominal obesity is associated with low GH secretion, elevated circulating markers of inflammation, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the effect of GH treatment on inflammatory markers and vascular adhesion molecules in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity. DESIGN: Forty women aged 51-63 yr received GH (0.67 mg/d) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-month trial. Measurements of inflammatory markers [highly sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, and amyloid polypeptideA] and markers of endothelial dysfunction (soluble E-selectin, vascular adhesion molecule-1, intercellular molecule-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9) were performed at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of treatment. RESULTS: After 12 months, the mean IGF sd score was 0.9 +/- 1.5 and -0.8 +/- 0.6 in the GH and placebo groups, respectively. GH treatment reduced CRP and IL-6 levels compared with placebo (P = 0.03 and P = 0.05, respectively), whereas the markers of endothelial dysfunction were unaffected. Within the GH-treated group, a reduction was shown in CRP (4.3 +/- 4 to 3.0 +/- 3 mg/liter; P < 0.05) and in IL-6 (4.4 +/- 2 to 3.3 +/- 2 ng/liter; P < 0.01). In the GH-treated group, the decrease in CRP and IL-6 correlated with a reduction in visceral adipose tissue (r = 0.7, P < 0.001 and r = 0.5, P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: GH treatment in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity reduced serum markers of systemic inflammation. Circulating markers of endothelial dysfunction were unaffected by treatment.
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