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- Axelsson Linkowski, Weronika
(author)
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Managing mountains, past and present conditions for traditional summer farming and Sami reindeer husbandry in northern Scandinavia
- 2017
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Traditional land use and conditions for maintenance of biodiversity are often interlinked. When land use changes and ecosystems change as a result, there is a risk to loose both the traditional ecological knowledge and the biodiversity connected to this land use. This thesis focuses on traditional land use, summer farming and Sami reindeer husbandry, in the mountain areas of northern Scandinavia (mainly Sweden), in a historical and contemporary perspective. The overall aim is to contribute to the understanding of the conditions for the traditional land use in the Scandinavian (mainly Swedish) mountains, using the concepts of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and a historical-ecological perspective. Both summer farming and reindeer husbandry are under strong external pressure and face large challenges today. Some of these challenges are shared and some differ between the two types of northern pastoralism. Scandinavian summer farmers experience that different views on their land use from different authorities affect them negatively. The increasing populations of large carnivores also worry the summer farmers. Recent depredation rates are in fact of the same level as historically (around 1900). Interviews showed that traditional knowledge about protective measures had eroded during years without carnivores, but also that farming practices have changed recently and that new knowledge developed. Sami plant use has been studied historically, but information about Sami plant management of Angelica archangelica was not documented. We argue that Sami ecological knowledge should be used to ensure sustainable harvest methods. Today traditional reindeer husbandry faces severe problems due to the reduction of winter grazing land by different encroachments, most importantly from modern forestry. The negative effects are even larger since increasingly difficult winter conditions create a need for a wider range of good grazing areas. Traditional knowledge is essential in the herders´ daily work, but the usability of the knowledge is severely constrained by recent changes. In the future planning of an ecologically and socially sustainable mountain management it is necessary to work with traditional land users and integrate their traditional knowledge.
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| 3. |
- Axelsson Linkowski, Weronika, et al.
(author)
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Myrens betydelse för renen och renskötseln : biologisk mångfald på myrar i renskötselland
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Detta är en kunskapssammanställning om myrarnas betydelse för renskötselns och hur renskötseln i sin tur påverkar myrarnas biologisk mångfald. Studien är uppbyggd av två delar, en genomgång av vetenskaplig litteratur över biologisk mångfald, myrar och kopplingen till renskötseln och en intervjudel där traineer (samiska renskötare) intervjuar andra samiska renskötare om lokal och traditionell kunskap rörande renskötselns beroende av myrar samt hur den påverkar den biologiska mångfalden. Syftet har varit att skapa ett bredare kunskapsunderlag till kopplingen mellan renskötseln och biologisk mångfald och att synliggöra nyttan med myrar. Detta är en uppföljare till rapporten Ájddo – Reflektioner kring biologisk mångfald i renarnas spår (2012) och en del i ett arbete om att lyfta fram renskötseln som en indikator för ett sammanhållet landskap bestående av många olika biotoper och det biologiska tillståndet för dessa biotoper. Traditionell kunskap, dvs. praktisk erfarenhetsbaserad kunskap som förts vidare från generation till generation, bedöms i exempelvis FN:s Konvention om biologisk mångfald vara en viktig förutsättning för att bevara och hållbart nyttjande av biologisk mångfald samt att uppnå ett framtida hållbart samhälle. NAPTEK – Nationellt program för lokal och traditionell kunskap relaterad
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| 4. |
- Axelsson Linkowski, Weronika, et al.
(author)
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Wolf and Bear Depredation on Livestock in Northern Sweden 1827-2014 : Combining History, Ecology and Interviews
- 2017
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In: Land. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-445X. ; 6:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During the twenty-first century, large carnivores have increased in human dominated landscapes after being extinct or nearly extinct. This has resulted in increasing numbers of livestock killed by large carnivores. The intent of this paper is to give a land use-historical perspective on the recent livestock-carnivore conflict in boreal Sweden. More specifically we address: (1) depredation risks (livestock killed by carnivores) and (2) local knowledge of how to protect livestock from predation and whether it survived among pastoralists until the present. This study provides numeric information on carnivores, livestock and depredation, combined with oral information from summer farmers about livestock protection. We compare recent (since 1998) and historical (late nineteenth century) depredation rates in two Swedish counties. In Dalarna recent depredation rates are higher than historical rates while the opposite pattern is seen in Jamtland. Recent depredation rates in Dalarna are twice the recent rates in Jamtland, in contrast to the historical situation. Recent and historical depredation rates are of the same order. Summer farmers traditionally graze their livestock in forested areas where carnivores reside. Interviews show that traditional knowledge of how to protect livestock from carnivores was lost during the twentieth century, but recently new knowledge has developed leading to changes in summer farming practices. The carnivore-livestock situation today differs from the historical situation, not so much in levels of depredation, but mainly regarding the possibilities of farmers to face challenges associated with increasing carnivore populations.
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| 6. |
- Rautio, Anna-Maria, et al.
(author)
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"They Followed The Power Of The Plant'' : Historical Sami Harvest And Traditional Ecological Knowledge (Tek) Of Angelica Archangelica In Northern Fennoscandia
- 2016
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In: Journal of Ethnobiology. - : Society of Ethnobiology. - 0278-0771 .- 2162-4496. ; 36:3, s. 617-636
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Native Sami people in northern Fennoscandia have used a wide range of native plant species for food and medicines throughout history. Plants and plant use are deeply embedded in the Sami traditions and subsistence in northern ecosystems. The overall aim of this study was to gain understanding of the Sami people's interaction with the herb Angelica archangelica in historical times and investigate if this use went beyond a pure opportunistic harvest of wild plants to include management of plants. To analyze this question, we combined studies of ethnographic information, an experimental field study, and discussions with a Sami woman with extended knowledge of Sami plant use. We suggest that the Sami people had a profound understanding of the complexity of the plant life-cycle. They dispersed seeds to favored areas and used harvest techniques intended not to deplete plant populations. The harvest experiment shows that it is possible to prolong the plant's life span by repeatedly harvesting infertile plants. A cross-disciplinary approach is needed to expand understanding of past plant use. Our results place overall Sami subsistence practices in a new light, as being cared for, managed, and sustainable.
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- Tunon, Håkan, et al.
(author)
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Vägar framåt för några nationella myndigheters implementering av konventionen om biologisk mångfald och lokal och traditionell kunskap av betydelse för biologisk mångfald
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- På uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket genomförde Centrum för biologisk mångfald under 2014 en utredning, vilket resulterade i denna rapport. Syftet med uppdraget var att göra en fördjupad analys över vilka insatser ett antal svenska statliga myndigheter behöver göra för att uppnå Sveriges åtaganden enligt FN:s konvention om biologisk mångfald vad gäller artikel 8j (särskild hänsyn till s.k. traditionell kunskap som finns hos urfolk och lokala samhällen med traditionella sedvänjor) och artikel 10c (hänsyn till hållbart sedvanebruk). Idén är att de framlagda förslagen ska bidra till att Sverige år 2020 ska nå Aichi-mål 18 gällande dessa frågor, som Sverige varit delaktiga i att besluta om inom mångfaldskonventionen. Traditionell kunskap, dvs. praktisk erfarenhetsbaserad kunskap som förts vidare från generation till generation, bedöms vara en viktig förutsättning för att bevara och hållbart nyttja biologisk mångfald samt uppnå ett framtida hållbart samhälle.
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