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- Liberles, David A., et al.
(author)
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The interface of protein structure, protein biophysics, and molecular evolution
- 2012
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In: Protein Science. - : Wiley. - 0961-8368 .- 1469-896X. ; 21:6, s. 769-785
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The interface of protein structural biology, protein biophysics, molecular evolution, and molecular population genetics forms the foundations for a mechanistic understanding of many aspects of protein biochemistry. Current efforts in interdisciplinary protein modeling are in their infancy and the state-of-the art of such models is described. Beyond the relationship between amino acid substitution and static protein structure, protein function, and corresponding organismal fitness, other considerations are also discussed. More complex mutational processes such as insertion and deletion and domain rearrangements and even circular permutations should be evaluated. The role of intrinsically disordered proteins is still controversial, but may be increasingly important to consider. Protein geometry and protein dynamics as a deviation from static considerations of protein structure are also important. Protein expression level is known to be a major determinant of evolutionary rate and several considerations including selection at the mRNA level and the role of interaction specificity are discussed. Lastly, the relationship between modeling and needed high-throughput experimental data as well as experimental examination of protein evolution using ancestral sequence resurrection and in vitro biochemistry are presented, towards an aim of ultimately generating better models for biological inference and prediction.
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2. |
- Yan, Yu, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Monolithically Integrated 200-GHz Double-Slot Antenna and Resistive Mixers in a GaAs-mHEMT MMIC Process
- 2011
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In: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. - 0018-9480 .- 1557-9670. ; 59:10, s. 2494-2503
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents the design and characterization of two resistive mixers integrated with a double-slot antenna in a 100-nm GaAs mHEMT technology. With RF frequency varyingfrom 185 to 202 GHz, a typical conversion loss(Lc)of 8.0 dB is measured for the single-ended mixer and a typical Lc of 12.2 dB is obtained from one of the two IF outputs for the single-balanced mixer. Each mixer is integrated with a double-slot antenna and mounted on an Si lens. Incorporating the antenna gain and the conversion loss of the mixer, a typical receiver gain of 15.4 dB is achieved for the integrated antenna with single-ended mixer, and a typical receiver gain of 11.2 dB is obtained for the integrated antenna with single-balanced mixer by measuring one of the two IF outputs.In this paper, a novel method is also proposed and proved to evaluate a moderate to high noise figure (NF) device in millimeter/submillimeter frequency band. The result shows that the single-ended mixer in this paper has an NF around 1.0 dB higher compared to its Lc, and the single-balanced one has an NF about 1.6 dB higher than its Lc at room-temperature operation.
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