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- Dahlgren, Inger, 1942-
(author)
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Analys av en utvärderingsmodell för förebyggande arbete inom socialpedagogiskt hälsoarbete
- 2008
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The main purpose of this thesis is to find, test and develop a method/model for evaluating socio-educational work in mental health. The intention is not to do a complete evaluation but rather to illustrate how a model can be applied.The starting point is a model of self-assessment that shares many similarities with both programme-evaluation and evaluation with the use of stakeholders. The arguments used for evaluation in this study are based mainly on the aims to ‘promote and improve’ and ‘develop and critically analyse’. The arguments used to support a user-orientation are the service-adaptation argument and the bottom-up perspective.A self-assessment model i.e. an institutional and professional model was utilized for this evaluation because the service studied was a collaborative, preventive effort between Social Services and Primary Care focused on families with children. The model for self-assessment is combined with ‘SWOT-thinking’ which will assist planning, implementation and evaluation of a complex service.This model takes both the target group/target groups, the staff and the organisation into consideration. The frame factors, the process and the achievements are analysed for each of the included components. This model facilitates studying the relationships between the various parts of the model and further allows for a bottom-up and top-down perspective and for shifting between the various perspectives.This study is important because it demonstrates that several aspects of complex services can be studied with the aid of a self-assessment model. The model can be applied to planning, development, quality assurance and evaluation. By studying relationships within the model it is possible to proceed from any one segment in the model and follow how it influences every other segment. Thus it is possible to some extent predict later complications or highlight areas requiring further attention.
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| 2. |
- Berg, Anna, 1975-
(author)
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Effects of nitric oxide on gastric acid secretion in human gastric mucosa : functional and morphological studies
- 2005
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Hydrochloric acid (HCI) is secreted in high amounts by parietal cells in the human gastric mucosa and the resulting low pH constitutes an important factor for creating a suitable environment for the digestion. The normal gastric mucosa is equipped with an arsenal of protective mechanisms against the extreme chemical environment which the gastric acid creates. There are situations when the barrier function of the gastric mucosa is disrupted and gastric acid becomes potentially deleterious. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms by which the secretion of gastric acid is controlled under physiological conditions may improve future treatment in peptic ulcers, gastritis and other gastric inflammatory disorders.Nitric oxide (NO) has previously been found to regulate gastric acid secretion in animals. Immunohistochemical investigation of normal human gastric mucosa revealed that hitherto unknown endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa express nitric oxide synthase (NOS). These cells were found located in close contact with parietal cells, which suggests a paracrine effect of NO on parietal cell function.Functional studies of the effects of exogenous and endogenous NO on stimulated gastric acid secretion were performed on isolated human gastric glands. Indirect determination of gastric acid secretion by using the 14C-labeled aminopyrine (AP) technique was used. Stimulation was induced by administration of histamine or db-cAMP. Secretagogue-induced AP-accumulation in gastric glands treated with NO-donor was significantly decreased compared with untreated glands. This indicates that exogenously administered NO inhibits stimulated gastric acid secretion in humans. Inhibition of endogenous NO-production by the use of NOS-inhibitors caused an increase in AP-accumulation, which suggests that NO released from cells within the glandular epithelium exerts a physiological effect in acting as an inhibitor of stimulated gastric acid secretory activity in humans.Further functional and morphological investigations showed that exogenously administered cGMP induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of AP-accumulation in isolated human gastric glands similar to that induced by NO-donors. When soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a common target enzyme for NO, was blocked NO failed to induce inhibition. Biochemical analysis of the cGMP concentrations in isolated gastric glands after treatment with NO-donor revealed that inhibition of AP-accumulation due to NO is accompanied by an increase in glandular cGMP content. This increase was localized by immunohistochemistry to the parietal cells. These results indicates that NO inhibits secretagogue-induced gastric acid secretion in isolated human gastric glands via activation of sGC, which results in an increased concentration of cGMP in the parietal cells.In order to determine the cGMP-dependent mechanisms leading to diminished output of gastric acid, parietal cells were investigated with emphasis on the cytological transformations associated with stimulation of acid secretion. Isolated human gastric glands were treated with NO-donor prior to administration of histamine. The cytoskeletal rearrangement as well as the translocation and incorporation of H+/K+-ATPase into the apical membrane was studied using con focal and electron microscopy techniques. Results showed that histamine-induced F-actin rearrangement as well as the translocation of H+/K+-ATPase rich tubulovesicles to the canalicular membrane, and their fusion with the same, was unaffected by NO. The secretory canaliculi, which swell to great size as a result of histamine-treatment, were however small and unexpanded in response to treatment with NO-donor. The unexpanded canaliculi reflected the NO-induced inhibition of secretion of HCI observed in the functional studies.In conclusion, these results show that NO may be a physiological regulator of stimulated gastric acid secretion in humans and that this inhibition is a cGMP-dependent mechanisms which diminishes output of HCI from parietal cells without affecting stimuli-induced cytological transformations.
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| 3. |
- Berg, Gunnar
(author)
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Företagskulturers makt : överbrygga språkliga klyftor
- 2008
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- How do we work in projects that are expected to bridge cultural, social and historical boundaries? Is it possible to apply stated instructions across these boundaries so that, for example, the task of producing a requirement specification is interpreted in the same way by all the parties involved? In this thesis, the author takes a stand against his personal experience from such a trans-cultural project – a project in which he failed. A factor that made a strong contribution to this failure was the inability of the companies involved to manage the underlying complex of problems, problems associated with the philosophy of language. They possessed neither the knowledge nor the instruments to bridge the chasms of language. Essential reflection and analysis was replaced by the power language of the enterprise; individuals were singled out and held responsible, and the failure was relegated by definition to the level of personal issues. Experience does not automatically become knowledge; this is a process that requires reflection. The author suggests a number of ways of tackling communications problems among people who not only do not understand one another, but do not understand that they do not understand. The latter may mean that two people think that something is unambiguous, yet their interpretations diverge. This is when problems occur. Nobody has made a mistake – both parties have acted properly, they have even (perhaps) talked the matter through and reached agreement, yet the result still does not coincide with what they anticipated. A central concept is dialogue. Through its organised form, dialogue can make openings in problems that cut through cultural, social and historical boundaries. It is an approach that may be illustrated through authors and philosophers such as Witold Gombrowicz, Ludwik Fleck, Oscar Wilde, Joseph Conrad and Galileo Galilei. This study has its basis and its origins in the research area of Skills and Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (KTH).
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| 4. |
- Pejlare, Johanna, 1976
(author)
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On Axioms and Images in the History of Mathematics
- 2007
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This dissertation deals with aspects of axiomatization, intuition and visualization in the history of mathematics. Particular focus is put on the end of the 19th century, before David Hilbert's (1862–1943) work on the axiomatization of Euclidean geometry. The thesis consists of three papers. In the first paper the Swedish mathematician Torsten Brodén (1857–1931) and his work on the foundations of Euclidean geometry from 1890 and 1912, is studied. A thorough analysis of his foundational work is made as well as an investigation into his general view on science and mathematics. Furthermore, his thoughts on geometry and its nature and what consequences his view has for how he proceeds in developing the axiomatic system, is studied. In the second paper different aspects of visualizations in mathematics are investigated. In particular, it is argued that the meaning of a visualization is not revealed by the visualization and that a visualization can be problematic to a person if this person, due to a limited knowledge or limited experience, has a simplified view of what the picture represents. A historical study considers the discussion on the role of intuition in mathematics which followed in the wake of Karl Weierstrass' (1815–1897) construction of a nowhere differentiable function in 1872. In the third paper certain aspects of the thinking of the two scientists Felix Klein (1849–1925) and Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) are studied. It is investigated how Klein and Hertz related to the idea of naïve images and visual thinking shortly before the development of modern axiomatics. Klein in several of his writings emphasized his belief that intuition plays an important part in mathematics. Hertz argued that we form images in our mind when we experience the world, but these images may contain elements that do not exist in nature.
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| 5. |
- Swahn, Ragnhild, 1949-
(author)
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Gymnasieelevers inflytande i centrala undervisningsfrågor
- 2006
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ett övergripande mål för gymnasieskolan har länge varit att fostra eleverna till medborgare i ett demokratiskt samhälle. Därför gäller numera att elevernas ansvar för att planera och genomföra sina studier samt deras inflytande på såväl innehåll som arbetssätt skall vara viktiga principer i undervisningen. Syftet med studien är att studera elevernas inflytande i centrala undervisningsfrågor. Specifika forskningsfrågor i anslutning till syftet är:- Hur sker val av innehåll och arbetssätt och vilket utrymme ges åt elevernas inflytande? Förekommer det någon skillnad mellan olika ämnen?- Vilka kunskaper och vilket lärande lyfts fram och efterfrågas av elever respektivelärare i situationer då respektive grupp har inflytande över innehållet?- Hur uppfattar eleverna möjligheten till inflytande i olika arbetssätt?- Vilka faktorer uppfattar elever och lärare har betydelse för elevernas inflytande över val av innehåll och arbetssätt?Resultaten visar att kursplanerna har stor betydelse för innehållet i undervisningen. Elevernas möjlighet till inflytande kommer till uttryck bl. a. genom att påkalla handledning, avgöra svårighetsgrad på arbetsuppgifter och konstruera instuderingsfrågor. Förutsättningarna för att påverka kvaliteten på kunskaper och lärande varierar med ämnets legitimitet, elevernas studiekompetens och möjlighet till interaktion med läraren. Elevernas utrymme för eget ansvar, deras möjlighet till handledning och en variation avseende gruppsammansättning, arbetssätt och beslutsfattande är viktiga faktorer för att eleverna skall känna sig motiverade och intresserade av arbetet i skolan. Det visar sig finnas flera faktorer som inverkar negativt på elevernas möjlighet till inflytande exempelvis stoffträngsel och otillräckliga baskunskaper. Eleverna påtalar behovet av undervisning och handledning för att komma vidare i sina studier och kunna utöva inflytande.Avslutningsvis diskuteras resultatet i förhållande till John Deweys utbildningsfilosofiska tankar och relateras till läroplanen som styrfaktor, erfarenheten som grunden för undervisningens innehåll, frihet och möjlighet till växande och handledning som en nödvändig interaktion.
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