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- Samsöe Andersen, Eva, et al.
(author)
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A novel diode laser system for photodynamic therapy
- 2001
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In: LASER-TISSUE INTERACTIONS, THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS, AND PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY. - : SPIE. - 0277-786X .- 1996-756X. - 0819441473 ; 4433:33, s. 134-139
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper a novel diode laser system for photodynamic therapy is demonstrated. The system is based on linear spatial filtering and optical phase conjugate feedback from a photorefractive BaTiO3 crystal. The spatial coherence properties of the diode laser are significantly improved. The system provides an almost diffraction limited output which is efficiently coupled into a 50 mum core diameter fiber. The optical power transmitted through the fiber is increased by a factor of six when the feedback is applied to the diode laser. 85 percent of the power from the freely running laser diode is extracted in a high-quality beam and 80 percent of the output power is extracted through the fiber. The power transmitted through tile fiber scales linearly with the power of the laser diode. which means that a laser diode emitting 1.7 W multi-mode radiation would provide 1 W of optical power through a 50 mum core diameter fiber. The system is compact, portable, stable, and easy to operate.
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- Stattin, P, et al.
(author)
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Leptin is associated with increased prostate cancer risk : a nested case-referent study.
- 2001
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In: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 86:3, s. 1341-1345
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A Western lifestyle has been implicated in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. However, no clear association between obesity and prostate cancer has been shown. Leptin may stimulate prostate growth and angiogenesis, and receptors for leptin are present in the prostate. Leptin may, thus, be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. One hundred forty-nine men with prostate cancer were identified (together with 298 matched referents) who, before diagnosis, had participated in population-based health surveys in Northern Sweden. Blood pressure, body mass index, and use of tobacco were recorded. Leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-I-binding proteins 1-3, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin were analyzed in stored samples. Their influences on prostate cancer were estimated by conditional logistic regression analysis. Prostate cancer specimens were investigated for immunoreactivity for the leptin receptor. Relative risk (95% confidence intervals) estimates of prostate cancer over the quintiles of leptin were 1.0, 2.1 (1.1-4.1), 2.6 (1.4-4.8), 1.4 (0.7-2.7), and 1.6 (0.8-3.2). Adjustments for metabolic variables, testosterone, and IGF-I and its binding proteins did not attenuate this increased risk. Immunoreactivity for the leptin receptor was detected in normal, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions and malignant prostatic epithelium. Moderately elevated plasma leptin concentrations are associated with later development of prostate cancer. This may be due to direct effects of leptin on prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions, or to indirect actions through other mechanisms. A critical fat mass related to an interior milieu favorable for prostate cancer development seems to exist, because intermediate but not high leptin levels are related to prostate cancer risk.
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- Velaga, Sitaram, et al.
(author)
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Stability and aerodynamic behaviour of glucocorticoid particles prepared by a supercritical fluids process
- 2004
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In: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 21:4, s. 501-509
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Particle processing techniques using supercritical fluids (SF) are potential alternative technologies to design particles for inhalation. Powders of budesonide and flunisolide were prepared using solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) process. The aim was to determine thermodynamic stability of different polymorphs of flunisolide including new forms from SEDS technology and to characterise micronised and SEDS produced powders of budesonide and flunisolide for their suitability as inhalation powders. Acetone and methanol solutions of budesonide and flunisolide, with a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml, were used for the particle preparation. The pressure was 100 bar and temperatures were 60 °C or 80 °C. The flow rates of CO2 and drug solution were 9 ml/min and 0.3 ml/min, respectively. Chemical purity of different polymorphs of flunisolide was estimated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thermal behaviour was determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Particle morphology and surface examination were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The particle size distribution and density of the powders were determined with the help of Coulter Counter and helium pycnometer respectively. The in vitro deposition of the powders was studied using multistage liquid impinger (MLI). From the stability study, it was found that the two forms of flunisolide, polymorphs II and hemihydrate, were the most stable. Flunisolide form III was transformed to hemihydrate during the stability study. The chemical purity of the material was increased after SEDS processing. SEDS produced powders of budesonide and flunisolide form III from acetone showed narrow volumetric particle size distributions with 90% of the particles below 4 μm and geometric mean size around 3 μm. However, in the MLI study, budesonide powder obtained from SEDS with acetone showed favorable deposition in the lower stages with a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of around 3 μm whilst the flunisolide form III was preferentially deposited in the higher stages of the MLI with MMAD of over 5 μm, due to aggregation of the particles. Particles of budesonide and flunisolide, in the size range, suitable for inhalation, were reproducibly produced using SEDS.
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