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- Hibbett, D. S., et al.
(author)
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A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi
- 2007
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In: Mycological Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0953-7562 .- 1469-8102. ; 111, s. 509-547
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A comprehensive phylogenetic classification of the kingdom Fungi is proposed, with reference to recent molecular phylogenetic analyses, and with input from diverse members of the fungal taxonomic community. The classification includes 195 taxa, down to the level of order, of which 16 are described or validated here: Dikarya subkingdom nov.; Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota phyla nov.; Monoblepharidomycetes, Neocallimastigomycetes class. nov.; Eurotiomycetidae, Lecarioromycetidae, Mycocaliciomycetidae subclass. nov.; Acarosporales, Corticiales, Baeomycetales, Candelariales, Gloeophyllales, Melanosporales, Trechisporales, Umbilicariales ords. nov. The clade containing Ascomycota and Basidiomycota is classified as subkingdom Dikarya, reflecting the putative synapomorphy of dikaryotic hyphae. The most dramatic shifts in the classification relative to previous works concern the groups that have traditionally been included in the Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. The Chytridiomycota is retained in a restricted sense, with Blastocladiomycota and Neocallimastigomycota representing segregate phyla of flagellated Fungi. Taxa traditionally placed in Zygomycota are distributed among Glomeromycota and several subphyla incertae sedis, including Mucoromycotina, Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, and Zoopagomycotiria. Microsporidia are included in the Fungi, but no further subdivision of the group is proposed. Several genera of 'basal' Fungi of uncertain position are not placed in any higher taxa, including Basidiobolus, Caulochytrium, Olpidium, and Rozella. (c) 2007 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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- Hellgren Kotaleski, Jeanette, et al.
(author)
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The role of background synaptic noise in striatal fast spiking interneurons
- 2005
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In: Neurocomputing. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-2312 .- 1872-8286. ; 65, s. 727-732
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Striatal fast spiking (FS) interneurons provide inhibition to each other as well as to medium spiny projection (SP) neurons. They exhibit up-states synchronously with SP neurons, and receive GABAergic and AMPA synaptic input during both up- and down-states. The synaptic input during down-states can be considered noise and might affect detection of up-states. We investigate what role this background noise might play for up-state firing in a 127 compartment FS model neuron. The model has Na, KDr and KA conductances, and is activated through AMPA and GABA synapses. The model's response to current injection and synaptic inputs resembled experimental data. We show that intermediate levels of noise neither facilitates nor degrades the ability of the FS neuron model to detect up-states.
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| 4. |
- Hellgren Kotaleski, Jeanette, et al.
(author)
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Using potassium currents to solve signal-to-noise problems in inhibitory feedforward networks of the striatum
- 2006
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In: Journal of Neurophysiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0022-3077 .- 1522-1598. ; 95:1, s. 331-341
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Using potassium currents to solve signal-to-noise problems in inhibitory feedforward networks of the striatum. J Neurophysiol 95: 331 - 341, 2006. First published September 28, 2005; doi: 10.1152/jn. 00063.2005. Fast-spiking (FS) interneurons provide the main route of feedforward inhibition from cortex to spiny projection neurons in the striatum. A steep current-firing frequency curve and a dense local axonal arbor suggest that even small excitatory inputs could translate into powerful feedforward inhibition, although such an arrangement is also sensitive to amplification of spurious synaptic inputs. We show that a transient potassium (KA) current allows the FS interneuron to strike a balance between sensitivity to correlated input and robustness to noise, thereby increasing its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). First, a compartmental FS neuron model was created to match experimental data from striatal FS interneurons in cortex - striatum - substantia nigra organotypic cultures. Densities of sodium, delayed rectifier, and KA channels were optimized to replicate responses to somatic current injection. Spontaneous alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA) synaptic currents were adjusted to the experimentally measured amplitude, rise time, and interevent interval histograms. Second, two additional adjustments were required to emulate the remaining experimental observations. GABA channels were localized closer to the soma than AMPA channels to match the synaptic population reversal potential. Correlation among inputs was required to produce the observed firing rate during up-states. In this final model, KA channels were essential for suppressing down-state spikes while allowing reliable spike generation during up-states. This mechanism was particularly important under conditions of high dopamine. Our results suggest that KA channels allow FS interneurons to operate without a decrease in SNR during conditions of increased dopamine, as occurs in response to reward or anticipated reward.
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