| 1. |
- Hoshino, Ayuko, et al.
(author)
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Extracellular Vesicle and Particle Biomarkers Define Multiple Human Cancers
- 2020
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In: Cell. - : CELL PRESS. - 0092-8674 .- 1097-4172. ; 182:4, s. 1044-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is an unmet clinical need for improved tissue and liquid biopsy tools for cancer detection. We investigated the proteomic profile of extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) in 426 human samples from tissue explants (TEs), plasma, and other bodily fluids. Among traditional exosome markers, CD9, HSPA8, ALIX, and HSP90AB1 represent pan-EVP markers, while ACTB, MSN, and RAP1B are novel pan-EVP markers. To confirm that EVPs are ideal diagnostic tools, we analyzed proteomes of TE- (n =151) and plasma-derived (n =120) EVPs. Comparison of TE EVPs identified proteins (e.g., VCAN, TNC, and THBS2) that distinguish tumors from normal tissues with 90% sensitivity/94% specificity. Machine-learning classification of plasma-derived EVP cargo, including immunoglobulins, revealed 95% sensitivity/90% specificity in detecting cancer Finally, we defined a panel of tumor-type-specific EVP proteins in TEs and plasma, which can classify tumors of unknown primary origin. Thus, EVP proteins can serve as reliable biomarkers for cancer detection and determining cancer type.
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| 2. |
- Abbafati, Cristiana, et al.
(author)
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- 2020
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Anna, et al.
(author)
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How unnecessarily high abatement costs and unresolved distributional issues undermine nutrient reductions to the Baltic Sea
- 2021
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In: AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 51, s. 51–68-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper systematically reviews the literature on how to reduce nutrient emissions to the Baltic Sea cost-effectively and considerations for allocating these costs fairly among countries. The literature shows conclusively that the reduction targets of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) could be achieved at considerably lower cost, if countries would cooperate to implement the least costly abatement plan. Focusing on phosphorus abatement could be prudent as the often recommended measures—wastewater treatment and wetlands—abate nitrogen too. An implication of our review is that the potential for restoring the Baltic Sea to good health is undermined by an abatement strategy that is more costly than necessary and likely to be perceived as unfair by several countries. Neither the BSAP nor the cost-effective solution meet the surveyed criteria for fairness, implying a need for side-payments.
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| 4. |
- Bartkowski, Bartosz, et al.
(author)
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Payments by modelled results : A novel design for agri-environmental schemes
- 2021
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In: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 102
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- From a theoretical point of view, result-based agri-environmental payments are clearly preferable to action-based payments. However, they suffer from two major practical disadvantages: costs of measuring the results and payment uncertainty for the participating farmers. In this paper, we propose an alternative design to overcome these two disadvantages by means of modelling (instead of measuring) the results. We describe the concept of agri-environmental payments by modelled results (PAMR), including a hypothetical example of payments for the protection and enhancement of soil functions. We offer a comprehensive discussion of the relative advantages and disadvantages of PAMR, showing that it not only unites most of the different advantages of result-based and action-based schemes, but also adds two new advantages: the potential to address trade-offs among multiple policy objectives and management for long-term environmental effects. We argue that PAMR would be a valuable addition to the agri-environmental policy toolbox in the EU and beyond, while also reflecting recent advancements in agri-environmental modelling.
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| 5. |
- Berntell, Ellen, et al.
(author)
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Mid-Pliocene West African Monsoon rainfall as simulated in the PlioMIP2 ensemble
- 2021
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In: Climate of the Past. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1814-9324 .- 1814-9332. ; 17:4, s. 1777-1794
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP; ∼3.2 million years ago) is seen as the most recent time period characterized by a warm climate state, with similar to modern geography and ∼400 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration, and is therefore often considered an interesting analogue for near-future climate projections. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions indicate higher surface temperatures, decreasing tropical deserts, and a more humid climate in West Africa characterized by a strengthened West African Monsoon (WAM). Using model results from the second phase of the Pliocene Modelling Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP2) ensemble, we analyse changes of the WAM rainfall during the mPWP by comparing them with the control simulations for the pre-industrial period. The ensemble shows a robust increase in the summer rainfall over West Africa and the Sahara region, with an average increase of 2.5 mm/d, contrasted by a rainfall decrease over the equatorial Atlantic. An anomalous warming of the Sahara and deepening of the Saharan Heat Low, seen in >90 % of the models, leads to a strengthening of the WAM and an increased monsoonal flow into the continent. A similar warming of the Sahara is seen in future projections using both phase 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5). Though previous studies of future projections indicate a west–east drying–wetting contrast over the Sahel, PlioMIP2 simulations indicate a uniform rainfall increase in that region in warm climates characterized by increasing greenhouse gas forcing. We note that this effect will further depend on the long-term response of the vegetation to the CO2 forcing.
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| 6. |
- Boke Olén, Niklas, et al.
(author)
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Effects of farm type on food production, landscape openness, grassland biodiversity, and greenhouse gas emissions in mixed agricultural-forestry regions
- 2021
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In: Agricultural Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-521X .- 1873-2267. ; 189
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Context: The global demand for food is expected to continue increasing for decades, which may drive both agricultural expansion and intensification. The associated environmental impacts are potentially considerable but will depend on how the agricultural sector develops. Currently, there are contrasting regional developments in agriculture; expansion and/or intensification in some regions and abandonment in others, as well as changes in the type of farming. However, the environmental consequences of changes in farm type are not well understood. Objective: We have evaluated the impacts of farm type on food production and three key environmental variables—landscape openness, grassland biodiversity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—in three marginal agricultural regions in Sweden. Methods: We do this by first dividing the population of farms in each region into types, based on their land-use and livestock holdings using an innovative clustering method. Thereafter we analysed changes in production activities for farm types over time and evaluated the environmental and food-production impacts, where landscape openness is quantified using a novel indicator. Results and conclusion: Our results show that there is not one single farm type that would simultaneously maximize food production, grassland biodiversity, and landscape openness, whilst minimizing GHG emissions. However, there exists considerable potential to manage the trade-offs between food production and these environmental variables. For example, by reducing land use for dairying and instead increasing both cropping for food production and extensive livestock grazing to maintain landscape openness and biodiversity-rich semi-natural pastures, it would keep food production at similar levels. Significance: Our farm typology allows us to assess the multifunctionality of farming, by relating contrasting production activities to multiple ecosystem services, grassland biodiversity and GHG emissions for informing policy towards more sustainable agriculture. We have demonstrated this with examples under Swedish conditions, but it should to a large extent also be applicable for other countries.
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| 7. |
- Brady, Mark, et al.
(author)
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Fungerar politiken för ett renare Östersjön?
- 2022
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In: Policy brief / AgriFood Economics Centre.
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Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Trots att jordbrukets näringsutsläpp till Östersjön har minskat krävs mycket mer för att uppnå de uppsatta miljömålen. Vi har utvärderat politiken som används för att minska utsläppen från de nio länder som samarbetar om restaureringen av Östersjön. Vi finner att den nuvarande politiken är otillräcklig eftersom: • Många länder har inte genomfört de utlovade åtgärderna för att minska näringsutsläpp från jordbruket. • Viljan att minska utsläppen undergrävs av en åtgärdsplan som är onödigt kostsam och som upplevs som orättvis. • Vissa länder har svaga lokala institutioner medan andra har ineffektiva miljöstöd.
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| 8. |
- Brady, Mark, et al.
(author)
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Jordbrukspolitik för att nå FN:s globala mål?
- 2021
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In: Policy brief / AgriFood Economics Centre.
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Enligt EU-kommissionen är den gemensamma jordbrukspolitiken central för att nå FN:s globala mål för hållbar utveckling. Nästan 40 procent av EU:s budget går till jordbruksstöd, men i vilken utsträckning stöden bidrar till att uppnå FN-målen är oklart. Vi analyserar hur de 551 miljarder kronor som betalades ut i stöd år 2015 fördelades mellan FN:s 17 hållbarhetsmål. Vi finner att:* 60 procent av stöden gick till endast två av FN:s hållbarhetsmål: ingen fattigdom (mål ett) och ingenhunger (mål två).* Kopplingen till mål ett och två är svag eftersom 225 miljarder kronor betalades ut som inkomststöd i regioner där jordbrukare i genomsnitt har högre inkomster än halva EU:s befolkning.* Jordbruksstödens fördelning främjar inte jordbruk med låg klimatpåverkan (mål 13) eller jordbruk som gynnar biologisk mångfald (mål 15) i någon större utsträckning.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Brady, Mark, et al.
(author)
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Modellerade miljöeffekter - för bättre ersättningar till jordbrukare
- 2021
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In: Policy brief / AgriFood Economics Centre.
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Miljöersättningar i landsbygdsprogrammet kritiseras för att inte vara kostnadseffektiva eller attraktiva för många jordbrukare, samt för att inte ta vara på jordbrukarnas kompetens och kreativitet för att lösa miljöproblem. Problemen beror i hög grad på att ersättningen betalas ut oavsett storleken på miljöeffekten, bara den avtalade åtgärden utförs. Utvecklingen av ett effektivare system för miljöersättningar har hämmats av svårigheter med att mäta miljöeffekter på gårdsnivå. Vi visar att:Om en miljöåtgärd ska vara kostnadseffektiv, dvs. uppnå miljöeffekter till lägsta möjliga kostnad, måste den genomföras på rätt plats. En modell (app) är ett praktiskt verktyg för att bedöma miljöeffekter av en åtgärd på olika platser i landskapet. Ersättningar baserade på modellerade miljöeffekter ger betalningssäkerhet och skapar engagemang hos jordbrukare i miljöarbetet, eftersom de får betalt för den förväntade miljöeffekten.
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